托福基础语法-PPT课件

1、欢迎大家！三大从句三大类从句名词性从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句形容词性从句定语从句副词性从句状语从句名词性从句名词可以做什么成分？主语，宾语，表语，同位语两大类连接词1. that + S + V +只起到引导作用不充当成分本身无词义省略？2. wh- what, who, whom, which, where, when, why, how, whether充当成分不能省略句子语序特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句规律：名词性从句的理解问题wh- / howwhat + S + V- S V 的内容：what he saidwhere + S + V- S V 的地点：where I st

2、ay特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句when + S + V- S V 的时间：when Jack leftwhy S + V- S V 的原因why Jenny refused Forrest特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句how + S + V- S V的方式；S如何地Vhow students should behavehow much S + V - S V的程度； S在多大程度上V； S有多么地Vhow much I love you特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句whether + S + V- S是否VWhether he comes to the party or not is none of

3、my business. 主语从句- that 连接词That he survived in the earthquake is a miracle.He survived in the earthquake.X is a miracle.That Bill divorced Juliet is not surprising.Bill divorced Juliet.X is not surprising.主语从句中的that连接词不能省略！That引导的主语从句后置避免头重脚轻 +尾部焦点原则1. It + be + adj. + that-从句It is natural that they

4、 should have different views.It was obvious that she did not want to come.It is strange that he knows nothing about it.写作练习如果一个社会想要进步，抛弃传统很必要。It is important that important / essential / vital / crucial / significant / 进步make progress抛弃传统reject traditionsIt is essential that a society should reject

5、its traditions, if it wants to make progress.That引导的主语从句后置2. It + be + n. + that-从句It is a pity that he cannot swim.Its a wonder that he is still alive.It was a disappointment to your mother that you failed the exam.写作练习保护和推广自己国家的历史和文化遗产是年青一代不可避免的任务。It is an unavoidable task that 保护和推广conserve and p

6、romote国家的历史和文化遗产national historical and cultural heritages年青一代young generationsIt is an unavoidable task that the young generations conserve and promote their national historical and cultural heritages.That引导的主语从句后置3. It + be + v-ed + that-从句规律：it后面跟动词的被动语态形式，再接that从句无主语，理解成“据。”It is said that there

7、 has been an earthquake in India.It is reported that the enemy troops have crossed the border.“人们”作主语，进行主动理解；或者直接砍掉，做肯定理解It is believed that Japanese are weird.It was rumoured that he was suffering from a kidney stone.It must be pointed out that English is actually not difficult.写作练习人们普遍认为国际旅游业促进了跨文

8、化交流。It is widely accepted that 国际旅游业international tourism促进promote跨文化交流cross-cultural communicationIt is widely accepted that international tourism has promoted cross-cultural communication.That引导的主语从句后置4. It + vi. + that-从句；It + vt. + O + that-从句It happened that she was not in that day. 碰巧It turned

9、 out that she used to be a man. 结果是It occurred to me that perhaps she was lying. 突然想起It struck me that we ought to make a new plan. 我忽然想起 (strike)写作练习父母和教育家认为，电视“成功”阻碍了孩子心理的发展。It occurs to parents and educators that a successful destroyer心理的发展mental developmentIt occurs to parents and educators that

10、 TV has been a successful destroyer of childrens mental development.主语从句特殊疑问词what, who, whom, which, where, when, why, how, whether 不能用if人们是否应该到了某一年龄就应该被强制退休是一个公众话题。at a certain agebe forced to retire公众话题 public focusWhether people should be forced to retire at a certain age has been a pubic focus.找

11、到能够处理我们越来越多垃圾的地方是许多政府都非常头疼的一件事。处理dispose ofheadacheWhere we can dispose of the increasing rubbish is a great headache to many governments.表达“越来越”的写作升级(1) mounting + n. mounting修饰的名词 n. 为抽象、不可数名词Eg. mounting price / criticism / complaint / praise表达“越来越”的写作升级(2) ever + adj. 比较级：The English exam is bec

12、oming ever more difficult.表达“越来越”的写作升级(3) increasing 修饰可数名词：an increasing number of + 可数名词复数 修饰不可数名词：an increasing amount of +不可数名词 修饰形容词：increasingly + adj. The English exam is becoming increasingly difficult. 宾语从句that 类连接词Experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cor

13、nered.不充当成分只起到连接作用可以省略wh- 连接词谓语动词的宾语I wonder why he deserved his well-paid position.介词的宾语That will depend on where we shall go.不定式的宾语Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on.宾语从句特殊疑问词what, who, whom, which, where, when, why, how, whether 可以用if说到教育，大部分人认为其是终

