跨文化交际-unit-4-language-an课件(PPT 89页)

1、Chapter 4Language and Culture 第1页，共89页。 Main contents: 1 Color Words 2 How to talk about the world in different cultures pp. 121-135 3 Problems found in translating across cultures pp. 136-142 4 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: linguistic relativity pp. 150-158第2页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsRed 红The color RED is us

2、ually associated with celebrations and joyful occasions (喜庆场合). This is true in English-speaking countries as well as in China.red-letter days 纪念日，喜庆的日子（反义词：black-letter day 倒霉的一天）paint the town red 狂欢roll out the red carpet for 隆重地欢迎某人红双喜 double happiness written in red开门红 to begin well, to make a

3、good start第3页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsRed 红RED is also associated with certain emotions.to become red-faced 脸红（embarrassment）to see red 激怒，突然发怒（to be made angry, to become angry suddenly）waving a red flag 某事能迅速激怒某人e. g. The mere mention of his hated cousins name was like waving a red flag in front of hi

4、m.你红光满面。 You look so healthy and full of pep.第4页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsRed 红RED is the color associated with revolution and socialism (革命和社会主义).红卫兵The English word Red with a capital “R”, is often used as a synonym for a communist, usually in a derogatory sense.又红又专 both socialist minded and professio

5、nally qualified一颗红心 as loyal to the Party, having socialist virtues第5页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsRed 红redneckUsed as a disparaging term for a member of the white rural laboring class, especially in the southern United States. 红脖子，乡下佬：对属于农村劳动阶层，特别是美国南方这一阶层白人的贬称One who is regarded as having a provincial, co

6、nservative, often bigoted sociopolitical attitude. 红脖子：被认为是持有狭隘保守，经常是有偏见的社会政治观点的人第6页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsRed 红Red Nose DayRed Nose Day refers to a day on which an appeal is made for donations for research into sudden infant death syndrome, marked by the distribution of plastic red noses to donors.Re

7、d Nose Day 第一次举行这个节日是在1988年2月5日，是英国一个比较喜剧性的慈善日。在这一天，被认为一向缺乏幽默感的英国人忽然童心大发，很多人“乔装打扮”，把头发染红，戴上滑稽的红鼻子，全然没有了平日的严肃。第7页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsRed 红Red Light Districta neighborhood where prostitution and other businesses in the sex industry flourish 红灯区第8页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsRed 红Some Westerners take RED as

8、an evil omen (不祥之兆) or RED for danger (危险), stemming from the spirits of bullfighters (斗牛士).RED further develops to be the synonym for political radical. Furthermore, RED has some extended meanings, such as cruelty, disaster, trivial formalities, etc.第9页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsRed 红有上述意思的一些例子：red alert

9、: alarming in emergencya red battle: a cruel battle in which a lot of lives have been lostbe caught red-handed: be caught on sitehave red hands: commit a murderred ideas: revolutionary concepts第10页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsRed 红有上述意思的一些例子：red ruin: fire (as a disaster)red tape: bureaucratic writings 官样文章

10、，繁文缛节in the red: in debt 赤字，亏损dont care a red cent: dont care at allto give the red light to : 亮红灯第11页，共89页。颜色词 Color Words在翻译古典小说红楼梦时，英国翻译家DavidHawkes认为书中的”红色”对汉语文化的人而言，表示喜庆、幸福、吉祥，但在英语国家的人眼中，绿色和金黄色具有类似的联想意义，而红色则意味着流血、危险或暴力。因此，他在翻译时涉及红色的词语时作了一定的变通处理：第12页，共89页。颜色词 Color Words贾宝玉神游太虚境，警幻仙曲演红楼梦。Jiao Ba

11、oyu visits the Land of Illusion; And the fairyDisenchantment performs the Dream of Golden Days.第13页，共89页。颜色词 Color Words贾宝玉品茶栊翠庵，刘姥姥醉窝怡红院。Jia Baoyu tastes some superior tea at Green Bower Hermitage;And Grannie Liu samples the sleeping accommodation at Green Delights.译者在翻译原文中的”红楼梦”和”怡红院”时没有选用red一词，而是

