基因相关词汇专业英语翻译

1、基因相关词汇专业英语翻译A activation domain 活化结构域 adapters 连接物 adenine 腺嘌呤 adenosine 腺 ADP (adenosine diphosphate) 腺二磷酸 affinity column 亲和柱 AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphisms) 增值性断片长度多态现象 agrobacterium 农杆菌属 alanine 丙氨酸 allele 等位基因 amber mutation 琥珀型突变 AMP (adenosine monophosphate) 腺一磷酸 ampicillin 氨青霉

2、素 anchor primer 锚状引物 annealing 退火 annealing temperature 退火温度 anticodon 反密码子 AP-PCR (arbitrarily primed PCR) 任意引物聚合链反应 arbitrary primer 任意引物 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) 腺三磷酸 autosome 常染色体 B baculovirus 杆状病毒 base pair 基对 base sequence 基顺序 beta-galactosidase -半乳糖 beta-glucuronidase -葡糖醛酸糖 bioluminesce

3、nce 生物发光 bioremediation 生物降解 biotechnology 生物技术 blotting 印迹法 blue-white selection 蓝白斑筛选 blunt end 平(整末)端 C catalyst 催化剂 cDNA library 反向转录DNA库 centromere 着丝体 centrosome 中心体 chemiluminescence 化学发光 chiasma 交叉 chromomere 染色粒 chromoplast 有色体 chromosomal aberration 染色体畸变 chromosomal duplication 染色体复制 chro

4、mosomal fibre 染色体牵丝 chromosome 染色体 chromosome complement 染色体组 chromosome map 染色体图 chromosome mutation 染色体突变 clone 克隆 cloning 无性繁殖系化 codon 密码子 codon degeneracy 密码简并 codon usage 密码子选择 cohesive end 黏性末端 complementary DNA (cDNA) 反向转录DNA complementary gene 互补基因 consensus sequence 共有序列 construct 组成 cosmid

5、s 黏性质粒 crossing over 互换 cyclic AMP (cAMP) 环腺酸 cytosine 胞嘧啶 D dark band 暗带 deamination 脱氨基作用 decarboxylation 脱羧基作用 degenerate code 简并密码 degenerate PCR 退化性聚合链反应 dehydrogenase 脱氢 denaturation 变性 deoxyribonucleoside diphospahte 脱氧核糖核一磷酸 deoxyribonucleoside monophospahte 脱氧核糖核二磷酸 deoxyribonucleoside trip

6、hospahte 脱氧核糖核三磷酸 deoxyribose 去(脱)氧核糖 dicarboxylic acid 二羧酸 digoxigenin 洋地黄毒 diploid 二倍体 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 去(脱)氧核糖核酸 DNA binding domain DNA结合性结构域 DNA fingerprinting DNA指纹图谱 DNA helicase DNA解螺旋 DNA kinase DNA激 DNA ligase DNA连接 DNA polymer DNA聚合物 DNA polymerase DNA聚合 double helix 双螺旋 double-

7、strand 双链 E electroporation 电穿孔 endonuclease 内切核酸 enhancer 增强子 enterokinase 肠激 episome 游离基因 ethidium bromide 溴乙锭 eukaryotic 真核生物的 euploid 整倍体 exonuclease 外切核酸 expressed-sequence tags 表达的序列标记片段 extron 外含子 F F factor F因子 FAD (flavine adenine dinucleotide) 黄素腺嘌呤二(双)核酸 feedback control 反馈控制 feedback inh

8、ibition 反馈抑制 feedback mechanism 反馈机制 first filial (F1) generation 第一子代 FISH (fluoresence in situ hybridization) 荧光原位杂交 forward mutation 正向突变 F-pilus F纤毛 functional complementation 功能性互补作用 fusion protein 融合蛋白 G gel electrophoresis 凝胶电泳 gene 基因 gene cloning 基因克隆 gene conversion 基因转变 gene duplication 基

9、因复制 gene flow 基因流动 gene gun 基因枪 gene interaction 基因相互作用 gene locus 基因位点 gene mutation 基因突变 gene regulation 基因调节 gene segregation 基因分离 gene therapy 基因治疗 geneome 基因组 / 染色体组 genetic map 基因图 genetic modified foods (GM foods) 基因食物 genetics 遗传学 genetypic ratio 基因型比 / 基因型比值 genome 基因组 / 染色体组 genomic librar

