教学课件·国际贸易理论与实务(英文版)

1、 国际贸易理论与实务（英文版）（第三版） International Trade Theory & Practice Basic Idea of Bilingual Teaching Master professional knowledge and skills; Improve professional English significantly. (through the integration of professional instruction and English language teaching. )Learning ObjectivesCourse OutlinePeda

2、gogical (教学法的) DevicesTextbookOther textbooks for referenceGrading systemOther references (monograph, journals, data sources)Introduction to This CourseI. Learning Objectives of This Course 1. Comprehend the basic theories and policies of international trade, grasp the basic provisions of import and

3、 export contracts, understand the process of negotiation and formation of the contract, be familiar with the details of performing the contract; 2. Enhance capability in reading professional literatures, obtaining the latest professional information, communicating professionally with the help of Eng

4、lish; 3. Change the way of studying English from a theoretical approach to a hands-on (实际操作的) applied approach, consolidate and improve English proficiency.You are required to Read the TextbookRead Newspapers/ Journals Answer the Questions and Do the Exercises in the WorkbookYou are required to have

5、 Critical Thinking NOT ROTE LEARNINGTheories Ch.1 Introduction to International Trade (3 hours) Ch.2 Classical Trade Theory (3 hours) Ch.3 Neoclassical Trade Theory (2 hours) Ch.4 Post-Hecksher-Ohlin Theory of Trade (2 hours)PoliciesCh.5 Import Protection Policy: Tariffs (2 hours)Ch.6 Import Protect

6、ion Policy: Non-tariff Barriers (2 hours)Ch.7 Export Promotion and Other Policies (2 hours) Ch.8 Arguments against Free Trade (2 hours)Other issues in international trade worldCh.9 Regional Economic Integration (4 hours)Ch.10 GATT & WTO (4 hours)II. Course Outline International trade practice: (Ch.1

7、1-18)Ch.11 International Trade Terms (4 hours)Ch.12 Quality, Quantity, Packing and Pricing (4 hours)Ch.13 International Cargo Transportation (4 hours)Ch.14 International Marine Cargo Insurance (4 hours)Ch.15 International Payment (6 hours)Ch.16 Inspection, Claim, Force Majeure and Arbitration (4 hou

8、rs)Ch.17 Negotiation and Formation of Contract (4 hours)Ch.18 Implementation of International Sales Contract (4 hours) Quizzes: 2 hours Review (Q & A): 2 hours III. Pedagogical Devices1. Textbook Zhang Sufang, “International Trade Theory and Practice (Second Edition)” , University of International B

9、usiness and Economics Press， 2010. 8.2. Other textbooks for referenceZhang Sufang, “International Trade Theory and Practice （Second Edition Workbook）”, University of International Business and Economics Press， 2010. 8.“International Economics”, Dennis R. Appleyard, 1998.10. 机械工业出版社。海闻等，国际贸易，上海人民出版社，

10、 2003.3。吴百福等,进出口贸易实务教程，2004.8。陈宪等,国际贸易原理 政策 实务, 立信会计出版社, 2004. 8。袁永友、柏望生，进出口单证实务评析，中国海关出版社，2006.8。3. Grading system:Two quizzes 20%Class performance 10%Final exam 70%4. Other references:Monograph裴长洪主编，中国对外经贸理论前沿（4），社会科学文献出版社。国彦兵著， 西方国际贸易理论历史与发展，浙江大学出版社。Journals国际贸易财贸经济国际贸易问题对外经贸实务世界经济中国人民大学报刊复印资料（外贸

11、）Data sourcesWTO: World Trade ReportWorld Bank: World Development ReportGeneral current information国际商报Internet sourcesChapter 1Introduction to International Trade Reasons for International TradeDifferences between International Trade and Domestic TradeBasic Concepts Relating to International TradeR

12、esources reasonsNo nation has all of the commodities that it needs Coffee: Colombia, Brazil: major grower of coffee beans， the USA: major consumer Copper: Peru, ZaireDiamonds: South Africa Uneven distribution of resources leads to international trade 1 Reasons for International Tradecoffeecopperdiam

13、ond2. Economic reasons Development of manufacturing and technology economic benefits another incentive for international trade. Gain economically by trading China has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries.