12、分别译为Golden和Green这两个虽然不同色彩，但对译语读者来说具有相近意义的颜色词。 第14页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsWhite 白To most Chinese and Westerners, WHITE has certain similar connotations: purity, innocence, 洁白, 清白无辜. 第15页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsWhite 白white lie a harmless lie 无恶意的谎言white man 忠实可靠的人第16页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsWhite 白红白喜事 weddi

13、ngs and funerals (婚礼和葬礼)WHITE is the traditional color for brides (新娘) at Western weddings. To have white at funerals would be offensive; to have funerals described as happy occasions would be absolutely shocking to Westerners. 第17页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsWhite 白红人In Chinese, those who are popular and

14、find favor with their bosses are called 红人. In English, they are blue-eyed boys. 白毛女white-haired girl第18页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsWhite 白包含white的其他习语：the white area: an anti-revolutionary area 白区White Day: 白色情人节（3月14日）white light district: ever-bright areaa white elephant: something burdensome and value

15、less; huge burdenshow the white feather: show fear 露出胆怯第19页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsWhite 白包含white的其他习语：a white slave: someone who is forced to be a slave 沦为奴隶的白人days marked with a white stone: happy days 幸福的日子a white war: a war without a bloodshed; an economic competitionbleed white: extort every cent

16、from someone 敲骨入髓，榨干最后一滴血第20页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsWhite 白有一些中文词组中有“白”字，但与颜色无关，译成英文时不要出现white：白菜：Chinese cabbage白熊：polar bear白蚁：termite白费事：in vain, a waste of time and energy白送：free of charge, for nothing第21页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsBlack 黑In both English and Chinese there are various terms indicating th

17、at black is often associated with negative qualities (负面特征):blacklist 黑名单black market 黑市black-hearted 黑心的，恶毒的第22页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsBlack 黑However, in business English, in the black has a good meaning; i. e., running a business profitably（盈利）.The opposite of this is being in the red, meaning runni

18、ng a business at a loss, not making profit（亏损，赤字）.第23页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsBlack 黑Besides, BLACK implies gloom (忧郁), disgrace (耻辱), misfortune (不幸), extreme anger (极端愤怒), etc.black and blue: full of bruises 遍体鳞伤，身上青一块，紫一块black day: unlucky dayblack dog: unhappy 沮丧，意志消沉a black look: an angry look; gl

19、are at somebodyin a black mood: in a low spirits 沮丧第24页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsBlack 黑Besides, BLACK implies gloom (忧郁), disgrace (耻辱), misfortune (不幸), extreme anger (极端愤怒), etc.black sheep: evil member of the herd 害群之马，败家子a black stranger: a stranger out and out 不折不扣的陌生人turn black white: confuse righ

20、t and wrong 颠倒黑白，混淆是非第25页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsBlue 蓝It seems that blue is a favorable word to Chinese:the blue sky: can arouse us to yearn for a better future.the blue sea: full of uncertainty indices boundless imagination第26页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsBlue 蓝In Western culture, however, BLUE does not asso

21、ciate with happiness and imagination, but gloom and depression.in a blue mood; having the blues: a sad, gloomy, or depressed mooda blue Monday: the first day of work or school after a pleasant, happy weekend第27页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsBlue 蓝BLUE is also associated with high social position or being ari

22、stocratic (贵族的).He is a really blue blood.: He is from an aristocratic family. 他确实出身豪门。blue book: a book with the names of well-known persons, especially government officials. 名人录第28页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsBlue 蓝blue chip篮筹股在赌博游戏中，蓝色筹码的分值最高。20世纪初，blue chip被用于股市，指那些业绩良好，分红和收益稳定的上市公司发行的普通股。 第29页，共89页。颜色

23、词 Color WordsBlue 蓝有blue的其他词组：blue about the gills: in depression 沮丧，垂头丧气blue devil (bluebird, blue angel): 沮丧的人blue film: erotic film 黄色电影once in a blue moon: occurring only once in a thousand years 千载难逢out of the blue: unexpected 突然地第30页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsBlue 蓝有blue的其他词组：blue in the face: look