10、y 基因组文库 genotype 基因型 giant chromosome 巨染色体 globulin 球蛋白 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢 GP (glycerate phosphate) 磷酸甘油酸脂 GTP (guanine triphosphate) 鸟三磷酸 guanine 鸟嘌呤 H haploid 单倍体 haploid generation 单倍世代 heredity 遗传 heterochromatin 异染色质 Hfr strain 高频重组菌株 holoenzyme 全 homologous 同源的 houseke

11、eping gene 家务基因 hybridization 杂交 I immunoglobulin 免疫球蛋白 in vitro 在体外 / 在试管内 in vivio 在体内 independent assortment 独立分配 induced mutation 诱发性突变 induction 诱导 initiation codon 起始密码子 inosine 次黄 insert 插入片段 insertional inactivation 插入失活 interference 干扰 intergenic 基因间的 interphase 间期 intragenic 基因内的 intron 内含

12、子 inversion 倒位 isocaudarner 同尾酸 isoschizomer 同切点 J K kanamycin 卡那毒素 klenow fragment 克列诺夫片段 L lac operon 乳糖操纵子 ligase 连接 ligation 连接作用 light band 明带 linker 连接体 liposome 脂质体 locus 位点 M map distance 图距离 map unit 图距单位 mature transcript 成熟转录物 metaphase 中期 methylase 甲基化 methylation 甲基化作用 microarray 微列 mic

13、roinjection 微注射 missense mutation 错差突变 molecular genetics 分子遗传学 monoploid 单倍体 monosome 单染色体 messenger RNA (mRNA) 信使RNA multiple alleles 复(多)等位基因 mutagen 诱变剂 mutagenesis 诱变 mutant 突变体 mutant gene 突变基因 mutant strain 突变株 mutation 突变 mutation rate 突变率 muton 突变子 N NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

14、烟醯胺腺嘌呤二核酸 NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) 烟醯胺腺嘌呤二核酸磷酸 nicking activity 切割活性 nonsense codon 无意义密码子 nonsense mutation 无意义突变 Northern blot Northern印迹法 nuclear DNA 核DNA nuclear gene 核基因 nuclease 核酸 nucleic acid 核酸 nucleoside 核 nucleoside triphosphate 核三磷酸 nucleotidase 核酸 nucleotide 核酸

15、 nucleotide sequence 核酸序列 O oligonucleotide 寡核酸 one gene one polypeptide hypothesis 一个基因一种学说 operon 操纵子 oxidative decarboxylation 氧化脱羧作用 oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化作用 P PCR (polymerase chain reaction) 聚合链反应 peptide peptide bond 键 phagemids 噬菌粒 phosphorylation 磷酸化作用 physical map 物理图谱 plasmid 质粒 p

16、oint mutation 点突变 poly(A) tail poly(A)尾 polymerase 聚合 polyploid 多倍体 positional cloning 位置性无性繁殖系化 primary transcript 初级转录物 primer 引物 probe 探针 prokaryotic 原核的 promoter 启动子 protease 蛋白 purine 嘌呤 pyrimidine 嘧啶 Q R random segregation 随机分离 RAPD (rapid amplified polymorphic DNA) 快速扩增多态DNA reading frame 阅读码

17、框 recessive gene 隐性基因 recombinant 重组体 recombinant DNA technology 重组DNA技术 recombination 重组 regulator (gene) 调控基因 replica 复制物 / 印模 replica plating 复制平皿(板)培养法 replication 复制 replication origin 复制起点 reporter gene 报道基因 repression 阻遏 repressor 阻遏物 repressor gene 阻遏基因 resistance strain 抗药性菌株 restriction 限制

18、作用 restriction enzyme 限制性内切 restriction mapping 限制性内切图谱 retrovirus 反转录病毒 reverse transcription 反转录作用 RFLP (restricted fragment length polymorphisms) 限制性断片长度多态现象 ribonucleotide 核糖核酸 ribose 核糖 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 核糖体RNA ribosome 核糖体 RNA (ribonucleic acid) 核糖核酸 RNA polymerase I RNA聚合I RNA polymerase I

19、I RNA聚合II RNA polymerase III RNA聚合III R-plasmid R质粒 / 抗药性质粒 S second filial (F2) generation 第二子代 self-ligation 自我连接作用 shuttle vectors 穿梭载体 sigma factor 因子 single nucleotide polymorphism 单核酸多态性 single-stranded DNA 单链DNA sister chromatid 姊妹染色单体 sister chromosome 姊妹染色体 site-directed mutagenesis 定点诱变 so

