曼昆微观经济学经济学十大原理英文版.ppt

1、课程简介教材（英文版）：Principles of Economics, 7ed. written by N. Gregory Mankiw中文版：经济学原理（微观经济学分册）参考书：经济学原理学习指南，大卫曼昆笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解，圣才考研网主编，中国石化出版社课外阅读：经济学的思维方式，保罗 or 机械工业出版社 （13版）0任课教师：方意 研究方向： 系统性风险；宏观审慎监管联系方式：微信公众号：方意金融教学与研究微博：fangyi_cufe课程简介1TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSTen Principles of Economics（经济学十大原理）

2、EconomicsP R I N C I P L E S O FN. Gregory Mankiw1In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:经济学研究什么问题？ What kinds of questions does economics address?人们如何作出决策？ What are the principles of how people make decisions? 人们如何相互影响？What are the principles of how people interact?整体经济如何运行？What a

3、re the principles of how the economy as a whole works? 3What Economics Is All AboutScarcity（稀缺性）: the limited nature of societys resources（社会拥有的资源有限）Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources（经济学研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源）, e.g.how people decide what to buy, how much to work, save, and sp

4、end（居民决策：消费（数量、品种）、工作、储蓄）how firms decide how much to produce, how many workers to hire（企业决策：生产（数量）、雇佣工人数量）how society decides how to divide its resources between national defense, consumer goods, protecting the environment, and other needs（国家决策：国防、消费品、环保等）04TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS0The principle

5、s of HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS（人们如何做决策的原理）HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONSAll decisions involve tradeoffs. Examples:Going to a party the night before your midterm leaves less time for studying.聚会 v. 备考 （时间资源决策）Having more money to buy stuff requires working longer hours, which leaves less time for leisure.

6、 工作 v. 休闲（时间资源决策）More nation defense requires resources that could otherwise be used to produce consumer goods. (guns or butter?) 大炮 v. 黄油Tradeoff的原因本质是：资源的稀缺性Principle #1: 人们面临权衡取舍 People Face Tradeoffs06TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONSExamples:More nation defense requires resou

7、rces that could otherwise be used to produce consumer goods. (guns or butter?) 大炮 v. 黄油Principle #1: 人们面临权衡取舍 People Face Tradeoffs0举例：大炮与黄油的生产 组合 黄油 (butter) 大炮 (guns) 方式 万吨 万门 A 0 15 B 1 14 C 2 12 D 3 9 E 4 5 F 5 07TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS Society faces an important tra

8、deoff: 效率 (efficiency) vs. 平等 （equality） Efficiency: 社会能从稀缺资源获得最大利益的特性 . when society gets the most from its scarce resourcesEquality:经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性 when prosperity is distributed uniformly among societys members.Tradeoff: To achieve greater equality, income could be redistributed from wealthy to

9、 poor. But this reduces incentive to work and produce, shrinks the size of the economic “pie.” 政府分配“蛋糕”的方式会影响“蛋糕”大小：平等影响效率Principle #1: 人们面临权衡取舍 08HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONSMaking decisions requires comparing the costs and benefits of alternative choices. 机会成本为了得到某种东西所必需放弃的东西。The opportunity cost of

10、any item is whatever must be given up to obtain it. It is the relevant cost for decision making.机会成本也来源于资源稀缺性，由于机会成本的存在从而需要取舍。机会成本是人们选择，而放弃其他全部选择中收益最大的部分。Principle #2: 某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It9HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONSExamples: What is the opportunity co

11、st of going to college for a year? The spend on tuition (学费), books, room and board（食宿）? A. tuition B. books C. room and board D. The forgone wages （失去的工资） （最准确的表达：放弃这一年可以做其他事情的选择）Principle #2: 某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It10TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEO

12、PLE MAKE DECISIONSExamples: Principle #2: 某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It当预期在四年之内赚得上千万美元时，高中篮球明星科比.布赖恩特（Kobe Bryant ）决定不读大学而直接进入职业篮球联盟（ NBA ）。11TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSChoiceRevenueopportunity cost A200$201$B150$201$C180$201$D201$200$E200$201$Examples: 12TEN

13、 PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONSRational people 定义：systematically（系统地） and purposefully（有目的） do the best they can to achieve their objectives.（理性人系统而有目的地尽最大努力去实现其目标；利益最大化）make decisions by evaluating costs and benefits of marginal changes incremental adjustments to an existing plan.

