网络综合-大学英语四六级考试(CET)四级

1、【网络综合 - 大学英语四六级考试(CET)四级】四级写作中常用的开头段的表达方法举例如下：使用引语（use a quotation）使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。如：“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime o

2、pportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success. 分析：开头引用Colton的名言说明“创造机会”对于成功的重要性，点明主题。引用具体或粗略的数据 （use figures or statistics）当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后作出概括性分析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。如：As is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of

3、a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security. It is estimated that in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002.分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的毕业生达到50万这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象的严重性，很有说服力。提出问题（ask a question）提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答

4、或展开引导性简短讨论。如：What do you want from your work Money Promotions Interesting challenges Continual learning Work-based friendships The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things.

5、分析：文章开头提出“你想从工作中得到什么”这一问题，然后自问自答，指出工作除了物质利益，还可以给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论。给出具体实例或报道（offer relevant examples or reports）给出具体生活实例或新闻报道如：As regards the stress for college students, there has been a heated discussion among the public in the e society. It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates ju

6、st because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.分析：文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例，说明了大学生心理问题的严重性。定义法（give definition）针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。如：As we all know, practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers,

7、and now it is still widely applied to our daily life. It means that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.分析：文章用It means that这一句型，说明了practice makes perfect的含义。主题句法（use of topic sentence）文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。如：Nowadays one of the serious problems China is

8、faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents. According to a recent survey by Dr. Li, dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University, about 18% of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country.分析：文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐

9、证。开头段的常用核心句型归纳如下，大家可选择使用： As opposed to generally accepted views, I believe that The arguer may be right about , but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that . Although it is commonly agreed that , it is unlikely to be true that . There is an element of truth in this statement, but it ignores a

10、deeper and more basic fact that . In all the discussion and debate over , one important fact is generally overlooked. On the surface （At first thought）, it （this） may seem a sound （an attractive） suggestion （solution / idea）, but careful weighing on the mind （on closer analysis / on second thought）,

11、 we find that Although many people believe that , I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis The danger （problem / fact / truth / point） is that. I agree with the above statement because I believe that . There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of . Those who object to argue that

12、 . But people who favor , on the other hand, argue that. Currently （In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now）, there is （has been） a（n） general （widespread / growing / widely held） feeling towards （concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of /

13、illusion of / belief in）. As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that . Now it is commonly （widely / generally / increasingly） believed （thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged） that . But I wonder （doubt） whether 该文章转载自无忧考网： HYPERLINK /show.asp?id=331384&Page=3 /show.asp?i

14、d=331384&Page=3怎样写好大学英语四级作文-一-常见问题在整个四级卷面（满分为100分）中占15分，考生在这一部分的得分直接决定其四级成绩。近年来国家教委又明确规定，四级中，如果学生得零分，那么即使前面得了满分（即85分），其总成绩仍将视为不及格。因此写好一篇文章对参加四级的学生来说可谓至关重要，不容轻视。要有以下几个方面的问题：第一、底子太薄。底子太薄主要表现为对语法知识掌握不牢及对基本词汇记忆不清。它包括定冠词和不定冠词的滥用，主谓不一致，单复数搞不清楚（例如：a people等），时态和语态混乱及词语的各种形式掌握不牢。有的学生文章写得很长，字迹也很工整，但是读完之后只觉得思

15、路紊乱，支离破碎，没有一个完整的句子，所以也就只能得两三分以慰劳苦。第二、词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。除了底子太薄这个历史原因之外，学生词汇量太小也是一个不容忽视的原因。有的学生汉语功底很好，用汉语，他们就会思如泉涌，下笔千言，但是一到用就好像被缚住了手脚，不知如何下手。比如99年1月的，题目是Dont Hesitate to Say No, 大部分学生能够领会题意并能按给出的汉语提纲，但有的学生连Hesitate是什么意思都不知道，更不用说在此基础上再作发挥了。另外有的学生虽然对题目及要求非常清楚，但是因为自己所掌握的词汇所限，无法用一些合适的词来表达自己的思想，于是只有绕着题目翻来覆

16、去乱说一气，再加上这次出的提纲就象一道绕口令：1、 别人请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们会说“不”；2、 为什么有些人在该说“不”的时候不说“不”；3、 该说“不”时不说“不”的坏处。所以在说过一个又一个的No再加几个Yes之后，阅卷老师也给搞得云里雾里，头脑发胀，最后也只得酌情给个两三分罢了。还有的一写到纸上就是错字别字满篇，有些词汇的用法也走了样。其中最典型的就是for example写成example for , for instance写成for a instance, illegal 写成unlegle, 而such as, in spite of 等许多短语则是乱用一气。词汇的有限导致

