模块二-亚太财经与发展中心ppt课件

1、Chapter 2: Introduction to Development Evaluation模块2: 开展评价导言What? 概念OECD DAC CriteriaOECD DAC 准那么Development Evaluation Context评价的开展背景Origin & History 来源和历史Principles and Standards原那么和规范Professional Associations专业协会1Introduction 导言Evaluation, What Is It? 什么是评价？Origin and History of the Evaluation Di

2、scipline评价学科的来源和开展历程Evaluation Development Context 评价的开展背景Principles and Standards for Development Evaluation 开展评价的原那么和规范2OECD Definition经济协作与开展组织OECD对评价的定义Evaluation 评价The process of determining the worth or significance of an activity, policy, or program 确定一项活动、政策或方案的价值或者重要性的过程an assessment, as sy

3、stematic and objective as possible, of a planned, on-going, or completed intervention 对一项方案中的、实施中的或者曾经完成的干涉措施开展的尽能够系统客观的评价3Evaluation: What Is It?什么是评价？4Kinds of Evaluations评价的种类Formative 构成性评价focus on improved performance before and during implementation (project, program or policy) 注重工程、方案或政策执行前和执

4、行中绩效的提高Summative 总结性评价focus on outcomes (consequences) 注重结果成果Prospective 前瞻性评价 asses the likely outcomes of proposed interventions 对建议的干涉活动后所产生的能够结果进展评价Is this program/project/policy worth evaluating? 该方案/工程/政策值得进展评价吗？Will the gains be worth the effort/resources expended? 相对于付出的努力和资源，评价获得的收益值得吗？5Pur

5、pose of Evaluation评价的目的Ethical 品德Managerial 管理Decisional 决策Educative and Motivational 教育和鼓励6Benefits of Evaluation评价的益处Helps answer questions about interventions有助于回答有关干涉的问题Benefits for people 对人的益处direct vs. indirect 直接或间接intended vs. unintended 有意或无意short-term vs. long-term 短期或长期7What to Evaluate?

6、 评价的对象Projects 工程Programs 方案Policies 政策Organizations 组织Sectors 部门Themes 主题Country assistance 国家援助8Uses of Evaluations评价的运用Give feedback on the performance of policies, programs, and projects 对政策、方案和工程的绩效做出反响Make policies, programs, and projects accountable for how they use public funds 使政策、方案和工程能对公共

7、资金的运用做出合了解释Help stakeholders learn more about policies, programs, and projects 协助利益相关者了解更多有关政策、方案和工程的信息Carried out around the needs of the primary intended user 围绕主要预期运用者的需求开展评价Clarify theory of change for projects, programs, and policy 明确工程、方案和政策的变革实际 9Evaluation Provides Information on:评价提供以下几方面的信

8、息：Strategy 战略层面- Are the right things being done? 能否在做正确的事？Operations 操作层面- Are things being done right?做事的方式能否正确？Learning 学习层面- Are there better ways?有无其它更好的方法？10Monitoring and Evaluation监测和评价Monitoring 监测routine, ongoing, and internal activity of tracking key indicators常规性继续性地跟踪关键目的internal activi

9、ty 属于内部活动used to collect information on a programs activities, outputs and outcomes to measure performance of the program 用于搜集某个方案的活动、产出和成果的相关资料以衡量其绩效Evaluation 评价period and time bound 具有一定的时限性can be internal, external or participatory可以是内部、外部或者参与式的periodic feedback to key stakeholders定期向关键的利益相关者进展反

10、响11Who Conducts the Evaluation 评价的主体 Internal evaluators: 内部评价人员usually know more 通常更加了解：history, organization, culture, problems, successes 被评价对象的历史、组织、文化、存在的问题及获得的成就may be too close 能够与被评价对象的关系过于亲密External evaluators: 外部评价人员have more credibility and specialized skills 具有更高的可信度和专业技艺independent from

11、 administration and financial decisions 不受管理和财务决策的影响12Who Conducts (cont.)评价的主体续 Participatory Evaluation参与式评价 representatives of agencies and stakeholders (including beneficiaries) work together in designing, carrying out and interpreting an evaluation 机构和利益相关者包括受害人的代表共同设计、实施和解读一项评价participatory me

12、thods may be used in internal and external evaluations参与式方法可用于内部和外部评价13Participatory Evaluation (vs. Internal or External)参与式评价 (与内部或外部评价相比)Distinction between experts and layperson, researcher and researched, is de-emphasized and redefined 专家与外行、研讨人员与研讨对象之间的区别被淡化处置和重新定义Evaluators act as facilitator

13、s and instructors 评价人员充任推进者和指点者Others make the assessment 由其他人进展评价A more radical step away from the model of independent evaluation 与独立评价方式存在根本性不同14Evaluator Activities 评价人员的活动Consult with main client and all key stakeholders 与主要客户以及一切的关键利益相关者进展磋商Reconstruct or construct theory of change重建或建立变革实际Des

14、ign the evaluation 设计评价活动Manage evaluation budgets 管理评价预算Perform or conduct the evaluation (or contract staff to perform the evaluation) 实施评价或者雇用人员实施评价Identify standards for effectiveness 确认评价效果的衡量规范Collect, analyze, interpret, and report on data and findings 搜集、分析、解读和汇报数据和评价结果15Profession status 专业

