英语句子成分及基本结构.课件

1、英语句子成分及基本结构 （一）句子成分的定义 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主语和谓语； 次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语。（二）句子的具体成分主语（subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 1During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） 2 We often speak English in class.（代词） 3 One-third

2、of the students in this class are girls.（数词） 4To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） 5 Smoking does harm to our health.（动名词） 6 The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） 7When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） 8 It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主

3、语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）谓语(predicate) 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 表语(predicative) 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, tur

4、n, seem等）之后。 Our teacher of English is an American. （名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold. （形容词）The speech is exciting. （分词）Three times seven is twenty one? （数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The cl

5、ass is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）宾语(object) 宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后 面。例如： They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their ho

6、usework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语补足语(complement of object) 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。His father named h

7、im Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）定语(attributive) 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称

8、为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） English spoken in other countries is different from ours.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）She is a beauty who/whom we all like.(定语从句)状语种类如下 How about meet

9、ing again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up wit

10、h the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）同位语 同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词或名词短语对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如： We students should study hard. We all are students. Carol , an American teacher, wil

11、l come to our school.独立成分 有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 肯定词yes 否定词no 称呼语：mum, dad。 插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story, I think, has never come to the end情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然，等。 简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈

12、述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种： 1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often

13、 reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g. You help him and he helps you. He wants to go there but I dont hurry up, or you will be late. This house belongs to

14、 Mr.Smith；it costs millions of dollars.3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great WallThis is the book that I want.I think that he is right. 简单句的五种基本句型 1主语+不及物动词：( S V) We work. She came My head aches. The bell rang.2主语+系动

15、词+表语(SVC)系动词一be动词类：am、is、are、was、were 二表示变化类：become、get、turn、grow、go 三感官动词类:look sound smell taste feel appear, seem四表示延续性的动词：remain、stay、keepHe is a studentHis face turned redThe apple tastes sweetThe soldier keeps still.3主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO）e.g. Henry bought a dictionary. Mike ate three cakes she drew

16、a beautiful picture.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）(SVIOO)(SVOiO)e.g. My father bought me a car.-My father bought a car for me He gave me three yuan.-He gave three yuan to me5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）(SVOC) Tom made the baby laugh.We made him our monitor.I cant make myself understood. We want to have the desk r

17、epaired. 1. have difficulty (in) dong sth have trouble (in) dong sth have trouble with sth2. cant help doing=couldnt help doing3. go on doing4. give up(doing) sth5. spend st doing sth6. be satisfied with be pleased with (be pleased to do) be content with7. look down on.8. prevent. from. Keepfrom1. l

18、ook forward to doing sth2. share sth with sb3. keep in mind4. keep doing5. keep. from doing sth6. prevent. (from) doing7. be filled with= be full of8. enjoy doing sth9. feed on10. take care of.11have difficulty in doing sth12. succeed in doing sth=manage to do=make it13. be/ get tired of1. avoid doing sth2. come up with.3. at the same time4. carry out5. carry on doing sth6. complain about.7. actually= in fact= as a matter of fact8. as long as9. a great deal of.（u）1. 避免做某事2. 提出.想出3. 同时4. 执行；实施5. 继续做某事6. 抱怨7. 事实上；实际上8. 只要9. 许多的；大量的1.