17、许多学生有口难言，欲说不能，对他们来说，用实在是一件很头疼的事情。第三、缺乏思想，深度不够。99年1月的中很大一部分学生不能得高分还有一个重要的原因，就是他们的缺乏思想，深度不够。很多学生虽然已是大二的学生，甚至是大三大四的学生，但是他们在当中所表现出的智力水平与阅历似乎只相当于一个初高中生。写出的文章着眼点低，视野狭窄。作为学生，着眼于学生之间的关系，反映学生之间的帮忙，这并不为过，但是这种帮忙不能仅仅限于在当中的帮忙，而且对这种帮忙都是一句话 Dont hesitate to say No。更有相当一部分学生在文章中写帮忙就是这一次四级当中的帮忙。与在校考生比较起来，社会考生应该多了许多社

18、会阅历，也多了一些见解，但是举出来的例子也是范围太窄，大多是讲老板或领导让干的事只能答 Yes而不能回答 No。其实除了这些，可举的例子很多，关键是要抓住实质。 第四、缺乏应试技巧。缺乏应试技巧，主要表现为有些学生在篇首或篇尾有喊口号倾向（如Dear Friends, lets not hesitate to sayNo）,或画蛇添足,本来文章该结束了却偏要罗罗嗦嗦再来两句多余的话；另外一些学生字数把握不准，不是写得太短就是写得太长，写得太短的会因为字数不够而失分，太长的又因为阅卷老师任务繁重，时间窘迫，不能因为一篇文章乱了整个阅卷节奏。还有一些学生的笔迹（尤其是用纯蓝墨水钢笔和出水太浅的圆珠

19、笔写的），让阅卷老师怎么也看不清楚。以上是四级中常见的几个问题，更是我们平时当中应该注意的几个方面。要写好一篇文章，关键要在平时下功夫，打好牢固的基础，但是如果这一功夫在使用的时候不讲技巧，不但不能事半功倍地发挥出最高技巧，取得最佳成绩，甚至可能出现与实际水平相去甚远的低成绩。因此，上面讲到的四个问题应该是相辅相成，缺一不可的，做到了这几点，写出一篇好的大学四级应该是不难的。样写好大学英语四级作文-二-句子写作我们在前面曾提过学生的主要有以下几个方面的问题：第一、底子太薄。第二、词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。第三、表达思想不清楚。 下面我们以考生的实际来进行一下分析。1） Some one

20、 consider that fresh water will not touch its end.(96年1月，2分)2） One mans life lack of money, he will impossible to live on. （95年1月，5分）3） As is know, that there are much fake commodities in todays society.(97年12月，6分)这里引述的例句与考生通篇的写作水平是一致的，其中5、6分的例句具有典型性，代表了近乎中等水平考生的写作水平。从这些例句中不难看出，中等水平的考生，事实上也包括中上等水平的考

21、生，在写作上存在的主要问题是表达思想不清楚。表达思想不清楚的主要原因是考生中严重汉化的，即中式，比如： man can live happiness， Man is iron, and food is steel., Women are half side sky.。此外，语言错误的普遍性和严重性十分惊人，比如，主谓不一致，名词单复数不分，动词时态语态滥用，常用词拼写错误比比皆是。这些严重地影响了思想的表达。实践表明，多数考生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法，而是最基本的单句写作能力。文章无论长短，都是由句子组成的，句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此，句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚，

22、将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。大学四、六级和研究生入学的实践都表明，考生写作成绩长期得不到明显提高的主要原因是欠缺写好单句的能力。为改变这种状况，我们将从剖析考生中的典型病句入手，对写作测试中的基本句子结构和写法进行评议和分析，来帮助考生进一步提高句子写作能力。一、 There be结构考生病句：1. There are many people like to go to the movies.2. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.正确表达：1. There are ma

23、ny people who like to go to the movies.2. There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the market.这两个例句的错误比较有普遍性，因为在历次中有不少考生不能正确运用there be这一最常用的句式。在这种结构中，there是引导词，没有实际意义。be在句中作谓语，有时态和数的变化。例如：1. There was no school in the village at that time. (=there was not a school.) 注意：在否定句中，否定

