常用表示数量关系的前缀-课件

1、上海海事大学信息工程学院Unit 2 Simulation of Random VariablesWords and expressionsText and notesGrammarExercisesReading material上海海事大学信息工程学院Words and expressionsAdvocate n.主张者，赞成者Alternativeadj.另一个可选择的Argumentn.自变量Concentrationn.集中，集合，浓缩Convergev.收敛 (n. convergence)Deficiencyn.缺乏，不足Derivativen.导数Dien.骰子Differen

2、tiableadj.可微分的Dispersev.(使)分散，(使)散开，疏散Facilityn.设备，工具上海海事大学信息工程学院Words and expressionsHistogramn.直方图Inferencen.推论Interpretationn.说明，解释Profilen.剖面，侧面，外形，轮廓Proportionn.比例Pseudo-randomadj.伪随机的Refractionn.折射Stabilizev.稳定 (n. stabilization)Statisticaladj.统计的，统计学的Stochasticadj.随机的Successiveadj.连续的上海海事大学信息

3、工程学院Words and expressionsTossv./n. 投，掷Underliev. 位于之下，成为的基础By means of 依靠Consist of 由组成Give rise to 引起，使发生In contrast with 和形成对比对照In terms of 根据，按照，用的话，在方面Bernoulli distribution 伯努利分布Binomial distribution 二项式分布Normal distribution 正态分布Poisson distribution 泊松分布Probability density function概率密度函数(abbr.

4、pdf)Uniform distribution均匀分布上海海事大学信息工程学院Text and notesThis article is about random variables. It include three parts:Interpretations of probabilityRandom variables: definition; discrete random variables; continuous random variablesRandom variables for simulation上海海事大学信息工程学院Text and notesThis concept

5、 of probability is of an objective quantity that applies to each observation and measure (in a relative way) how likely it is to fall into the corresponding class.概率的这种定义是客观的，它应用于每次观测，并以一种相对的方式度量其结果归入相应类别的可能性。上海海事大学信息工程学院Text and notesIt seems that one is forced into a subjective view of the uncerta

6、inties, but the probability figures that emerge must obey certain rules in order to be consistent.看来，人们对这种不确定性陷入了自己的主观判断中，但是由此产生的概率必须遵循某些准则以保持一致性。上海海事大学信息工程学院Text and notesFor engineering students it is most appropriate to keep the first interpretation-that of probability as an idealized proportion-

7、in mind when studying the theory.对于工科学生，学习概率时应谨记，概率就是理性的比例。上海海事大学信息工程学院Text and notesThis may seem a hopeless requirement, considering that computer programs are sequences of deterministic instructions running on deterministic hardware.由于计算机程序是在确定的硬件上运行的确定的指令，这似乎是个奢求。上海海事大学信息工程学院Text and notesThe su

8、ccessive variables appear to be uncorrelated, and, although there is some structure in the sequence (and indeed the sequences will eventually repeat itself), it is rare for these deficiencies to cause problems in practice.序列 中的元素看似互不相关，尽管在序列中存在某些结构（该序列最终的确重复），但是这并不影响实际应用。上海海事大学信息工程学院Grammar专业英语词汇的构成

9、许多单词在普通英语中的意义与在专业英语中的意义相差很大专业词汇（Technical words）:histogram, probability, oscillator半专业词汇(semi-technical words): carrier(载波，载流子，载重架，载体，吸收剂)非专业词汇(non-technical words): application, implementation, yield etc.很多专业词汇符合构词法：派生、复合、转化、缩略、拼缀等。上海海事大学信息工程学院1、派生法（Derivation）在原有词根的基础上加前缀或后缀：常用前缀：a-:不，无 asymmetry,

10、 asynchronousanti-:反抗、防止anti-clockwiseco-:共同、相互cooperation, correlationdis-:不，除disadvantage,discoveren-/em-:使enable, enlarge, embed, embody(包含，收录)im-/il-/in-/ir-:不imbalance, illegible, incorrect, irregularInter-:在之间，相互interchange, interface, internet, interactmis-:不,失miscount, mistake上海海事大学信息工程学院1、派

11、生法（Derivation）multi-/poly-:多multipurpose, polynomial(多项式)non-:非、不nonlinear, nondestructivepost-:后postgraduate, posteriorpre-:预先preset, prefacere-:再、反、重新reaction, readjust, reversesub-:次于、在下subroutine（子程序）, subscriptsuper-:超，在上superconductor, superposition（重合，叠加）sym-/syn-:相同symmetry, synchronoustele-

12、:远离telephone, telegraphtrans-:跨、移transmitter, transverse（横）, transformultra-:外、极、超ultrasonic（超声波）, ultraviolet ray(紫外线)un-:不unable, unavoidable, unstable上海海事大学信息工程学院1、派生法（Derivation）常用表示数量关系的前缀：pico-:10-12ppicofaradnano-:10-9n nanometermicro-:10-6 microhenrymilli-: 10-3mmillisecondkilo-: 103 kkilogr