14、 边际变动对当前行动计划微小的增量调整。边际是高等数学微分的概念；理性人决策：边际收益边际成本（Do）;边际收益边际成本（Undo）Principle #3: 理性人考虑边际量Rational People Think at the Margin13HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONSExamples:When a student considers whether to go to college for an additional year, he compares the fees & foregone wages to the extra income he could

15、earn with the extra year of education.When a manager considers whether to increase output, she compares the cost of the needed labor and materials to the extra revenue. Principle #3: 理性人考虑边际量Rational People Think at the Margin14TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS讨论：一架200座的飞机，在某航线上飞行一次的成本是10万美元，在飞机即将起飞之前仍有10

16、个空位，此时航空公司会不会以低于500美元（如300美元）的价格出售飞机票？决策：边际收益边际成本 Principle #3: 理性人考虑边际量Rational People Think at the Margin15TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS钻石水人没有钻石不会受到太大影响，没有水的话则很难生存。然而钻石却比水贵？16TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSYou are selling your 1996 Mustang. You have already spent $1000 on repairs. At the last minute, th

17、e transmission dies. You can pay $600 to have it repaired, or sell the car “as is.” In each of the following scenarios, should you have the transmission repaired? Explain.A.Blue book value is $6500 if transmission works, $5700 if it doesntB.Blue book value is $6000 if transmission works, $5500 if it

18、 doesntA C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1 Applying the principles17Cost of fixing transmission = $600A.Blue book value is $6500 if transmission works, $5700 if it doesntBenefit of fixing the transmission = $800($6500 5700). Its worthwhile to have the transmission fixed. B.Blue book value is $6000 if tran

19、smission works, $5500 if it doesntBenefit of fixing the transmission is only $500.Paying $600 to fix transmission is not worthwhile.A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1 Answers18HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONSIncentive: something that induces a person to act, i.e. the prospect of a reward or punishment. （引起一个人做出

20、某种行为的某种东西，例如惩罚或奖励的预期）Rational （理性）people respond to incentives.Examples:When gas prices rise, consumers buy more hybrid cars and fewer gas guzzling SUVs.When cigarette taxes increase, teen smoking falls. 经济学中最重要的激励机制是价格机制；好的经济政策一定要做好激励。Principle #4:人们会对激励作出反应 People Respond to Incentives190The princ

21、iples of HOW PEOPLE INTERACT（人们如何相互影响的原理）HOW PEOPLE INTERACTWealth: The things that is valuable.（有价值的东西，具有主观性）The core of economy is to create “wealth”, but not “matter”（经济的核心在于创造“财富”而不是“物质”）Trade could induce the wealth to increase even the matter is constant, which is the same of product（在物质相同的情况下

22、，交换仍能创造财富）Principle #5: 贸易（交换）能使每个人状况变好Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off21TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEOPLE INTERACTTrade could move goods to the ones who need them mostly, and the value of goods increase consequently.（贸易使得产品分配给最需要的人，从而产品的价值会增加从主观效用角度讲）Rather than being self-sufficient, people

23、can specialize in producing one good or service and exchange it for other goods.（交换除了可以增加个人效用外，还能通过通过分工提高效率）Principle #5: 贸易（交换）能使每个人状况变好Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off22TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEOPLE INTERACTCountries also benefit from trade & specialization（专业化）:Access to a greater varie

24、ty of goods （得到更多种类的商品）Get a better price abroad for goods they produce（从国外买到更便宜的商品）Buy other goods more cheaply from abroad than could be produced at homePrinciple #5: 贸易（交换）能使每个人状况变好Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off23TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEOPLE INTERACT Market: a group of buyers and sel

25、lers （买者与卖者交易的场所）(need not be in a single location)“Organize economic activity” means determining what goods to produce （生产什么）how to produce them （怎样生产）how much of each to produce（生产多少）who gets them（谁得到产品）Principle #6:市场是组织经济活动的一种好方法Markets Are Usually A Good Way to Organize Economic Activity24HOW P

26、EOPLE INTERACTA market economy （市场经济）allocates resources through the decentralized decisions（市场经济中企业和家庭在物品与服务市场上相互交易时，通过分散决策配置资源）No government committee that makes the decisions（不需要政府进行决策）Each of many households（家庭） decides who to work for and what goods to buy. （家庭决策为谁工作、买什么产品）Each of many firms de

27、cides whom to hire and what goods to produce. （企业决定雇佣谁，生产什么产品）Principle #6: 市场是组织经济活动的一种好方法25HOW PEOPLE INTERACTThe invisible hand (看不见的手)works through the price system（“看不见的手” 通过价格来起作用价格是激励机制）:看不见的手：由Adam Smith提出，指的是家庭和企业在市场上相互交易，他们仿佛被一只“看不见的手”所指引，并导致了合意的市场结果。The interaction of buyers and sellers d

28、etermines prices. （价格由谁决定）Each price reflects the goods value to buyers and the cost of producing the good. （价格反映了什么）Prices guide self-interested households and firms to make decisions that, in many cases, maximize societys economic well-being. （价格起激励作用）市场价格影响市场参与者决策参与者决策的结果决定了市场价格市场价格影响市场参与者决策 Prin