24、词用no，也可用not a或not any。not a后接单数名词，not a 后接复数名词，no后面的名词单复数都可以。2. There is not a moment to be lost.3. There are many people rushing into the cities every year.4. There are many things we can do to prevent traffic accidents.5. There is no use holding back the wheel of history.从以上例句还可看出，句中的主语后面可接多种修饰语，如

25、介词短语、不定式短语、定语从句、分词短语等等。这无疑使该结构增加了表现力，使句子表达内容更加丰富。 在运用这一结构时，考生最容易犯的错误是在there be之后又用了一个动词作谓语，使句子结构出现严重错误。这里列举的考生的典型错误均属这种情况，对此我们在写作中要格外注意。二、 比较结构考生病句：1. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster.2. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities.正确表达：1. Compared with the bike, the car runs m

26、uch faster.2. The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities.评议与分析：许多考生在中用compare或than表示比较，但相当多的表达有误。在例1中，对两个事物进行比较的句式为Compared with A, B.,只能用compare的过去分词，不能用现在分词，因为B是分词的逻辑主语，只能被比较。在例2中，考生误将天气与城市进行比较，而二者没有可比性，只有将后者改为其他城市的天气才符合逻辑，很显然，考生的错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。比较结构是常用结构，正确地使用这一结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写

27、作成绩。一般说来，考生若能恰当、正确地运用这一结构，其写作成绩应在5分以上。下面是比较结构的一些常用的表达方法。1 同级比较 1） In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years.2） We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years in the past.2 比较级 1） Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before.2

28、） We can live longer without food than we can (live ) without water. -怎样写好大学英语四级作文-三-句子写作句子的写作（二）三、 表达原因的结构考生病句： 1. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.2. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.正确表达：1. The real reason for our failur

29、e is not far to seek. 2. The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard. 评议与分析： 以上两个病句分别引自92年1月和97年12月四级的考生。从遣词造句上看，这两位考生具有一定的写作能力，not far to seek, plenty of money以及without working hard等均运用正确、恰当。但令人遗憾的是，第一位考生不知道reason不与to搭配而应接介词for，第二位考生犯了一个中国学生常犯的错误，就是用bec

30、ause引起表语从句，because这个词不能引起表语从句，在本句中只能改用that才正确。掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的，几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或可以写原因。在大学四、六级、研究生入学以及TOEFL中，写作的文体基本上是议，而议的基本模式是摆事实、讲道理，讲道理就是说明原因。写作测试的文体决定了表达原因结构的重要性。中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多种。我们可用as , because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that.等词组引出表示原因的从句。例如：1. Now that we have seen t

31、hese great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more proud than ever of our country.2. Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.3. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.4. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we dont have the ability to

32、 solve it, but that some people have not realized the consequences of the problem. 我们还可以借助某些词语用简单句表达原因结构。例如：1. The reason for this change is quite obvious.2. Diligence is the key factor of success.3. Idleness is the root of all evils.4. He was ashamed to have made the mistake.(=He was ashamed that h

33、e had made the mistake. =He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.) 除了上述的例句外，中还有很多或易或难的表达原因的结构。我们在进行写作训练的时候，不能满足于一知半解，要讲究书面语言的正确性和准确性。比如，because是最常用的引导原因从句的连词，语气最强，表示直接的原因，若because置于句首，后面的主句不能再用so。用as引导的原因从句语气较弱，所说明的原因是附带的，而since表示的原因暗示着是稍加分析之后才能推断出来的原因。 四、 否定结构 考生病句1. Some people think we nee

34、dnt to worry about fresh water.2. Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies, too.正确表达：1. Some people think we neednt worry (或dont need to worry) about fresh water.2. Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies, either.评议与分析：例句1选自96年1月四级考生，例句2选自92年1月六级考生。例句1 的错误在于该考生混淆了need作为情态动词和作为普通

35、动词的用法。need作为情态动词时，主要用于否定句，后面的动词不带to, neednt worry，作we的谓语。need作为实意动词时，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句，dont need to worry 中的to worry作dont need的宾语。例句2的错误在于该考生混淆了too和either的区别，这两个词都表示也的意思，但是在中too, also只能用于肯定句，而either只能用于否定句。 否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词，be和have后面加not之外，还有许多不含not的否定结构。若能正确使用他们，文章会显得生动活泼，增加写作的闪光点。下面我们就来看看: 1 含有否定意义的词汇

