高考英语高考英语阅读理解的解题方法与技巧PPT课课件(PPT 59页)

1、英语阅读理解的解题方法与技巧高三英语专题复习宋海锋第1页，共59页。 理解主旨要义。理解文中具体信息,并从中获取相关信息根据上下文推测生词的词义。作出判断和推理。理解文章的基本结构。理解作者的意图和态度。阅读理解考什么？第2页，共59页。考题特点第3页，共59页。1，题材丰富，体裁多样 文体: 记叙文 、说明文 、议论文、 应用文。注重考查学生对说明文和 议论文的理解。题材：生活，文化，时事，历史， 人物，社会，科技，艺术，健康等各个方面第4页，共59页。2，词汇量大，要求高， 活用词比比皆是近几年高考英语阅读量在2000个词以上，并逐年增加。提高阅读速度是高考命题的一大趋势。第5页，共59页

2、。 3，语篇结构较为复杂， 长难句较多作者在阐述问题时使用了多种 语篇手段和修辞方法，其篇章和句子结构几乎囊括了英语语法中的所有语法现象。第6页，共59页。 4，加大了对整体语篇理解， 概括，细节判断和推理能力的考查设问方式集中在：主旨大意题细节理解题，分析推理题，词义猜测题。针对文章细节，注重考生推理判断能力的考查。第7页，共59页。 不同类型问题的解题方法 与技巧 第8页，共59页。1.主旨大意类题型 2.推测判断类题型3.事实细节类题型 4.猜测词义类题型 第9页，共59页。1.主旨大意类题型 主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段

3、的段落大意。一般不易在文中直接找到答案。 第10页，共59页。1）常见提问方式 1）The general/main idea of the passage is_ 2）Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？ 3）In this passage the author discusses primarily _ 4）The passage is mostly/mainly about _. 5）What is the best title of the passage？ 6）The subject discusse

4、d in this text is _7）The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to 8）The passage is meant to .第11页，共59页。2）解题方法A.分析篇章结构，找出文章主题 B.全面分析细节，准确概括大意 C.抓住文章主线，归纳文章中心 第12页，共59页。A.分析篇章结构，找出文章主题 在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句, 即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。 若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落

5、中心。还有些文章中心句在全文的最后。此类文章往往以列举事实开头，通过论证最后阐述核心观点。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键 。第13页，共59页。Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetab

6、les and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti（意大利面条）, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. 第14页，共59页。In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it high

7、ly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people. Q: What does this passage mainly talk about?A. Competition helps to set up self-respect.B. Op

8、inions about competition are different among people.C. Competition is harmful to personal quality development.D. Failures are necessary experience in competition. B第15页，共59页。1）主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。第16页，共59页。Sample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells

9、 them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.第17页，共59页。 On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information

10、 as we can. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.Sample 3第18页，共59页。2）主题句也会出现在段尾。 作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即

11、段落的主题。第19页，共59页。Sample 4 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashli

12、ght in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.第20页，共59页。（3）在短文中间 当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.第21页，共59页。B.全面分析细节，准确概括大意 在阅读中一定要对文章中提供的信息进行全面的分析。既不能片面行事，亦不可随意扩大。在解题时一定要仔细分析文章的细节，找出共同点，然后才能做出准确的判断。 第22页，共59页。Lacrosse (曲棍球)

13、is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. People play lacrosse outdoors. There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians. Q: The passage is mainly about . A

14、. How to Play Lacrosse B. Lacrosse in Canada C. The History of Lacrosse D. LacrosseA Popular Game in Canada D第23页，共59页。C.抓住文章主线，归纳文章中心 有些文章像记叙文，主题思想不是通过一两句话就可以表达的。这时就需要通过阅读全文，抓住关键字或主要论题来归纳中心思想。 第24页，共59页。 例题1：(2008年全国高考安徽卷C篇) The main purpose of the text is _. A. to tell us some differences between

