说明分析心理stress and coping

1、Stress and Health - Angela _Stress and HealthBehavioral Medicineinterdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and diseaseHealth Psychologysubfield of psychology that provides psychologys contribution to behavioral medicinee.g., How do o

2、ur emotions and personality influence our risk of disease?What attitudes and behaviors help prevent illness and promote health and wellbeing?How do our perceptions of a situation determine the stress we feel?Stress and illnessLeading causes of death in the US in 1900 and 2000Key points:What is stres

3、sWhat causes stressBodily reactions to stressRelationship between stress and diseaseRelationship between stress and personalityWays to deal with stressQuestion 1 :What is stress?Stressthe process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or

4、 challenging Stressor a stressful stimulus, a condition demanding adaptation It is the process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats or challengesStress reaction- physical and psychological responseStress Stress appraisal : The events of our lives flow through a psychological filt

5、er. How we appraise an event influences how much stress we experience and how effectively we respond.Question2:What causes stress? Causes of stressCatastrophe: war, natural disaster like flood and earthquakeLife ChangesPersonal stressful changes such as death of a loved one, divorce, loss of job, pr

6、omotionDaily HasslesEveryday annoyances that together can raise blood pressure, cause headaches, and lower immunity system, such as rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnoutMeasuring stressThomas Holes and Richard Rahe designed the social readjustmet rating scale ( SRRS) to rate stress in o

7、ur life using life-changing units (LCUs). A person who scored very high on the SRRS is more likely to have stress-related diseases than a person with a low score.Stressful Life EventsChronic Stress by AgeQuestion3Bodily reactions to stressBodily reactions to stressPituitary hormone in the bloodstrea

8、m stimulatesthe outer part of the adrenalgland to release the stress hormone cortisolSympathetic nervoussystem releases the stress hormonesepinephrine andnorepinephrinefrom nerve endings in the inner part ofthe adrenal glandsThalamusHypothalamusPituitary glandAdrenal glandsCerebral cortex(perceives

9、stressor)Hans Selyes General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) 1. Alarm reaction - stressor triggers increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and activates the adrenal glands to prepare us for “ fight or flight”. (mobilize)2. Resistance the body remains physiologically ready (high heart rate, an

10、d so on). Hormones are released to maintain this readiness. If resistance stage lasts too long, the body can deplete its resources.3. Exhaustion stage the parasympathetic nervous system returns our physiological state to normal. Immune system is weakened, increased susceptibility to ulcers, depressi

11、on, death.ResistanceResistance the body seems to adapt to the presence of the stressorAlarm ReactionAlarm reaction the body mobilizes its resources to cope with a stressorThe General Adaptation SyndromeExhaustionIllness/deathExhaustion the body depletes its resourcesLevel ofnormal resistanceSuccessf

12、ul ResistanceQuestion4Stress and diseaseStress and DiseasePsychophysiological illness“mind-body” illnessany stress-related physical illnesssome forms of hypertensionsome headachesdistinct from hypochondriasis- misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a diseaseStress and immune syste

13、m psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) : The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.Lymphocytes:two types of white blood cells that are part of the bodys immune system B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that

14、 fight bacterial infections T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances Stress and the heartCoronary Heart Diseaseclogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscleleading cause of death in many developed countriesQuestion 5Stress

15、 and personalityStress and personality Type A is more likely to suffer coronary heart disease.Question 6 How to deal with stressWays to cope stressPerceived controlControl over events tend to lessen stress, while a perceived lack of control generally makes the event more stressful.No connection to s

16、hock sourceTo shock controlTo shock source“Executive” rat“Subordinate” ratControl ratPromoting HealthAerobic Exercisesustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitnessDepressionscore14131211109876543Before treatmentevaluationAfter treatmentevaluationNo-treatmentgroupAerobicexercisegroupRelaxat

17、iontreatmentgroupPromoting HealthBiofeedbacksystem for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological stateblood pressuremuscle tensionPromoting HealthSocial support across the life span12-14 18-19 25-34 45-54 65-74 15-17 20-24 35-44 55-64 75+ Age

18、 in years100% 90 80 70 60 50Percentagewith highsupportPromoting Health Religious AttendancePromoting Health Complementary and Alternative Medicineunproven health care treatments not taught widely in medical schools, not used in hospitals, and not usually reimbursed by insurance companiesAlternative

19、systems ofmedical practiceBioelectromagneticapplicationsDiet, nutrition,life-style changesHerbal medicineManual healingMind-body controlPharmacological and biological treatmentsSubfields of Alternative MedicineHealth care ranging from self-care according to folk principles,to care rendered in an organized health care