14、生的学习。When it comes to the majority of a life time studyWhen it comes to education, the majority of people believe that it is a life time study.他们声称，通过补习，孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识。补习extra studies声称claim, maintainobtain, gainpractical skills useful knowledgeBy extra studies, they maintained that their childr

15、en are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge.一项调查显示，许多农民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术。show / demonstratefarmer laborers / rural emigrantsAn investigation shows that many rural emigrants consider that working at cities can provide them with not only a high salary but also t

16、he opportunity to learn new skills.我想知道，这个做法是否经得起推敲。经得起推敲bear closer analysisI wonder whether / if this practice can bear closer analysis.表语从句that 类连接词The truth is that he lacks the decisiveness to be a leader.What I dislike about the deal is that it is really dishonest.不充当成分只起到连接作用不可以省略表语从句wh-类连接词w

17、hat, who, whom, which, where, when, why, how, whether 不能用ifThe kings concern is who will succeed to his throne.The question put forward by the consultant is what the management is to do with the workers strike.其中一个争论的问题是一个人是否应选择舒适的衣服，而不管是不是时尚。One of the questions under debate不管regardless ofOne of th

18、e questions under debate is whether a person should choose comfortable clothes, regardless of fashion.被一些人忽视的是，国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史带来灾难性的影响。What some people fail to see 灾难性的disastrousimpactWhat some people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment an

19、d local history.同位语从句很多（抽象）名词后可以跟 that 引导的从句，说明其具体内容，这样的从句就是同位语从句。There is no doubt that he was an excellent scholar.He was conscious of the fact that she did not approve of what he was doing.We received a message that he would be absent.同位语从句举例We have proof that this man committed the crime.I have

20、expressed the opinion that she can act.I had the impression that she chose her words with care.后面经常跟同位语从句的名词doubt, fact, message, proof, opinion, hopes, impression, evidence, idea, belief, feeling, conclusion, rumour, report, possibility, guarantee, thought, assurance, news, story, order, etc.毫无疑问，需

21、求的增长导致了价格的上涨。There is no doubt thatThere is no doubt that the increase in demand leads to the rise in prices.当今的年轻人以自我为中心、对人冷漠和不顾及他人这样的事实，在很大程度上是孩童时期父母对他们过分纵容的结果。self-centeredindifferenceinconsiderateThe fact that young people nowadays are self-centered，indifferent and inconsiderate is largely the o

22、utcome of parental overindulgence.没有人能否认这一重要事实：最近几年交通问题在全世界受到了普遍关注。No one can deny the essential fact that the traffic problem over the last years has attracted wide public concern all over the world.定语从句在句子中作为定语，修饰一个名词或代词“的人”“的东西”先行词连接词关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which, as关系副词：when, where, why被修饰的

23、名词或者代词关系代词引导的定语从句(1)1. who, whom, that 代替人Young people who abuse their aged parents should be condemned.Young people should be condemned.Young people abuse their aged parents.Young people, abusing their aged parents should be condemned.养宠物能够把孩子变成具有同情心的人。Pet raising同情心caring mindturn intoPet raising

24、can turn children into citizens who have a caring mind.先行词作宾语The girls who he employs are always complaining about their pay.The girls are always complaining about their pay.He employs the girls.先行词作宾语The man with whom I was travelling did not speak English. The man did not speak English.I was trave

25、lling with the man.医生对病人说谎，病人可能活得更长。enjoy a longer lifewhite lieA patient may enjoy a longer life.Doctors tell white lies to a patient.A patient to whom doctors tell white lies may enjoy a longer life. 关系代词引导的定语从句(2)2. whose,在定语从句中作定语, 可以指人，也可以指物Youngsters whose minds are corrupted by pornographic c

26、ontents are highly likely to go astray.He saw a house whose window were all broken.医生会进退两难，如果他的病人身患癌症。be in a dilemmaget cancerA doctor whose patient gets cancer will be in a dilemma.关系代词引导的定语从句(3)3. which, that 代替物It is a virtuous course to provide the poor with good jobs that allow them to support

27、 their families.广告上出现的具有欺骗性的、误导性的内容受到猛烈批评。cheating and misleadingads and commercialsCheating and misleading materials, which appear in ads and commercials, have been strongly criticized.关系副词引导的定语从句1. 引导一个定语从句2. 在从句中的成分状语where 地点状语when 时间状语why 原因状语3. 关系副词 = prep. + 关系代词This is the hotel where we stay

28、ed last summer.We stayed in the hotel last summer.where = in whichThere are occasions when one must lie.There are occasions.One must lie on occasion.when = on whichThere are occasions on which one must lie.Can you tell me the reason why you are so unhappy?why = for whichCan you tell me the reason fo

29、r which you are so unhappy?这就是富国拒绝帮助穷国的理由。This is the reason why; for whichThis is the reason why rich countries refuse to aid their poor counterparts.限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句The beauty over there is YHs girlfriend who dresses in red.The beauty over there is YHs girlfriend, who dresses in red.规律：非限定性定语从句，理解