14、 Economic theory: produce and export the products which a country has comparative advantage. (more in Ch. 2)3. Other reasons Not have enough of a particular item (China: oil producer, consumes more than produces)Innovation or a variety of style (the USA: largest auto producer, still import from Japa

15、n, Germany)Political objectives (support the government of another country)2 Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade 1. More complex contextTransacted in foreign languages (5651 kinds, English: 73 countries official language, 2 billion population)Under international or foreign law

16、s, customs and regulationsNumerous culture differences Foreign currency transactions USD/$ GBP/ JPY/J￥ CAD/C$ EUR/ HKD/HK$ CHF/SF CNY/RMB￥ (Confederation Helvetica, 海尔维第联邦 ) 2. More difficult and risky Information on foreign countries may be difficult to obtain. Political risks: war, expropriation (

17、征收) or confiscation (没收) of the importers company, imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods, transfer risk (imposition of exchange controls, foreign currency shortages), etc. Economic risks: insolvency (破产) of the buyer, protracted default (拖欠债务), non-acceptance, changing exchange

18、 rate, changing standards and regulations within other countries. 3. Higher skills required Broader range of professional skills clear customs for export or import make international payment insurance market survey commodity inspection3 Basic Concepts Relating to International TradeVisible trade and

19、 invisible tradeFavorable balance of trade and unfavorable balance of tradeGeneral trade system and special trade systemValue of international trade and volume of international tradeCommodity composition of international tradeGeographical composition of international tradeDegree of dependence on for

20、eign tradeVisible trade and invisible trade (1) Visible trade: trade in goodsCustoms formalities have to be carried out. Transactions are observable.In 2011, US$18.2 trillion, 81.25% of the total value of international trade.The Standard International Trade Classification (SITC): 国际贸易标准分类10 sections

21、, 67 divisions, 262 groups, 1023 sub-groups and 1924 basic headings. Section 0-5: Primary goods; Section 6-9: Manufactured goods(2) Invisible trade: trade in servicesDifficult to obtain accurate estimates of the value of the transactions of trade in servicesNo agreed definition of traded servicesWay

22、s of measuring these transactions not precise Estimates are obtained by examining foreign exchange records and/or through surveys of establishments.Usual customs records or data are not available for valuing these transactions. May be underestimated or overvalued.During the 1980s, exports of commerc

23、ial services outgrew merchandise exports.Total value of commercial services in 2011 was US$4.2 trillion, 18.75% of the total value of international trade. Its growth rate is getting more and more rapid. Today, especially in developed societies, services account for large portions of national outputs

24、. The United States was the worlds largest exporter and importer of commercial services. In 2011, exports of travel: US$ 1063 billion, 25.3% exports of transport: US$855 billion, 20.4%.Commerical services in 2011: top five exporters and importers(US$ billion) RankExporterValueShareRankImporterValueS

25、hare1 United States57814%1United States39110%2United Kingdom2747%2Germany2847%3Germany2536%3China2366.1%4China1824%4United Kingdom1714%5France1614%5Japan1654.3%Source: WTO, World Trade Report 2012, P25.A growing concern for the need to establish some general guidelines for international transactions

26、 in services. Consequently, discussions on service trade were included in the last completed round of trade negotiations (the Uruguay Round) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), now the World Trade Organization . Achieving a General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) was a major

27、focus of the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations. Defines trade in services as the supply of a service through any of four modes. Cross border supply of services (or “Mode 1”). Only the service itself crosses national frontiers. TELECOMMUNICATION Consumption abroad (or “Mode 2”). The supply of a serv

28、ice “in the territory of one Member to the service consumer of another Member”. TRAVEL Commercial presence (or “Mode 3”). The supply of a service through the commercial presence of the foreign supplier in the territory of another WTO member. BANKING Presence of natural persons (or “Mode 4”) : The ad

29、mission of foreign nationals to another country to provide services. TEACHINGSupplierConsumer23 41One service may be supplied in four waysThrough an office maintained in the clients countryThrough a visit to him by his foreign clientBy mail By a personal visit to that countryServices of a profession

30、al adviser1234Others by their nature cannot:A tourist can only enjoy a foreign countrys beach by going there.Street cleaning services must be supplied on the spot.2. Favorable balance of trade and unfavorable balance of tradeThe difference between the monetary value of EXPORTS and IMPORTS of output

31、in an economy over a certain period. Favourable balance of trade: trade surplus, positive balance of trade, EXPORTS IMPORTS.Unfavorable balance of trade: trade deficit, negative balance of trade, EXPORTS Imports (favorable balance of trade).Gold flow into the country (Amount = Exports- Imports).Mone