13、ammega-: 106Mmegahertzgiga-: 109Ggigabytessemi-/hemi-:半semiconductor, hemisphereuni-/mon-:一monotone, uniformbi-/di-/ambi-/twi-:二bilateral, diode, ambiguous, twilighttri-:三triangle, tripodquadr-:四quadrupleoct-:八octagondeca-:十decade上海海事大学信息工程学院1、派生法（Derivation）常用后缀：-ance/-ancy/-cy/-ence/-ency:表示情况、性质、

14、状态、程度等：inference, resistance, efficiency, accuracy-er/-or:表示人或物：amplifier, conductor, researcher-ic(s):学科、学术：logic, electronics-tion/-sion/-ing: 表示动作及其过程、状态和结果：distribution, conclusion, readings, recordings-ist:表示人：scientist, specialist-ity:表示性质、程度等：probability, uncertainty-ment:表示动作、状态等：measurement

15、, development-ture:表示性质、状态等：mixture, temperature-ness:形容词名次后缀：hardness, robustness上海海事大学信息工程学院1、派生法（Derivation）常用后缀：-able:表示可能性：differentiable, countable, controllable-cal/-ical:表示性质：statistical, atomic, typical-ant/-ent:表示状态、性质：convergent, important, independent-ary: 与有关的：circular, secondary-ed:已的，

16、被的：reduced, treated, refined, developed-ive:表示性质、状态等：objective, relative, effective-ful:充满的：plentiful, useful-less:没有，无：useless, countless-ous:有性质的：numerous, various上海海事大学信息工程学院1、派生法（Derivation）常用后缀：-en:使变成：harden, broaden-ize/-ise:使成为：modernize, stabilize-fy:使成为.：classify, verify-ly:地：closely, like

17、ly, imperfectly, monthly-ward(s):表示方向：backwards, upwards-wise:表示方式、方向：clockwise, likewise上海海事大学信息工程学院1、派生法（Derivation）常用词根：audi-:听见，听：audibility, audiphone（助听器）auto-:自动，自己：automation, autopilot（自主导航，自主驾驶）-free:无：rustfree（防锈的）-fold:倍：multifold(多种多样的，重叠的)-gram/-graph:记录、写、文字、图形等：spectrogram（光谱图）, tele

18、gram, spectrograph（光谱仪）-graphy:图像学：photography（摄影学）-meter:仪表、仪器：tachometer(转速仪)-ology:学科：biology, geology-phone:声音：microphone, telephone-proof:防：waterproof，-scope:观测仪：telescope-tight:密、不透：airtight上海海事大学信息工程学院2、复合法（composition）由两个或两个以上词汇按照一定顺序排列构成新词。 Trial and error（反复试验）; Q-factor; allowable error（允

19、许误差）直接结合：breakthrough, overestimate, bandwidth连字符：general-purpose(多用途的)， state-of-the-art(达到最新技术发展水平的)上海海事大学信息工程学院3、转化法（conversion）词性转换，转换后与原来的意义有密切联系：function, sound, ground, use, record, increase, research, subject etc上海海事大学信息工程学院4、拼缀法（blending）以原有的两个或者两个以上词为基础，经过首尾剪裁，重新组合成新词：Transistor=transfer+r

20、esistor modem=modulator+demodulator上海海事大学信息工程学院5、缩略法（shorting）以几个单词的首字母组合在一起成为一个新词，多用于专有名词Radar (radio detection and ranging) 雷达GPS (global positioning system) 全球定位系统上海海事大学信息工程学院代词常用方法物主代词作定语时所表示的主谓（主表）关系和动宾关系主谓关系：被修饰的名词多数来自不及物动词和形容词This machine was limited in speed by its use of relays（继电器） rather

21、than electronic devices.Physics is the most quantitative of the sciences, and we must become accustomed to its insistence upon accurate measurements and precise relationships if we are to appreciate its results.上海海事大学信息工程学院代词常用方法动宾关系：被修饰的名词必定来自于及物动词The questions of convergence are not simple, and th

22、eir study forms an important chapter in modern analysis.Many scientists have worked at the theory of magnetism since its discovery.上海海事大学信息工程学院代词常用方法代词one的一个特殊用法在科技文中表示“有人、人们、大家”这一概念时，一般是不用people这个词，多数英美科技工作者通常使用被动语态或者用one作主语的主动语态By the “most efficient” algorithm one normally means the fastest.If on

23、e wishes to detect objects, the radar transmitter may be used.上海海事大学信息工程学院代词常用方法用it, its, they, their等代词来代替句中的人或物Before it can work, a computer must be told what to do.Because of its capacity to handle large volumes of data in a very short time, a computer may be the only means of resolving problems