30、成插入语，或者直接删除；限定性要翻译理解成明确的定语。名词后that引导的从句名词后面跟随that引导的从句时，一般有两种可能： （1）that引起定语从句，该名词是先行词，在后面的句子中充当成分，通常是主语或宾语； （2）that引起同位语从句，解释说明该名词的具体内容。名词后that从句的判断标准判断标准有两个： 第一，看名词。如果that前面的名词是具体名词，那么that从句通常是定语从句；如果that前面的名词是抽象名词，那么that从句通常是同位语从句。名词后that从句的判断标准第二，看从句。如果从句中缺少成分，一定是定语从句，而that在从句中充当的就是那个缺少的成分，通常是主语

31、或者宾语；如果从句内容完整，一般是同位语从句，that在从句中没有词意，只起到引导作用。名词后that从句的判断标准第三，看先行词和从句的关系同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系；定语从句是用来修饰先行词，是从属的关系。状语从句状语从句状语从句是行使状语功能的从句，其作用相当于副词，因此也称为副词性从句。状语从句种类：时间状语从句地点状语从句原因状语从句结果状语从句目的状语从句条件状语从句让步状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句1、时间状语从句常见引导词： when, while, as, before, aftersince, untilas soon as; hardly when; scarcel

32、y when当有许多方法可以代替动物实验的时候，就没有必要在动物身上进行试验了。alternativesIt is unnecessary to .It is unnecessary to conduct experiments on animals when there are a number of alternatives.一旦食物链断裂， 整个生态系统就会永久被改变。food chain/webecosystemAs soon as the food chain is broken, the whole ecosystem could be forever changed.2. 地点状

33、语从句where, wherever有人类的地方，野生动物都被迫离开。Wild animals are forced to leave wherever there is humanity. 3、原因状语从句该从句表示原因,作原因状语,引导词包括:because, as, since, now that, considering ( that ) because 因为有目标的人取得成功，因为他们方向明确。People with goals succeed because they know where they are going. as / since / for 因为As you were

34、nt there, I left a message.I will seek to balance career and family since both are important to me.I will laugh for this is the great secret of long life. now that 因为.既然 可以和 since 换用Now that youve passed the test you can drive on your own.Now that you mention it, I do remember the incident. consider

35、ing ( that )考虑到 考虑到计划还没有实施，会议取消了。实施carry outThe conference was cancelled considering that the plan has not been carried out.4、结果状语从句该从句表示结果，作结果状语，引导词包括： so that, such that so / suchthat如此以至于Youth is so wonderful that it is a crime to waste it.Most people pursue pleasure with such breathless haste th

36、at they hurry past it.5、条件状语从句该从句表示条件，作条件状语，引导词包括： if, unless, in case, as long as ( so long as )assuming suppose ( supposing ), provided ( providing ), if 如果Just imagine how horrible the world would be， if humans are the only creature in the world. unless 除非，如果不在意义上，相当于 ifnot要记住：如果没有百分之百的把握就不要承诺任何事

37、情。Dont promise anything unless you are 100 percent sure. in case 假如要记住：假如你失败了，不要气馁。要继续努力。In case you fail, dont be discouraged. Keep trying. as / so long as 只要，如果要记住：只要一息尚存，我就要坚持。So long as there is breath in me, I shall persist. suppose ( supposing ) 假如和 if 同义Suppose ( supposing ) you make some mis

38、takes, it is not the end of the world. provided ( providing ) 假如和 if 同义Provided that you have the money in your account, you can withdraw up to $ 1000 a day.6、目的状语从句该从句表示目的，作目的状语，引导词包括： so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear thatin order that/so thatHe left early in order that he should / w

39、ould / might / arrive on time. lest, in case, for fear that以防，以免I must concentrate on action, lest / in case / for fear that I wither in despair.我们必须专注于行动，以免在绝望中消沉下去。7、让步状语从句该句表示让步关系，作让步状语，引导词包括： although, though, whileeven if, even though, no matter (what, who, which, when, where, how )whatever, wh

40、oever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however although / though / while尽管,虽然 although 语气较重尽管世界充满苦难，但苦难总是能够克服。Although the world is full of sufferings, they can always be overcome.尽管胜利并不重要，但努力去获胜却很重要。While winning is not everything, trying to win is everything.although / though 即使有时可以作 even if 解释I wo

41、uld not marry you although/though you were the last man on earth. even if / even though 即使，纵然Even if you take a taxi, youll still miss your train.Even though you apologize, she will may not forgive you. no matter what, who, which, how, when, where= whatever, whoever, whichever, however, whenever, whereverWherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here wai