32、y supply would rise.Prices of products would rise. (balance of trade altered till zero)Exports decrease, imports increase.3 Adam Smiths Theory of Absolute AdvantageAdam Smith published The Wealth of Nations in 1776 in London. Adams two main areas of contribution: absolute advantage and the division

33、of labor.Absolute advantage: ability to produce the same products as others with fewer labor hours. Assumptions of the theory of absolute advantage(1) Only two countries and two products in the world.(2) Each country has a fixed endowment of resources.(3) Factors of production are completely mobile

34、within a country.(4) Factors of production are completely immobile between countries.(5) A labor theory of value is employed.(6) The level of technology is fixed for both countries, although the technology can differ between them.(7) Costs of production are constant.(8) There is full employment.(9)

35、The economy is characterized by perfect competition. (10) There is no government imposed obstacles to economic activity. (11) Internal and external transportation costs are zero. 2. Challenge to Mercantilism(1) A nations wealth was reflected in its productive capacity. (ability to produce final good

36、s and services) (2) Specialization would generate productivity gains. Increased division and specialization of labor would generate productivity gains. Conclusion: A country should specialize in and export those goods it produced more efficiently because absolute labor required per unit was less tha

37、n that of the prospective trading partner.(3) Free environment. Growth in productive capacity was fostered best in an environment where people were free to pursue their own interests. A government policy of laissez faire would best provide the environment for increasing a nations wealth. (laissez fa

38、ire leiseifer: allowing individuals to pursue their own activities within the bounds of law and order and respect for property rights) 3. Example Labor requirements and absolute advantage in Britain and Portugal ClothWinePrice ratio in autarkyBritain1 hr./yd.4 hrs./bbl. 1W : 4C (or 1C : 1/4 W)Portug

39、al 2 hrs./yd.3 hrs./bbl.1W : 2/3 C (or 1C : 2/3 W) Absolute advantage: Britain in cloth, Portugal in wine.Exchange ratio: 1W: 3CBritain: Obtaining wine in Portugal for only 3 yards of cloth per barrel instead of 4 yards at home. Portugal: Acquiring cloth for a cost of only 1/3 barrel of wine instead

40、 of 2/3 barrel of wine at home.The concept of comparative advantageDavid Ricardo, in his 1819 work entitled On the Principles of Political Economy and TaxationComparative advantage: The ability of a country to produce a particular good at a lower relative cost than another country. Comparative advan

41、tage can be determined by relative labor productivity, relative cost or opportunity cost.4 David Ricardos Theory of Comparative Advantage(1) Determined by relative labor productivity If (QA/L)/(QB/L) in Country I is HIGHER than in Country II,then Country I has a comparative advantage in Product A.(2

42、) Determined by relative costIf aLA/aLB in Country I is LOWER than in Country II,then Country I has a comparative advantage in Product A.(3) Determined by opportunity costIf QB/QA in in Country I is LOWER than in Country II,then Country I has a comparative advantage in Product A.2. ExampleTable 2-3

43、Labor requirements and absolute advantage in Britain and Portugal prior to division of laborWineClothPrice ratio in autarkyPortugal80 hrs./bbl.90 hrs./yd.1W : 8/9C (IC : 9/8W)Britain120 hrs./bbl.100 hrs./yd.1W : 6/5C (1C : 5/6W)Table 2-4 Comparative advantage determined by relative labor productivit

44、y, relative cost and opportunity costWine (to cloth)WineCloth (to wine)ClothRelative laborproductivityRelativecostOpportunity costRelative labor productivityRelativecostOpportunity costPortugal9/88/98/98/99/89/8Britain5/66/56/56/55/65/6 Portugal: a comparative advantage in wine; Britain: a comparati

45、ve advantage in cloth.Ricardos theory of comparative advantage holds:The relative cost differences arising from technology differences give rise to trade. A country can benefit from export if only it has a comparative advantage in the production of the exporting product. A country may have no absolu

46、te advantage in all products. However, it surely has a comparative advantage in a particular product. Therefore, any country will have a product to export and gain from international trade.Two ways to illustrate the gains from trade:In terms of labor time saved (at 1W:1C) Britain: 100 hours to produ

47、ce 1C, exchange for 1W which requires 120 hours to produce at home, thus saves 20 hours. Portugal: 80 hours to produce 1W, exchange 1C which requires 90 hours to produce at home, thus saves 10 hours. 1W: 1.1C ? (2) In terms of more goods obtained Portugal would gain 0.125 barrel more of wine; Britai