20、matic cell 体细胞 Southern blot Southern印迹法 splice 拼接 star activity 星号活性 stationary phase 静止生长期 sticky end 黏性末端 stop codon 终止密码子 structural gene 结构基因 supernatant 上层清液 supressor 抑制基因 T telophase 末期 template 模板 terminator 终止子 tetracycline 四环素 thymine 胸腺嘧啶 tissue culture 组织培养 transcription 转录作用 transfer R

21、NA (tRNA) 转移RNA transformation 转化作用 transgene 转基因 translation 翻译 / 平移 transmembrane 跨膜 triplet 三联体 triplet code 三联体密码 triploid 三倍体 U V vector 载体 W Western blot Western印迹法 A alternative splicing - Eukaryotic genes are composed of exons and introns, the latter being removed by RNA splicing before tran

22、scribed mRNA leaves the nucleus. Commonly, a single gene can encode several different mRNA transcripts, caused by cell- or tissue-specific combination of different exons. This is known as alternative splicing. Annealing - The time- and temperature-dependent process by which two complementary single-

23、stranded polynucleotides associate to form a double helix (see also hybridization) Antisense strand - the DNA strand of a gene which, during transcription, is used as a template by RNA polymerase to synthesize a complementary RNA strand. 反股 - 意指一股DN*段为基因之所在，因此可用来当做模版使得RNA反转录脢在转录RNA时，可以合成和此DN*段完全结合的R

24、N*段。 B Bifurcation - The graphical representation in a phylogenetic tree of an evolutionary speciation event whereby an ancestral taxon splits into two. 分歧点 - 在演化的种形成事件中，物种由相同来源一分为二，其在种系发生树中的图示点。 blotting - General term for the transfer of protein, RNA or DNA molecules from a relatively thick acryla

25、mide or agarose gel to a paper-like membrane (usually nylon or nitrocellulose) by capillarity or an electric field, preserving the spatial arrangment. Once on the membrane, the molecules are immobilized, typically by baking or by ultraviolet irradiation, and can then be detected at high sensitivity

26、by hybridization (in the case of DNA and RNA), or antibody labelling (in the case of protein). RNA blots are called Northern blots; DNA blots, Southern; protein blots, Western. Blunt ends - Descriptive of the structure of double-stranded DNA in which neither strand of the duplex extends further from

27、 the end than the other; often the product of cleavage by a restriction endonuclease. (see also sticky ended) Branch - The graphical representation of an evolutionary relationship in a phylogenetic tree. 分枝 - 在种系发生树中，物种演化相互关系的图示。 C Cancer Genome Anatomy Project - The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (C

28、GAP) is an interdisciplinary program established and administered by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to generate the information and technological tools needed to decipher the molecular anatomy of the cancer cell. 癌症基因体解剖计划 - 癌症基因体解剖计划（CGAP）已经由国际癌症学会（NCI）建立并经营于于各个学科间，主要是产生信息及技术工具以便解决癌症细胞的分子解剖的各项

29、秘密 Cap - a specialized chemical group that is naturally added to the 5 end of mRNA. 帽子 - 一个特殊群，在自然下会加到5端的mRNA上 CASP - Critical Assessment of techniques for protein Structure Prediction CASP - 于蛋白质结构的预测上作一关键性的技术评估 cDNA - Complementary DNA; DNA that is synthesized, by reverse transcriptase, from an mR

30、NA template, and therefore has no introns. (see also genomic DNA) cDNA library - A collection of cells, usually E. coli, transformed by DNA vectors each of which contains a different cDNA insert synthesized from a collection of mRNA species. (see also genomic library) Cis-element - a regulatory DNA

31、sequence that serves as a protein binding site and controls the transcription of adjacent genes. Clade - A complete group of organisms derived from a common ancestor. 进化枝，分化枝 - 生物体的全部族群源自于共同始祖 Cloning vector - A technique for obtaining the desired gene that involves chopping up the entire genetic co

32、mplement of a cell using restriction enzymes, then attaching each (resultant) DNA fragment to a vector and transferring it into a bacterium, and finally screening those (engineered) bacteria to locate the bacteria that are producing the desired product (e.g., a protein). Codon - a nucleotide triplet

33、 which specifies an amino acid or a signal for terminating the synthesis of a polypeptide. 密码子 - 对应到特定胺基酸的核甘酸三联体或使多月太链合成中止的讯号 Consensus tree - A branching diagram produced using a method for combining the grouping information contained in a set of cladograms for the same taxa into a single topology.

