人机功效学PPT课件介绍

1、人机功效学目 录CONTENTS12人工搬运的危害与风险办公室工作环境的危害及风险Hazards and Risks Associated with Manual Material Handling of LoadsHazards and Risks Associated with Office Work EnvironmentPart章 节01人工搬运的危害与风险Hazards and Risks Associated with Manual Material Handling of LoadsOccupational Ergonomics人体工效学Occupational Ergonomi

2、cs is the art and science of reducing physical and psychological problems that might arise from the interaction between people, equipment and the environment.人体工程学是一门研究减少由人、设备和环境之间的相互作用而可能产生的身体和心理问题的科学。Primary focus of an ergonomics program is the reduction of work related musculoskeletal disorders

3、(WMSD).人体工程学主要关注点是减少与工作有关的肌肉骨骼损伤。work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD).人体工程学主要关注点是减少与工作有关的肌肉骨骼损伤。Occupational Ergonomics人体工效学This is accomplished through the management of employee exposure to workplace hazards控制下面工作场所中的危害因素，可以达到上述目标 ：Awkward postures/不良的、笨拙的姿势Forceful exertions/用力过度High rat

4、es of repetition/重复性高Cumulative Trauma Disorder累积性外伤Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorder工作相关的肌肉骨骼损伤 Repetitive Motion Injury重复运动损伤Repetitive Strain Injury 重复过度疲劳损伤Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 腕管综合症 Low Back Pain 腰背痛Tendonitis/Tenosynovitis 肌腱发炎/滑膜炎Manual Handling of Loads人工搬运的定义Manual handling of loads (

5、MHL) is any of the following activities carried out by one or more workers.以下任何一种由一人或多人完成的活动称为人工搬运LiftingHoldingPutting downPushingPullingCarrying or moving将物品提升（高）托物放下推拉运送或移动Ergo Risk Factor of MHL人工搬运的人体工程学因素 There are several risk factors that make MHL hazardous and thereby increase the possibili

6、ty of injury. 下面几个因素会导致作业人员受到损伤，及增加了受伤的可能性Contact Stress 接触压力Temperature温度Vibration 振动123用力姿势频率MHL Hazards & Solutions: Force MHL危害因素和解决方法：用力Lifting out of a bin从储物箱内取出物品Difficult pulling费力拉运Difficult power gripping抓握困难HAZARDS危害MHL Hazards & Solutions: Force MHL危害因素和解决方法：用力Use lift/tilt devices使用升降翻

7、转装置Use good power grips使用好的抓握Use powered pallet jack使用机动托盘车SOLUTIONS解决方法HAZARDS 危害 MHL Hazards & Solutions: Other-contact stress MHL 危害和解决办法：其他-接触压力Tool digging into fingers/palm/hand工具抵在手指/手掌/手上HAZARDS 危害 SOLUTIONS 解决办法HAZARDS 危害 Use tools with handles that extend past the palm使用手柄长过手掌的工具HAZARDS 危害

8、 MHL Hazards & Solutions: Repetition MHL 危害和解决办法：重复动作Repetitive lifting and carrying 重复搬运HAZARDS 危害 SOLUTIONS 解决办法HAZARDS 危害 Use roller conveyors reduce lifting/handling使用滚轴输送机，以减少搬运；Job rotation工作轮换Frequent breaks工间休息MHL Risk Assessment: Force MHL风险评价：用力Excessive weights must not be lifted without

9、mechanical assistance不能人工搬抬过重的物品Lifting of weights 搬抬重物MHL Risk Assessment: Contact Stress MHL 风险评估：接触压力Parts of the body must not continuously rest or be supported against hard or sharp surfaces身体的部位不能连续地搁或扶在硬或锋利的边缘面Forearm support against hard surface前臂搁在硬面上Wrist/forearm support against hard surfa

10、ce手腕/前臂搁在硬面上MHL Hazards & Solutions: Posture MHL 危害因素和解决办法：姿势HAZARDS 危害Bending forward向前弯腰Elbows/arms away from body 肘/手臂远离躯干Bending wrist sideways手腕侧弯MHL Hazards & Solutions: Posture MHL 危害因素和解决办法：姿势SOLUTIONS 解决办法Adjust work surface height调整工作面高度Use lift tables with turntables on them使用带旋转台面的升降机Sel

11、ect tools that promote good wrist postures and power grips选择能促进正确手腕姿势和抓握得工具MHL Risk Assessment : Posture MHL风险评价：姿势Workstations must be designed for neutral body postures while standing设备的操作部件，须按作业人员在自然的身体姿势下操作该设备所要求的尺寸设计Poor standing postures不佳站姿Seating must be designed to properly support body pos