48、n would gain 0.2 yard more of cloth.Table 2-5 Wine and cloth obtained by Portugal and Britain after division of labor WineClothPortugal(80 hrs+90 hrs.) / 80 = 2.125 bbl.Britain(100 hrs + 120 hrs.) / 100 = 2.2 yds.Table 2-6 More wine and cloth obtained by Portugal and Britain after trading at 1W:1CWi

49、neClothPortugal1.125 bbl. 1 yd.Britain1 bbl. 1. 2 yds.3. Analysis of the theory of comparative advantage by using modern tools(1) Tools to be used Production possibility curve (frontier) PPF Y0 X1 X2 B X Production possibility curve E F C D A Y1 Y2 A graph that reflects all the combinations of produ

50、ctsthat a country can produce given its resources are fully utilized.A straight line of slope represents the opportunity costs of production are the same at the various levels of production. A 0 B XYPPF of Country I A0 B XYPPF of Country II The slope of line AB in the left figure is smaller than the

51、 slope of line AB in the right figure, indicating that the opportunity costs of good X in Country I are smaller than in Country II and Country I has a comparative advantage in good X while County II has a comparative advantage in good Y. Community indifference curves An illustration of various combi

52、nations of two commodities that yield the same level of well-being for the community (or country) as a whole. The (negative of the) slope at any point on an indifference curve is called the marginal rate of substitution. (MRS=MUX/MUY)The indifference curve is down-sloping and convex to the origin, m

53、eaning a diminishing MRS. CIC1CIC2CIC3XYY1Y2Community indifference curves0 X1 X2AB(2) Equilibrium analysis General equilibrium in autarky The equality of supply and demand in all markets of an economy simultaneously. In autarky, a country achieves general equilibrium at the point where its CIC is ta

54、ngent to the slope of its PPF (MRT).MRT (Transformation): The rate at which a producer is able to substitute a small amount of one input-variable for a small amount of another. MRT = (MCX/MCY) = (PX/PY) = (MUX/MUY) = MRS CIC2CIC1 XX1X2 Y2 Y1B 0P X/Y PwY Equilibrium points and gains in autarky and wi

55、th trade for Country II when opportunity costs of production are the same. A ECountry II Introduction of trade Y0 X1Y1CIC1CIC2Y2 X2 PwPX/YX AEquilibrium points and gains in autarky and with trade for Country I when opportunity costs of production are the same.Country I E Y0 X1Y1CIC1Y2 PwPX/YEquilibr

56、ium points and gains in autarky and with trade for Country I when opportunity costs of production are the same.Country I E CHAPTER 3 NEOCLASSICAL TRADE THEORY Gains from Trade in Neoclassical Trade Theory Reciprocal Demand Theory Factor Endowment Theory The Leontief Paradox Increasing opportunity co

57、sts on the PPF The shape is concave to the origin or bowed out.YY1Y2Y3Y4 0 X1 X2 X3 X4 XX1X2= X2X3= X3X4Y1Y2 Y2Y3 Y3Y4YY1Y2Y3Y4 0 X1 X2 X3X4 XY1Y2=Y2Y3=Y3Y4X3X4X2X3X1X2Figure 3-1(b) Increasing opportunity costs on the PPF1 Gains from Trade in Neoclassical Trade Theory Figure 3-1(a) Increasing opport

58、unity costs on the PPF X0Country IFigure 3-2(a) Country Is PPF X0Country IIYFigure 3-2(b) Country IIs PPFThe PPF of Country I shows a technology that is relatively more efficient in the production of X. The PPF of Country II shows a technology that is relatively more efficient in the production of Y

59、. Y2. General equilibrium and gains in autarky APX/Y0 X1CICYY1Figure 3-3(b) The equilibrium point in autarky for Country II is at point Awhen PX/PY =PAAPX/YX 0 X1CIC1Y1Figure 3-3(a) The equilibrium point in autarky for Country I is at point A when PX/PY =PACountry I(Gains: OX1,OY1)Country II (Gains:

60、 OX1,OY1) Yx A3. General equilibrium and gains after the introduction of international tradeAs (PX/PY)I(PX/PY)II, Country I has a comparative advantage in good X while Country II has a comparative advantage in good Y. Country I should specialize in and export good X； Country II should specialize in