24、pasty 脸色发青，（气得，累得）说不出话来blue murder: 可怕的谋杀（like blue murder风驰电掣般地，以最快的速度，发疯似地）sing the blues: in low spirits; very depressed 垂头丧气第31页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsBlue 蓝有blue的其他词组：out of the blue: a thunder from the clear sky; the sudden coming of something unexpected 突然地，晴天霹雳blue pencil to censor: 校订、审查、删改 第

25、32页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsYellow 黄Yellow appears in such Chinese expressions as 黄色电影，黄色书刊，黄色音乐.For 黄色, one might use pornographic, trashy, obscene, filthy, or vulgar, as in pornographic pictures, obscene movies, filthy books, and vulgar music.第33页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsYellow 黄Yellow JournalismIn Englis

26、h, yellow journalism is a journalism with heavy emphasis on scandals (丑闻), or presenting ordinary news in a sensational (耸人听闻的，过分渲染细节的) manner, sometimes even distorting the facts to create a sensational (哗众取宠的) effect.第34页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsYellow 黄Yellow PagesThis is a book with the telephone nu

27、mbers of different shops, businesses, organizations, etc., arranged according to different categories; for example, all the food stores, all the radio shops, all the amusement parks, all the airlines, all the hospitals. 黄页第35页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsYellow 黄Generally speaking, YELLOW is to some extent

28、derogatory (贬义) that carries the connotations of cowardice (怯懦，胆小), jealousy (忌妒), suspicion (猜疑), and contemptibility (卑鄙). yellow alert: alert in advanceyellow boy: gold coin 金币a yellow dog: a contemptible person 不参加或不协助工会的人，卑鄙之徒第36页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsYellow 黄Generally speaking, YELLOW is to som

29、e extent derogatory (贬义) that carries the connotations of cowardice (怯懦，胆小), jealousy (忌妒), suspicion (猜疑), and contemptibility (卑鄙). the sear and yellow leaf: an old ageyellow looks: suspicious looks 阴沉多疑的眼神yellow streak: tending to be coward and chicken-hearted 胆怯第37页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsPurple 紫I

30、n the eye of Westerners, PURPLE is the symbol of emperor and power. In particular, the purple refers to the throne of the emperor (皇帝) or the pope (教皇). to be born in the purple: to be born in a royal family 出身于皇族to be raised to the purple: to be promoted to the position as a pope 成为教皇purple message

31、s: too florid words 过分华丽的辞藻第38页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsPurple 紫In Chinese, PURPLE indicates the degree of popularity.红得发紫: popular to the extreme第39页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsPurple 紫其他词组：marry into the purple: marry into a family of high social positionpurple patches: pompous messages 辞藻华丽的段落turn purple wi

32、th rage: fly into a fury 大怒Purple Heart: (US) an insignia awarded to those wounded in the battle 授予战争伤残者的勋章第40页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsPink 粉红tickle somebody pink: 使某人很高兴in the pink: 身体健康第41页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsGrey 灰GREY is often used to suggest darkness (黑暗), sullen weather (阴沉的天气), blue mood (忧郁的心情

33、), or gloomy outlook (令人沮丧的前景). He looks grey and tired. 他看上去愁眉不展，疲惫不堪。The prospect of the market is grey. 市场前景黯淡。第42页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsGrey 灰GREY also suggests wisdom (机智) and tact (老练). grey wisdom 智力grey matter 头脑grey experience 老练第43页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsGreen 绿GREEN associated with plants an

34、d springA person with a “green finger/thumb” (指园丁) must be skill at gardening.A “greenbelt” (城市周围的绝色带) is an area of open land around a city, where building is strictly controlled.People “go to the green wood” (成为绿林好汉) refer to those choose to become forest outlaws.第44页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsGreen 绿GR

35、EEN associated with plants and springgreenhouse effect 温室效应green winter: a warm winter with no snow 没有雪的暖冬汉语里“苍”意思是“dark green”；“青”常常作为“绿”的代名词。第45页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsGreen 绿GREEN associated with freshness and health (新鲜和健康)green cheese: fresh cheesegreen beer: the beer before processinggreen goods

36、: fresh vegetablesgreen meat: fresh meata person in the green: a teenager or youngster第46页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsGreen 绿GREEN associated with freshness and healthgreen signs: signs of renewalgreen room: a room in a theater, TV studio, etc., where the performers can relaxgreen pasture: something newer