15、the East and the West B. to offer us some important facts about handshaking C. to introduce us to some different customs in the West D. to give us some advice before we travel abroad 答案与解析：选B。主旨大意题。本文没有明确的主题句，中心主题隐含在全文之中。明显的主题句。通读全文后可知，文章主要是给我们介绍了握手的一些具体事实。由此可知答案B正确。第25页，共59页。 例题2: (2008年全国高考 山东卷A篇）

16、 What is the text mainly about? A. Exact campus crime statistics B. Crimes on or around campuses C. Effective solutions to campus crime D. Concerns about kids campus safety 答案与解析：选D。该篇文章没有明显的主题句，但通过对文章四段的主旨分析，很容易得出全文紧紧围绕 “关注大学校园安全问题（Concerns about kids campus safety）”。第26页，共59页。2.推理判断类题型 要求考生纵观全文，在掌

17、握全文提供的各项信息的基础上进行正确的逻辑推理，推断作者的意图；人物的动机、目的、性格特征；事件的前因后果； 语言中的语气等。此类题属于深层理解题，难度最大。但要取得高分就必须抓好此类考题。 第27页，共59页。1）常见提问方式 1) It can be inferred from the text that _. 2) From the text we know that _. 3) The story implies that _. 4) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _. 5) The writers

18、attitude toward.is _. 6)The author implied（suggested）that _. 7)It may be concluded from the passage that 8)Which of the following statements does the passage support？ 9)With which of the following does the author agree？ 第28页，共59页。2）解题方法 A.利用已知信息，进行逻辑推理 B.结合一般常识，分析提供信息 C.注意表层意思，悟出深层含义 第29页，共59页。THANK

19、 YOUSUCCESS2022/7/2130可编辑第30页，共59页。A.利用已知信息，进行逻辑推理 推理判断题的答案一般在文中不可能直接找到，但这并不意味着读者可以随意判断。解答此类题时必须充分利用文中所提供的信息进行合乎逻辑的推断。 在做这类题时必须要注意两点：第一，要分清题目是问作者的观点还是读者的观点，二者不可混淆。第二，不要脱离原文凭自己意愿乱推测或只凭常识推测。所做出的答案一定要在文中直接或间接找到依据或理由。 第31页，共59页。Example 1 One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistan

20、t，“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches (蟑螂) and two spiders.” “What do you need these things for?” the shop assistant was very surprised. “Well，”replied the man，“Im moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I fou

21、nd it.” Q：The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it was _.A. very clean B. just cleaned by the landlordC. tidy and comfortable D. dirty and full of insectsD第32页，共59页。B. 结合一般常识,分析提供信息 在对文章进行分析判断时，有时在文章所提供信息的基础上，读者还需要运用一般常识进行合理推断。 第33页，共59页。MONTREAL (Reuters) Crossing the US-C

22、anada border(边界) to go to church on a Sunday cost a US citizen $ 10,000 for breaking Washingtons strict new security(安全) rules.We learn from the text that Richard Albert is _. A. an American living in Township 15 B. a Canadian living in a Quebec village C. a Canadian working in a customs station D.

23、an American working in a Canadian churchA第34页，共59页。 Albert was fined because he _. A. failed to obey traffic rules. B. broke the American security rules. C. worked in St. Pamphile without a pass. D. damaged the gate of the customs office.B第35页，共59页。C.注意表层意思,悟出深层含义 在进行阅读判断时还要注意在语篇层面上进行深层的连贯性思考，要学会去伪存

24、真、由表及里去推测作者的真正意图。考试中这类题目不多但是难度较大，极易失分 。 第36页，共59页。 Some people are never right. They never have good luck. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes. Mr. Neff is different. He is always right. He seldom has problems. He never misses buses

25、or airplanes. Even if he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr. Neff knows almost everything. He never says，“I dont know.” Q: Which of the following best describes the writers attitude to Mr. Neff? A. He finds Mr. Neff hard to understand. B. He thinks Mr. Neff wonderfu

26、l. C. He feels pity for Mr. Neff. D. He does not like Mr. Neff.第37页，共59页。3.细节类题型 考查学生找出阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章中主要事实的能力。 细节题的考查每年高考中都有一定比例。一般难度较低，属于浅层理解题，得分率较高。 第38页，共59页。1）常见提问方式 以what, which, where等疑问词开头,后接短文具体内容提问；以from the text, according to 开头,后接短文具体内容提问；以某个细节提问；以true, not true 提问；就文中细节进行简单计算、排序、识图等提问。