34、 共同树 - 利用分枝图分群方式合并分群讯息, 使相同之taxa包含在进化枝的集合中 Convergence - The independent evolution of similar genetic or phenotypic traits. 收敛 - 具相似基因或表现型特征的独立演化 CpG islands - short stretch of DNA, often 1 kb, containing CpG dinucleotides which are unmethylated and present at the expected frequency. CpG islands oft

35、en occur at transcriptionally active DNA. CpG island - 长度小于 1000 个碱基的脱氧核糖核酸 , 其中包含未甲基化的CpG 双核甘酸序列 , 并以特定的频率出现 . CpG island 通常出现在随时准备好转录或转译的脱氧核糖核酸中可以观察到 D dbEST - dbEST is a division of GenBank that contains sequence data and other information on single-pass cDNA sequences, or Expressed Sequence Tags

36、, from a number of organisms. 表现序列标帜数据库 - 表现序列标帜数据库是基因库内的一部份，内含序列数据库和”只有单股定序”的互补DNA(cDNA)序列信息或一些生物体的表现序列标帜 Denaturation - The destruction of the ordered folding of a protein or nucleic acid that is required for its normal function. Protein denaturation often involves a change from a specific globula

37、r or fibrous conformation to a random coil; nucleic acid denaturation often involves the dissociation of a duplex into single strands. (see also native structure) Digital Differential Display - Survey sequencing of mRNA gene products provides an indirect means of generating gene expression fingerpri

38、nts for cancer cells and their normal counterparts. Digital Differential Display (DDD) is a computer method for comparing these fingerprints. Using a statistical test, genes whose expression levels differ significantly from one tissue to the next are identified and shown to the user. 数字差异陈列 - 观察mRNA

39、基因的序列产生提供一间接方法为了癌症细胞及与癌症细胞极为相似但是正常的细胞能够产生基因表现指纹。数字差异陈列（DDD）是利用计算机统计的方法来比较各个组织不同层级的基因表现。 Distance (evolutionary distance) - A measure of the number of nucleotide substitutions per nucleotide site between two homologous DNA sequences that have accumulated since the divergence between the sequences. 距离

40、（演化远近）- 从两条相似DNA序列间发生相异处收集每个核甘酸位置发生替换个数的量度 Divergence - The splitting of a taxonomic unit into two. DNA cloning - The production of a lineage of cells all of which contain one kind of DNA fragment of interest derived from a population of many kinds of DNA fragments. Operationally by: inserting (reco

41、mbining) a population of DNA molecules, known to contain the DNA of interest, into a population of vector DNA molecules in such a way that each vector molecule contains only a single DNA molecule from the original population; transforming a population of host cells with the vector DNA recombinants s

42、uch that each host cell takes up only one vector; growing single host cells separately (cloning) by plating at low density to form a collection of separate colonies; screening the colonies (clones) formed for the presence of the DNA of interest. DNA library - A library composed of complementary copi

43、es of cellular messenger RNAs. DNA microarray - Initially developed by Patrick Brown during the 1980s, these microarrays enable analysis of the levels of expression of genes in an organism, or comparison of gene expression levels (e.g., between diseased and non-diseased tissues) via hybridization of

44、 messenger RNA (mRNA) to its counterpart DNA sequence. when biological samples containing DNA (e.g., in liquid) are passed-over the array surface. DNA polymerase - An enzyme that can synthesize new DNA strands using a DNA template; several such enzymes exist. One of several classes of enzymes that p

45、olymerize DNA nucleotides using single or double-stranded DNA as a template. dot blot - Method for detecting a specific protein or message. A spot of solution is dotted onto nitrocellulose paper, a specific antibody or probe is allowed to bind and the presence of bound antibody/probe then shown by u

46、sing a peroxidase-coupled second antibody, as in Western blot or by other visualization methods. 点印 - 侦测特殊蛋白质或遗传讯息的方法. 在硝化纤维纸上点上特殊的点状溶液, 其中含有特殊的抗体或探针,在这些抗体或探针上再使用过氧化反应连结上二次抗体,用以提供呈色反应, 就类似西方转渍反应或者其它类似的方法. E Ectopic (illegitimate) transcription - low-level transcription in many cell types of genes wh