29、ciple #6: 市场是组织经济活动的一种好方法26我们的晚餐并非来自屠宰商、酿酒师和面包师的恩惠，而是来自他们对自身利益的关切。 -亚当 斯密国富论HOW PEOPLE INTERACTPrinciple #6: 市场是组织经济活动的一种好方法27TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS “他盘算的是他自己的利益，在这种场合象在其他许多场合一样，他受到一支看不见的手的指导，去尽力达到一个并非他本意想要达到的目的他追求自己的利益，往往使他能比在真正出于本意的情况下更有效地促进社会效益”。 亚当斯密国富论1776 从“看不见的手”到“看得见的手”。 Principle #6: 市

30、场是组织经济活动的一种好方法对应的意思：每个人只为自己考虑，只最大化自身的利益，最终的结果却是对整个社会最好的。28TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEOPLE INTERACT政府起作用的原因市场经济需要实施产权（Property Rights）制度，以便个人可以拥有和控制稀缺资源。政府维护产权制度（市场经济基础）市场有时会失灵（Market Failure），影响运行效率政府维护经济运行效率市场运行有时并不公平政府维护公平Important role for governments: enforce property rights （保护产权）with pol

31、ice, courtsProperty rights is the base of market economy(只有资源归个人所有，才有动机去配置，价格的激励作用才能显现）Principle #7: 政府有时可以改善市场结果Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes29HOW PEOPLE INTERACTPeople are less inclined to work, produce, invest, or purchase if large risk of their property being stolen. 市场失灵市场出现

32、不能有效配置资源的情况（原理6的例外情况）。 Market failure: when the market fails to allocate societys resources efficiently1，外部性 是一个人的行为会对局外人（非参与交易者）福利产生影响 Externalities, when the production or consumption of a good affects bystanders (e.g. pollution)外部性有方向：正向（对局外人产生良性影响）或者负向（对局外人产生不良影响）Principle #7: 政府有时可以改善市场结果 30HOW

33、 PEOPLE INTERACT2，市场势力:是指一个人或一个企业不适当地影响市场价格的能力. Market power, a single buyer or seller has substantial influence on market price (e.g. monopoly).（竞争的反义词）3，信息不对称Asymmetric information, some one doesnt have the necessary information to make decisionIn such cases（市场失灵的情形）, public policy may promote eff

34、iciency （提高效率 ）.Principle #7: 政府有时可以改善市场结果 31TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEOPLE INTERACTgovernments may alter market outcome to promote equity （促进公平 ）If the markets distribution of economic well-being is not desirable, tax or welfare （税收和福利制度） policies can change how the economic “pie” is divided

35、. Principle #7: 政府有时可以改善市场结果 32TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSIn each of the following situations, what is the governments role? Does the governments intervention improve the outcome?a.Public schoolsb.Workplace safety regulations（工作场所安全条例）c.Public highways（公路）d.Patent laws （专利法案）, which allow drug compa

36、nies to charge high prices for life-saving drugsA C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2 Discussion Questions330The principles of HOW THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE WORKS（宏观经济学原理）HOW THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE WORKSHuge variation in living standards across countries and over time:Average income in rich countries is more t

37、han ten times average income in poor countries. （横向对比）The U.S. standard of living today is about eight times larger than 100 years ago.（纵向对比）Principle #8: 一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力 A countrys standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods & services. （GDP很重要）35TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW

38、THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE WORKSThe most important determinant of living standards: productivity（生产率）, the amount of goods and services produced per unit of labor.生产率 是指单位劳动力单位时间所生产的物品与劳务量Productivity depends on the equipment, skills, and technology available to workers.（生产率依赖于设备、技能、技术）Other factors (e.

39、g., labor unions, competition from abroad) have far less impact on living standards.Principle #8: 一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力Higher productivity Higher standard of living36HOW THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE WORKSInflation（通货膨胀）: increases in the general level of prices.（经济中物价总水平的上升。 ）In the long run（长期）, inflatio

40、n is almost always caused by excessive growth in the quantity of money, which causes the value of money to fall. The faster the government creates money, the greater the inflation rate. Principle #9:当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升 Prices rise when the government prints too much money. Money Inflation（长期） 37HOW THE

41、 ECONOMY AS A WHOLE WORKSIn the short-run (短期，1 2 years), many economic policies push inflation and unemployment in opposite directions. 通货膨胀 失业（短期）Unemployment（失业）: the ones who want and are able to work but are not employed. （想工作且能够工作，但找不到工作的现象）Other factors can make this tradeoff more or less fav

42、orable, but the tradeoff is always present. Principle #10:社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment38TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSPrinciple #10:社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 -菲利普斯曲线 (Phillips Curve)失业率（百分比）通货膨胀率（每年百分比）菲利普斯曲线4B67A239TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSFYI（供参考）: How to Read Your Textbook1.Read before class. 2.Summarize, dont highlight. 3.Test yourself. 4.Practice, practice, practice.5.Go online