24、 when time is limited.上海海事大学信息工程学院常用写作句型：A 随B 变化的曲线图 the graph (plot) of A as a function of B the graph (plot) of A versus (against) B the graph (plot) of the dependence of A on (upon) B the graph (plot) of the variation of A with B这理论来源于 The theory comes (stems, emerges, originates) from The theory

25、 is obtained (provided, furnished) from 上海海事大学信息工程学院常用写作句型：本章论述了This chapter deals with (treats, covers, describes, discusses, involves, bears on) This chapter is devoted to (concerned with)这些数据使我们得出结论 These data lead us to a conclusion that These data enable us to conclude that _On the basis of the

26、se data one can conclude that From these data it can be conclude that 句子练习根据系统的幅频特性曲线，我们得出结论，该系统是带通滤波器。第二节介绍了该领域的研究现状。深度学习的概念源于人工神经网络的研究，其概念由Hinton等人于2006年提出。上海海事大学信息工程学院上海海事大学信息工程学院常用数学公式的表达与读法科技文献中常有大量的数学公式，表达定量关系。常用数学公式表示与读法A posterPoster of Crowd saliency (ECCV2014)上海海事大学信息工程学院听力训练VOA news：Googl

27、e Self-Driving Car Heading to Public Streets上海海事大学信息工程学院Exercises1. Choose the best answer for each of the following questions.The theoretical foundation for the subject of statistics is contained in .a. histogramb. the concept of probabilityc. the theory of probabilityd. decision-making and expert

28、system上海海事大学信息工程学院cExercisesFor engineering students it is most appropriate to keep the first interpretation that of probability as an idealized proportion in mind when studying the theory. What does “that” mean in the sentence? .a. theoryb. conceptc. interpretationd. study上海海事大学信息工程学院cExercisesFind

29、 which is not an example of random variables .a. the number of students attending classb. the number of bits used to denote ASCII codesc. the lifetime of a batteryd. the waiting time at the crossroad上海海事大学信息工程学院bExercisesIn general, the behavior of a continuous random variable is described by a .a.

30、distribution functionb. probability functionc. probability distributiond. probability density function上海海事大学信息工程学院dExercisesRandom variables with different distributions can be generated .a. by Monte Carlo numerical methodsb. from an Gaussian distributed random sequencec. from uniformly distributed

31、pseudo- random sequenced. based on the central limit theorem上海海事大学信息工程学院cExercises2. Match the word pairs, one from Column A and one from Column B.Column AColumn B1.randoma. space2.expertb. babilityc. simulation4.densiyd. putere. function6.samplef. variable7.statisticalg. distribution

32、8.impossibleh. event9.standardi. system 10.relativej. inference上海海事大学信息工程学院Exercises3. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.(1) A lot of information is required to specify the exact distribution of a random variable, and even more to specify the joint distribution of two or more variables.

33、(2) The binomial and Poisson are discrete distributions, which have the widest applications among all discrete random variables. The probability distribution is especially useful to engineers because of its importance in statistical quality control. 上海海事大学信息工程学院Exercises3. Translate the following se

34、ntences into Chinese.(3) For any random variable the difference between the values of the distribution function at two pints is the probability that a value of the random variable will lie between those two points (or is equal to the upper one).(4) In general, the probability p of a random event can

35、 be interpreted as meaning that if the experiment is repeated a large number of times, the event would be observed about 100p percent of the time.上海海事大学信息工程学院Exercises3. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.(5) In statistics it is customary to refer to any process of observation as an expe

36、riment.(6) If an event definitely cannot occur upon realization of the set of conditions it is called impossible.上海海事大学信息工程学院Exercises4. Complete the sentences. You may have to change some words slightly.(1) _ is the study and use of electrical devices that operate by controlling the flow of _ or ot

37、her _ charged particle in devices such as vacuum tube and semiconductors.a. electronb. electronicc. electronicsd. electronically上海海事大学信息工程学院ElectronicselectronelectronicallyExercises(2) One of the best known computer _ which are very widely used in research, design and training is the flight _ upon

38、which pilots receive much of their training.a. simulationb. simulatorc. simulatingd. simulate(3) Signals are sent to _ to _.a. amplificationb. amplifierc. amplifyingd. amplify上海海事大学信息工程学院simulationsimulatoramplifiersbe amplifiedExercises(4)(a) It follows that we can use the one table for the standar

39、d normal for all calculations involving normal _.(b) However, a great many applications of probability theory concern quantitative _ rather than qualitative events.(c) There are two approaches to measuring the _ of random variables around their central values. The most important such measure is the _, a weighted sum of sequential differences between the possible values and the mean.上海海事大学信息工程学院variatesvariablesvariationvarianceExercises(d) Frequency response will be flat and bandwidth infinite because A