12、tures while seated设计座椅时，须保证作业人员就座后，椅背恰好支撑作业时的身体姿态Poor seating support不佳的座椅支撑MHL Risk Assessment : Posture MHL风险评价：姿势Routine activities must not require continuous static postures, grips or holds 日常工作中，不能有要求连续的静态姿势、紧握或托住物品的作业Pinch gripping捏握Continuous static standing postures连续性静态站姿MHL Risk Assessmen

13、t : Posture MHL风险评价：姿势Routine activities must not require excessive or repetitive neck flexion up, down or side-to-side日常工作中，不能有要求作业人员过度的或重复的上下或左右弯曲颈部的动作Side-to-side neck flexion颈部左右弯曲Down neck flexion向下弯曲颈部MHL Risk Assessment : Posture MHL风险评价：姿势Routine activities must not require continuously repe

14、titive or awkward hand or wrist motions日常工作中，不能有要求连续重复的或不佳的手或腕部动作Hand/wrist motions手/腕动作Awkward hand/wrist motions不方便、笨拙的手/腕动作MHL Risk Assessment : Posture MHL风险评价：姿势Routine activities must be conducted within a close proximity to the body to minimize excessive or repetitive reaching日常工作中，必须保证物品尽量靠近

15、身体，减少过度的或重复性的身体伸展Reaching to the product伸展身体以便取到物品Routine activities must not require excessive or repetitive reaching to over-the-shoulder heights日常工作中，不能有要求过度的或重复的将手臂伸到超过肩部高度的动作Over-the-shoulder reaching将手臂伸到超过肩部的高度MHL Risk Assessment : Posture MHL风险评价：姿势Routine activities must not require excessi

16、ve or repetitive reaching to below-the-knee heights日常工作中，不能有要求过度的或重复的伸手去够低于膝盖高度的物品的动作Below-the-knee reaching伸手去够低于膝盖高度的物品Routine activities must not require repetitive twisting at the waist while handling loads日常工作中，不能有要求在搬重物时重复扭腰的动作Twisting at the waist扭腰Knuckle height手指自然下垂处高度肩高小腿中间高度肘高Shoulder he

17、ight Mid lower leg heightElbow heightGeneral Risk Assessment Guidelines of MHL M H L 一般风险评估导则General risk assessment guidelines ：There is no such thing as a completely “safe” manual handing operation ,But working with in the following guidelines will cut the risk and reduce the need for a more detai

18、led assessmentFacts about Forces 用力的真相事实Forces in your body during lifting are enormous在搬运物体时人体受力很大Lifting 12 kg cheese = 300 kg! 搬12公斤的奶酪=300公斤！Garbage collector 1 bag = 1000 kg! 一袋垃圾=1000公斤！Handling capacity reduces as hands move away from trunk手离躯干的距离越远，搬运能力越低General rule - holding at arms length

19、 increases stress on back 5 times compared to holding close to trunk一般规律：对于同一件物品，伸平手臂拿住它时对背部产生的拉力，比手臂靠近躯干拿住它时对背部产生的拉力增加了5倍Ergo Risk Factor Identification for MHL M H L人体工效学风险因素识别Ergonomic risk factor identification form人体工效学风险因素识别表Risk factor survey, NOT a detailed ergonomic analysis 风险因素调查，非详细的人体工程

20、学分析Quick process 快速识别过程Identifies presence or absence of risk factors, NOT the severity of the risk factors 辨识风险因素有或没有（可能性），而不能评估风险因素的严重程度Assessment of the job, NOT the employee 评估作业，而不是人员Identifies jobs with risk factors requiring a more detailed analysis 辨识作业中的风险因素要求更详细的分析MHL Prevention Measures 人

21、工搬运的预防措施Elimination consider whether MHL can be avoided, for example by using powered or mechanical handling equipment such as conveyers or lift trucks消除 考虑是否可避免人工搬运重物，例如使用自动的搬运设备，如输送机或起重卡车Technical measures if MHL cannot be avoided, consider the use of supporting devices such as hoists, trolleys an

22、d vacuum lifting devices技术措施 如果不能避免人工搬运，考虑使用可提供辅助装置，如铰链，推车及真空升降装置MHL Prevention Measures 人工搬运的预防措施Organizational measures such as job rotation and the introduction of breaks of sufficient length should only be considered if elimination or reduction of MHL risks is not possible.组织措施，如果不能采取前面两种方式消除或减少

23、人工搬运作业的风险，则应劳动组织措施，如工作轮换及充足的工间休息等措施来降低作业的风险。Provide information on the risks and adverse health effects of MHL, and training in the use of equipment and correct handling techniques告知作业人员有关人工搬运的风险，并为他们提供设备使用及搬运技巧的培训。MHL Prevention Measures: Elimination 人工搬运的预防措施：消除Mechanical assist bag lifting device