37、or better (or perceived to be better), such as a new job第47页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsGreen 绿GREEN associated with freshness and healthOne who is “in the green tree” is in his advantage.To “keep ones memory green” means not letting someone (dead) to be forgotten.Somebody is “in the green wood” suggests h

38、e is in good condition.Someone in his “green old age” may refer to a senior citizen who is still sound and healthy despite his age.第48页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsGreen 绿GREEN associated with freshness and health在汉语中也有类似的用法。“绿”可用指年轻貎美的女子，“闺房”可称作“绿窗”。近年来出现很多新词：绿色冰箱、绿色食品、绿色家俱、绿色物流第49页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsGre

39、en 绿GREEN associated with permission and safety (准许，放行和安全)to get the green light: to get the permission to do something 亮绿灯绿色通道第50页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsGreen 绿GREEN associated with sickness (疾病)Green is the most common color of poison (绿色是最常见的毒药的颜色), which may lead to its association with sickness.T

40、he passengers turned quite green with sea-sickness. 那些乘客由于晕船，脸都变绿了。green about/around the gills: used to describe a pale person 面色青黄第51页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsGreen 绿GREEN associated with evil (邪恶)墓地磷火是绿色的，恶毒的王后给白雪公主有毒的那半苹果是绿色的，西方世界龙也是绿色的，因此西方人将绿色与邪恶联系在一起。然而，在中国，绿色是高贵的颜色：青史留名，青睐，苍龙。因为古代中国是典型的农耕文明，绿色代表

41、希望，因此在中国绿色不可能是邪恶的颜色。第52页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsGreen 绿GREEN associated with money (钱)美元背面是绿色的，因此美元也被称作“greenback”或者“green note”。一些类似的词汇也容易理解：green power（金钱的力量，财团），green stamp（美国救济补助券），green sheet（政府预算明细比较表 ），green pound（绿色英镑，指原欧共体内部计算农产品价格而规定的高汇率英镑），等等。在中国，人民币不是银色的，因此绿色与钱无关。第53页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsGr

42、een 绿GREEN associated with inexperienced (无经验)green wood: wood not yet dry enough for usegreen tobacco: tobacco not driedSomebody is still green.: He/she is untrained or inexperienced.a greener or a green hand: a young novice or a beginner第54页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsGreen 绿GREEN associated with inexper

43、ienced (无经验)green goose: young goosea green field: a land with no buildings constructed on previouslyas green as grass: a vivid description of ones infantilitynot as green as one is cabbage-looking: not so stupid as he/she appears to be第55页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsGreen 绿GREEN associated with envy (嫉妒)g

44、reen-eyed monster: the rhetorical expression of jealousy 嫉妒green spit: a vicious depreciation due to envy 恶意贬低或藐视to see somebody through green glasses: One treats another unfairly due to great jealousy.第56页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsGreen 绿GREEN associated with envy (嫉妒)在汉语里， 眼“红”代表嫉妒：眼红：green with envy红眼

45、病： green-eyed monster第57页，共89页。颜色词 Color WordsGreen 绿GREEN associated with anger (愤怒)在汉语里， 人们用“绿色”表示生气。气绿了脸气得脸色发青青筋暴起在英语里，人们用“purple”表示生气。purple with anger第58页，共89页。颜色词 Color Words注意汉语里颜色词的“一词多义”：青:可以指绿色（green），如“青椒”（green pepper）；可以指蓝色，如“青天”（blue Sky）；也可以指黑色，如“青布”（black cloth）。 黄：一般是指黄色，但也可以指褐色，如“黄

46、酱”（soy bean paste）；可以指金色，如“黄金”（gold）。 第59页，共89页。颜色词 Color Words注意，不同的语言中对同一物体或现象却用不同颜色来加以描述。英国人喝的 black tea在汉语中不叫“黑茶”而叫“红茶”。美国人谈到皮肉受伤时说to be bruised black and blue，而中国人则说“被打得青一块，紫一块”（直译为to be beaten blue and Purple，当然应译为地道的英语to be beaten black and blue）。 第60页，共89页。 Kinship terms: (p. 128) Chinese En