15、位置Education and Social Programs教育和社会方案Egypt and China埃及和中国 Timeline 时间表Expansion into global activity 扩张至全球活动1980s to now mid 1970-80More routine (US and Europe) 更加常规化美国和欧洲1950s-60s1957Sputnik 前苏联人造地球卫星1900Medical Schools(US and Canada) 医学院美国和加拿大1880Modern Evaluations 现代评价16002000 BC公元前2000年1940Reco

16、nstruction after WW Banks世界大战后的重建银行16Origins of Development Evaluation 开展评价的来源Audit tradition 审计传统Social science tradition 社会科学传统17Changing Development Concepts“开展概念的变化Decade 年代 Objectives 目标 Approaches 方式 Discipline 学科1950s 20世纪50年代1960s 20世纪60年代1970s 20世纪70年代1980s 20世纪80年代1990s 20世纪90年代2000s 21世纪

17、Reconstruction Technical assistance Engineering 战后重建 技术援助 工程学 Growth Projects Finance 经济增长 工程 金融学 Basic needs Sector investment Planning 根本需求 部门投资 规划 Adjustment Adjustment lending Neoclassical economics 调整 调整贷款 新古典主义经济学 Capacity Country assistance Multi-disciplinary 才干 国家援助 多学科Poverty reduction Part

18、nerships Results-based management 减贫 同伴关系 面向结果的管理18Significant Changes 艰苦变化From partial development to more comprehensive development 从部分开展到综合性开展Toward global approaches to development 寻求经过全球途径来促进开展From individual efforts to coordinated, participatory development 从个体努力到协调的参与式开展Toward using partnersh

19、ips for large-scale development challenges 寻求利用同伴关系应对宏大的开展挑战19Development Evaluation:开展评价：A sub-discipline of classical evaluation 传统评价的一个分支学科Uses a variety of methodologies and practices 运用各类方法与实际Mixed methodologies work best 混合运用多种方法能获得最正确效果20Growth of Professional Evaluation Associations 专业评价协会的生

20、长Increasing numbers of associations around the world, especially in the last few years 全世界专业协会的数量不断添加，尤其是过去几年来Demonstrate more value is being given to development evaluation as a profession 阐明开展评价这个行业遭到越来越多的注重Organizations create a support system and allow for professionalism 这些组织成立了一个支持系统，偏重思索专业性21

21、International Organizations国际组织International Organization for Cooperation in Evaluation (IOCE)国际评价协作组织International Development Evaluation Association (IDEAS)国际开展评价协会22DAC Criteria for Evaluating Development Assistance开展援助委员会开展援助评价准那么Relevance 相关性The extent to which the objectives of a development i

22、ntervention are consistent with beneficiaries requirements, country needs, global priorities, and partners and donors policies.开展干涉的目的和受害人的要求、国家需求、全球重点以及协作同伴和捐助方的政策相吻合的程度 Effectiveness 效果A measure of the extent to which an aid activity attains its objectives衡量一项援助活动达成其目的的程度Efficiency 效率Measures the

23、outputs qualitative and quantitative in relation to the inputs.用来测度相对于投入的定性和定量的产出 23DAC Criteria for Evaluating Development Assistance (cont.)开展援助委员会开展援助评价准那么续Impact 影响Positive and negative changes produced by a development intervention, directly or indirectly, intended or unintended开展干涉活动直接或间接地，有意或

24、无意地产生的积极和消极变化Sustainability 可继续性The degree to which the benefits of an activity are likely to continue after donor funding has been withdrawn衡量一项活动在援助者投资收回后，其收益能够继续下去的程度24DAC Specific Principles for the Evaluation of Development Assistance 开展援助委员会DAC评价开展援助的详细原那么Purpose 目的Impartiality and independenc

25、e 公正性与独立性Credibility 可信性Usefulness 适用性Participation of donors and recipients 援助方和受援方的参与Donor cooperation 援助方协作(continued on next slide) (转下页)25 DAC Specific Principles for the Evaluation of Development Assistance (cont.)开展援助委员会DAC评价开展援助的详细原那么续Evaluation programming 评价体系Design and implementation of e

26、valuations评价的设计和实施Reporting, dissemination, and feedback汇报、成果分发和反响Application of these principles这些原那么的运用26Why Standards? 为什么制定这些规范？Promote accountability 促进问责制Facilitate comparability 提高可比性Enhance reliability and quality of services provided 提高所提供效力的可靠性和质量27Evaluation Standards评价规范DAC Evaluation Qu

27、ality Standards (for test phase application) 开展援助委员会评价质量规范 用于测试阶段恳求/dataoecd/30/62/36596604.pdf Program Evaluation Standards 方案评价规范/EvaluationDocuments/progeval.htmlUnited Nations Norms for Evaluation in the UN System 结合国系统评价规范/docs/ACFFC9F.pdf (continued on next slide) 转下页28Evaluation Standards (cont.)评价规范续Standards for Evaluation in the UN System 结合国系统评价规范/docs/ACFFCA1/pdfAmerican Evaluation Association (AEA) Guiding Principles 美