27、第39页，共59页。2）解题方法 细节类题型的共同特点是：就文中某一个事实或细节提问。要求考生在文中找出相关的事实或细节。此类题型的解题方法是“三步定位法” ：1)我们先通过题干信息来选择定位词(关键词)，2)返回原文，查找这个词在文中哪句话中出现，3)题目的答案一般就包含在这句话中直接找到或稍加归纳就可以找到.第40页，共59页。Scientists say were all born with a sense of direction, but it is not properly understood how it works. One theory is that people wit

28、h a good sense of direction have simply worked harder at developing it. （2008上海卷A） Scientists believe that_. A. some babies are born with a sense of direction. B. people learn a sense of direction as they grow older C. people never lose their sense of direction D. everybody possesses a sense of dire

29、ction from birthD第41页，共59页。“Children as young as seven have the ability to find their way around,” says Jim Martland, Research Director of the project. What is true of seven-year-old children according to the passage? A. They never have a sense of direction without maps B. They should never be allow

30、ed out alone if they lack a sense of direction C. They have a sense of direction and can find their way around D. They can develop a good sense of direction if they are driven around in a car.C第42页，共59页。Simplify the way of finding your direction by using lines such as streets in a town, streams, or

31、walls in the countryside to guide you. According to the passage, the best way to find your way around is to _. A. ask policemen for directions. B. use walls, streams, and streets to guide yourself C. remember your route by looking out for steps and stairs D. count the number of landmarks that you se

32、eB第43页，共59页。 在做细节题时一定要具有迅速获取有效信息的能力。按考试说明规定做阅读题的时间是35分钟，但在考试中一般学生做阅读题都超过了这一规定时间。问题在于考生阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的阅读技巧。第44页，共59页。 有些阅读材料如新闻报道，故事，应用文体等在阅读时不必逐字逐句去理解，可先进行快速略读（skim）领会文章大概意思，再看题目，然后根据题目要求再扫读（scan）文章，获取相关信息。与题目无关的内容完全不必费时去理会。 第45页，共59页。4. 猜测词义类题型 在阅读中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年高考中均有此类题目。有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现

33、生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。 第46页，共59页。1）The underlined word（phrase）in the passage means _ 2）The word it（them）in the first paragraph refers to _ 3）The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _4）Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？1) 词义猜测题

34、题的提问方式第47页，共59页。 1）从文章,段落,句子的结构去推测词义。 2）借助作者对词义的解释。 3）从上下文的对比中猜到词义。 4）运用常识进行判断。 5）利用例证猜词 6)根据复述或同等关系猜测词义 2）解题方法第48页，共59页。1）从文章,段落,句子的结构去推测词义 “No crime whatsoever?” comments Mahoney today. “ I just dont buy it.” Nor should he: in 1999 the U.S. Department of education had reports of nearly 400,000 ser

35、ious crimes on or around our campuses. Q: The underlined word “buy” in the third paragraph means _. A. mind B. admit C. believe D. expectC第49页，共59页。2）借助作者对词义的解释。例题1：Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people; one player tried to get the other down on the floor.例题2：Scientists grow lar

36、ge quantities of common mould(霉菌)so that they can get penicillin(盘尼西林(青霉素) from it in order to make antibiotics, that is, substances that kill germs(细菌) .抗生素摔跤 第50页，共59页。Some family names were made by adding something to the fathers name. English-speaking people added s or son. The Johnsons are desc

37、endants of John; （2010江苏） The underlined word “descendants” in the last paragraph means a persons _.A. later generationsB. friends and relativesC. colleagues and partnersD. later sponsorsA第51页，共59页。3）从上下文的对比中猜到词义The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high. Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves. It is from these shoots that the best tea is got. (08江西) Q: The under lined word “pruning” means Aregular cutting of the plantsBfrequent watering Cregular use of chemicalsDgrowing the plants high in the moun