47、glish 姑夫；姨夫；舅舅 uncles 叔叔；伯伯 堂兄；表兄；堂弟 cousins 表弟；堂姐；堂妹 表兄；表妹 连襟 妯娌 I. How to talk about the world in different cultures第61页，共89页。 Translate: (p. 128) a. 林黛玉的母亲是贾宝玉的姑母，贾宝玉的母亲是林黛玉的舅母，又是薛宝钗的姨母。 b. Three cousins of the French Presidents were also to receive diamonds. 第62页，共89页。 Connotations of words: (p.

48、 129) Chinese English Red: wedding; happiness; violence; warningGreen: life; youth envy; inexperienceBlue: clearness gloomWhite: death wedding第63页，共89页。 Chinese EnglishIce: crystal clear; purity Jade: purity; innocence; chastity 冰清玉洁 第64页，共89页。芙蓉楼送辛渐 王昌龄 寒雨连江夜入吴， 平明送客楚山孤。 洛阳亲友如相问， 一片冰心在玉壶。 * An sino

49、logists translation: Put a piece of icy heart in the vase of jade. Translate:第65页，共89页。许渊冲s version Farewell to Xin Jian at lotus tower Wang Changling A cold rain mingled with the Eastern Stream at night； At dawn you leave the Southern hills lonely in haze. If my friends in the North should ask if I

50、m all right, My heart is free of stain as ice in crystal vase.第66页，共89页。Witt Bynners Version AT HIBISCUS INN PARTING WITH XIN JIAN With this cold night-rain hiding the river, you have come into Wu. In the level dawn, all alone, you will be starting for the mountains of Chu. Answer, if they ask of me

51、 at Loyang: One- hearted as ice in a crystal vase. 第67页，共89页。 Categorization of farm animals (p. 125-126) English sex (male, female, castrated) maturity (mature, immature or newborn) Amazonian Indian Good for work (inedible): stallion, mare, gelding Good for food (useless for work): cow, ewe, lamb,

52、sow第68页，共89页。 Chinesebull:公牛steer (被阉割的)公牛 cow母牛heifer：小母牛calf: 小牛(年幼的母牛或公牛) (milk; beef;butter)way of thinking: holistic vs analytic 第69页，共89页。Categorization of chairs (p. 124 ) EnglishChairs and couches: related to each other; both belong to the category of household furniture African Chair and sp

53、ear; related to each other; both are emblems of authority 第70页，共89页。 Distinction between dew, fog and snow in English is not found in Koyas of India (p. 124)A Koya distinguishes 7 different of bamboo (p. 124) 第71页，共89页。动物词汇 Animal Words中文英文牛Oxdevotion/hardworkingfood马Horsedevotion/hardworking龙Dragon

54、majestyevil凤凰Phoenixqueenlyrebirth/resurrection蛇Snakeslithery/harmfulslithery兔子Rabbittimidattractive鸡Chickenprostitutetimid第72页，共89页。动物词汇 Animal Words中文英文蚂蚁Antsolidarityhardworking蜜蜂Beehardworkingbusy鸳鸯Mandarin ducklove鸽子Dovelove猫头鹰Owlbad luckwisdom第73页，共89页。动物词汇 Animal Words中文英文龟Turtle/鹤Cranelongev

55、ity象Elephantclumsy/uselesslongevity鹊Magpiesymbol of good luckgossip海猩Beavereager/anxiousimpatient天鹅Swangraceful/noblegraceful/noble第74页，共89页。动物词汇 Animal Words中文英文孔雀Peacocksymbol of luck/beautyproud/showy猪Pigstupiditydirty驴Ass/鹅Goosestupidity蝙蝠Batgood fortunehappinessugly/frighteningblood sucking小羊Lambfoodsymbol of religion第75页，共89页。动物词汇 Animal WordsFavorite Animals:Chinese: Crane, Cat, Rabbit, Ox, Horse, Panda, Swan, Peacock, Gold Fish, BirdsEnglish: Dog, Cat, Horse, Birds, Sheep第76页，共89页。动物词汇 Animal WordsSome English Express