36、和短语 以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义，因此无需用否定词。介词against, beyond, but, except, without,.形容词和动词absent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to, reluctant, lack, want,.短语keep.from, protect.from, prevent.from, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather

37、 than, too.to, by no means, anything but,.怎样写好大学英语四级作文-五-发展结尾在上一讲我们讲了主题句，推展句的写法；这一讲我们要进一步来谈一谈段落发展的几种手段以及结尾段的写法。一、段落发展的几种手段 1 列举法(details) 作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。 Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wron

38、g. First, I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that

39、was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said Wet Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get inand cut my hand. 根据本段

40、主题句中的关键词组everything I did went wrong，作者列举了8点内容，分别由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、脉络分明、内容连贯。 常用于列举法的过渡连接词有：for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second, also等。 2. 举例法(example) 作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例

41、法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。 我们来看下面这个用举例法展开的段落。 There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a

42、run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them. 本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中的关键词组different forms of exercises，这三个例

43、子分别由连接词for example, for another example 和besides引出，最后由引导的结尾句总结全段内容。 举例法中常用的连接词有：for example(instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。 3. 叙述法(narration) 叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次分步骤地表达主题句的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，从而可以使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义，例如：

44、 In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbour was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policeme

45、n went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping. 这段是按照事物发展的先后顺序，叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场的过程。全文脉络清晰，叙述的层次感强，结构紧凑。 常用于叙述法中的过渡连接词有： first, an the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等。 4 对比法或比较法(compariso

46、n & contrast) 将同类的事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析是一种常用的思维方法。通过对比，更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点，例如： The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to

47、 solve can be solved by a computer in one minute. 在这段文字上， 作者为了突出电子计算机运行速度之快，首先将它与人脑进行了比较， a thousand times faster than ;而后，又将这一概念具体到了 a problem上，通过对比使读者从 a long time in one minute上有更加直观的认识。 常用于对本法或比较法上的过渡连接词有：than, compared with等。 5 分类法(classification) 在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类，分别加以叙述，使读者

48、有更为清晰的认识，如： Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions

49、 stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by c

50、ertain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags, Morse code, and picture signs. 在该段中为了说明topic sentence中的 various forms of communication，作者将其分为or

51、al speech, sign language, body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，并逐加阐述。 采用这种方法的段落并没有标志突出的连接词，所述各项均为平行并列关系，所以没有明显的主次之分。 HYPERLINK /cet4/ 来源:考试大-英语四级考试 6因果分析法(cause and effect ) 在阐述某一现象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如： The role of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun t

52、o assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious o

53、f the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively. 本段中，主题句提出了一种社会现象，推展句则对产生这种现象的原因作出各种解释。 常用于因果分析法的连接词有：because, so, as a result等。 7 定义法(definition) 在科普文章的写作中，定义法是必不可少的。通过下定义，可以使读者对该事物有一个更直接的认识。 Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation op

54、eration of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the Second Industrial Revolution. 这一段文字使我们了解了 autom

55、ation 和 Second Industrial Revolution 两个概念，分别由 refers to 和been called 引出。 常出现在定义法中的词语有：refer to , mean, call等。 8. 重复法(repetition) 句子的一部分反复出现在段落中，这就是重复法。它往往造成一种步步紧逼的气氛，使文章结构紧凑，有感染力。比如： Since that time, which is far enough away from now, I have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is i

56、n the young, under terror. I was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver; I was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg; I was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted; 该段中反复应用了I was in motal terror of 我经常处于恐怖之中。 以上， 我们结合具体文章讨论了展

57、开段落的几种方法。在实际写作中，我们往往不必拘泥于一种写作方法，而是将若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有声有色。 二、结尾段 我们知道文章的开头很重要，因为好的开头可以吸引读者、抓住读者的注意力。同样，文章的结尾也很重要，好的结尾会使读者对全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象，可以增添文章的效果和说服力，让人深思，回味无穷。确切地说，结尾的作用就是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使读者加深印象；有时也用于展望未来，提出今后方向或令人深思的问题给读者留下回味和思考的余地。 但是，如何才能写好英文短文的结尾呢?下面就介绍几种写结尾段最常用的方法： 1重复中心思想 回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句

58、上，达到再次肯定和强调的效果。 (例1)A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make it worth living. (例2)With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever. 2作出结论 文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。 (例1)In conclusi

59、on, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job. (例2)On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude towar

60、d TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it. 3应用引语 用格言、谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅又有更强的说服力。 (例1) If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to permanent success. Remember the famous s