47、ich are predominantly expressed in certain types of cell 易位(不合规则)转录 - 在许多形式细胞低量转录某些特定细胞显著表现的基因 exon - The sequences of the RNA primary transcript (or the DNA that encodes them) that exit the nucleus as part of a messenger RNA molecule. In the primary transcript neighbouring exons are separated by in

48、trons. 表现子 - 离开原子核成为讯息核糖核酸分子的核糖核酸主要转录序列。 在主要转录过程附近，表现子会被介入子所分开。 F G gene - Originally defined as the physical unit of heredity but the meaning has changed with increasing knowledge. It is probably best defined as the unit of inheritance that occupies a specific locus on a chromosome, the existence o

49、f which can be confirmed by the occurrence of different allelic forms. Given the occurrence of split genes, it might be re-defined as the set of DNA sequences (exons) that are required to produce a single polypeptide. 基因 - 原本是定义遗传上的物质单位，但随着知识的增加意义也随之改变。也许现在最好定义它是遗传上的单位，占有染色体上一个特别的区域，可被证实有不同的对偶型式。对分离

50、的基因来说，它可被定义成一组需要用来产生蛋白质的脱氧核糖核酸序列，即外子。 genomic DNA - DNA that has been isolated from a cell and therefore contains introns, as opposed to cDNA Genomic library - A collection of transformed cells, each of which contains DNA fragments; the entire population represents the total genome of an organism, e

51、.g. a rat library containing DNA fragments which together comprise the entire rat genome. Appropriate screening methods can select a single transformed cell that contains a specific gene. (see also cDNA library) Glycosylation - the addition of carbohydrates to proteins. 醣化作用 - 在蛋白质上连接碳水化合物。 H Helica

52、se - A protein that unwinds DNA at replication forks. HGI - HGI, the Human Gene Index, replaced the Human cDNA Database(HCD) in April of 1997. HGI contains human EST sequences sequenced at TIGR as well as human ESTs from GenBanks dbEST database. There are a set of 29 non-human gene indices at TIGR.

53、All the information contained in these databases is free, no password or contract is required as it was with HCD. In addition to the Indices, TIGR offers the TIGR Microbial Database, the TIGR Parasites Database, the Expressed Gene Anatomy Database, and the BAC End Sequence Database. HGI - 全名为Human G

54、ene Index。是人类基因的参考索引，在1997年4月时候取代了HCD(Human cDNA Database)的功能。HGI包含NCBI(GeneBank)中db EST数据库及TIGER机构所定序出来的人类表现序列标志(EST)序列信息。此外，在TIGER机构中也有29个非人类的基因参考索引(non- human gene indices)，而且所有信息都是免费的;像HCD一般，不需签合约与通关密码就可取得信息。除了基因的参考索引，TIGER机构也提供微生物数据库 (TIGER Microbial Database)、寄生虫数据库(TIGER Parasites Databases)、

55、表现基因之解剖学数据库(Expressed Gene Anatomy Database)以及BAC载体端序列数据库(BAC End Sequence Database)。 Housekeeping genes - Tissue-specific gene expression 持家基因 - 属于特定组织才有的基因表现 Hybridization - (of nucleic acids) Technique in which single-stranded nucleic acids are allowed to interact so that complexes, or hybrids, a

56、re formed by molecules with sufficiently similar, complementary sequences. By this means the degree of sequence identity can be assessed and specific sequences detected. The hybridization can be carried out in solution or with one component immobilized on a gel or, most commonly, nitrocellulose pape

57、r. Hybrids are detected by various means: visualization in the electron microscope; by radioactively labelling one component and removing non-complexed DNA; or by washing or digestion with an enzyme that attacks single-stranded nucleic acids and finally estimating the radioactivity bound. Hybridizat

58、ions are done in all combinations: DNA-DNA (DNA can be rendered single-stranded by heat denaturation), DNA-RNA or RNA-RNA. In situ hybridizations involve hybridizing a labelled nucleic acid (often labelled with a fluorescent dye) to suitably prepared cells or histological sections. This is used part

59、icularly to look for specific transcription or localization of genes to specific chromosomes (FISH analysis).The time- and temperature-dependent process by which two complementary single-stranded polynucleotides associate to form a double helix = annealing (hybridization) Homology - Similarity by co

60、mmon ancestry or genetic relatedness. I I.M.A.G.E. Consortium Goals - The I.M.A.G.E. Consortium was initiated in 1993 by four academic groups on a collaborative basis after informal discussions led to a common vision of how to achieve an important goal in the study of the human genome: the Integrate