24、机械辅助提升装置MHL Prevention Measures: Technical 人工搬运的预防措施：技术措施Hand tool design for neutral wrist posture手动工具的设计：工作时，腕关节的姿势处于自然状态MHL Prevention Measures: Technical 人工搬运的预防措施：技术措施Storage racks for manual loading/unloading must position the heaviest or most commonly used items on the middle shelf and the li

25、ghtest or least commonly used items on the top and bottom shelves.人工装/卸的存储货架，必须将最重的或最常用的用品放置在架子的中部，将最轻的或最不常用的用品放置在架子的顶部或底部。MHL Prevention Measures: Technical 人工搬运的预防措施：技术措施Workstation lift design to minimize over-the-shoulder reaching升降工作平台：使伸手过肩的动作最小化MHL Prevention Measures: Technical 人工搬运的预防措施：技术措

26、施Adjustable workstation design to maximize neutral standing posture可调式工作平台：使作业人员尽可能地在自然的站姿状态下工作MHL Prevention Measures: Technical 人工搬运的预防措施：技术措施Lift table to raise bags to a comfortable working height升降台：使作业人员在舒服的高度上搬运物品MHL Prevention Measures: Technical 人工搬运的预防措施：技术措施Better chair design to maximize

27、 a good seated posture更好的座椅设计：最舒服的坐姿Correct Handling Techniques Lifting 正确的搬运技术 搬起Before lifting a load, you need to plan and prepare for the task. Make sure that:在搬起重物前，你需要根据任务的情况进行计划并做准备。确保：You know where you are going 你知道你要去哪里The area where you move is clear of obstacles 你的通道上没有障碍物You have a good

28、 grip on the load 你可以很好地抓住要搬运的货物Your hands, the load and any handles are not slippery 你的手、货物及任何抓手的地方都不滑If you are lifting with someone else, both of you know what you are doing before start 如果你与其他人一起搬运，你们两人在工作前都知道要做的是什么 Correct Handling Techniques Lifting 正确的搬运技术 搬起You should use the following techn

29、ique when lifting a load 搬起货物的技巧：Put your feet around the load, with your body over it (if this is not feasible, try to get your body as close as possible to the load) 将双个脚掌立在货物旁边，身体在重物上方（如果现场条件不允许 ，尽量将身体靠近货物）Use the muscles of your legs when lifting 搬起时使用腿部的肌肉Straighten your back 挺直后背 Pull the load

30、 as close as possible to your body 尽量将重物地拉近身体 Lift and carry the load with straight downward turned arms 手臂下垂的姿势搬运货物Correct Handling Techniques Lifting 正确的搬运技术 搬起Pushing and pulling is done using the bodys own weight; lean forward when pushing, lean backwards when pulling推和拉是用身体自身的重量完成的，前倾或后拉You hav

31、e enough grip on the floor to be able to lean forward，backwards 在向前或向后倾斜时，脚在路面上有足够的摩擦力You avoid twisting and bending your back 避免扭转和弯曲背部Correct Handling Techniques - Pushing and Pulling 正确的搬运技术 推和拉1.Handling devices have handles/hand grips so that you can use your hands to exert a force; handle heig

32、ht should be between the shoulder and waist so that you can push/pull in a good, neutral posture搬运装置有手柄/把手，以便用手加力；手柄高度应在肩部和腰部之间，以便你在自然的姿势下推或拉2.Handling devices are well-maintained so that the wheels have appropriate size and they run smoothly维护好搬运设备，车轮大小适当，以便运行平稳3.Floors are hard, even and clean 地面坚

33、硬、平坦并且干净视频-人工搬运工作1.从托盘上搬到传输带上 该视频演示了在工作场所的搬运工作，员工把纸箱从托盘上搬下来，然后搬到传输带上。2.把成轧的电线放到轴心上 该视频演示了一名员工将成轧的电线从传输带上搬到处在不同高度的轴心上。3.从传输带搬到储藏室 该视频演示了一名员工从传输带上搬起箱子，沿着走廊走到储藏室。4.在糕点厂的搬运工作 该视频演示了一名员工从手推车上搬起一箱面粉，到楼上把面粉放在指定位置。5.合作搬运从桌子上抬到托盘 上 该视频演示了两个人将一重容器从桌子上抬起来，放到地上的托盘上。 6.合作搬运从地上抬到托盘上 该视频演示了四个人将一重容器从地上抬起来，放在地上的托盘上。 视频链接：.uk/msd/mac/introduction.htmPart章 节02办公室环境的危害与风险Hazards and Risks Associated with Office Work Environment用力姿势重复接触压力出现在键盘和鼠标上。大力敲击，“击打”键盘。过度扭转和握鼠标。锋利的边缘，没有或少量的垫子。大多出现在桌子的边缘或者胳膊悬空的位置。急速运动而很少中断来休息。不舒服的身体姿势。办公环境下的人机工程风险因素 风险因素Comput