2016年高考英语语法复习-介词和介词短语

1、高考英语语法复习： 介词与介词短语 Yoyo改错随堂练笔（2004全国卷I） Dear Ralph Im a newcomer here of a small town. I would 1. describe myself as shy and quietly. Before my classmates, 2. it seems always difficult for me to do things well as 3. them. Im sure they will laugh to me and see me as 4. a fool. So I feel unhappy every

2、day. Besides, I have few friends. I dont know that they 6. dont like to talk with me. Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, but after class we become stranger at 8. once. I am trying to improve the situation since it doesnt 9. seem to work. Can you tell me about what I should do? 10

3、. fromquietatstrangersbuttalkwhyas介词错用unhappy种类特点例词简单介词即一个介词about,at,by,under,of,over,past 复合介词有两个介词组成一个介词或介词短语alongside, inside, into, onto 短语介词由短语组成according to, ahead of, along with, as for分词介词由动词-ing形式构成concerning, considering, excepting, excluding, following基本用法例词表示地点above,across,along,among,ar

4、ound,at,before,behind表示时间after,around,as,at,before,behind,between,during表示除去 besides,but,except表示原因/目的 for,with,from 表示结果 to,with,without 表示条件 on,without,considering 表示让步 despite,inspiteof 表示根据 on,accordingto表示关于 about,concerning,regarding,withregardto,asfor,asto表示其他 of, against, like, by, as表示时间的介词

5、表示年、月、日、时刻等用at, in, on 表示时间的前后用before, after 表示期限等用by, until, till 表示期间等用for, during, through 表示时间的起点等用from, since表示时间的经过等用in, within常用介词用法与辨析(一)at用于表示时刻、时间的某一点。at lunch 午餐时 at breakfast早餐时at night 在夜间 at first 起初at times 偶尔，有时 at the same time同时We usually have lunch at noon/at twelve.我们通常中午吃午饭(十二点吃

6、午饭)。注意：表示时间的名词前有this, last, next, every等修饰时，其前面不加介词。this morning 今天早上；last Monday 上周一；every week 每周。at & on & inon用于表示某天，某一天的上、下午(指具体的某一时，一律用on)。on Monday 在周一 on June 6 在6月6日on Tuesday morningon May 4, 2003 在2003年5月4日on Christmas Day 在圣诞节那天on the night of July (the) first 在七月一日夜晚We didnt listen to t

7、he lecture on Wednesday afternoon.周三下午我们没去听演讲。in用于表示周、月、季节、年和泛指的上午、下午、晚上(指在一段时间内)。in the week 在这周 in May 在五月in the holiday 在假期中 in summer 在夏季in September, 1995 在1995年9月in the morning 在上午in the 21st century 在二十一世纪in time 及时 in an hour 一个小时后People go skating in winter.人们冬天去滑冰。Do they work in the day t

8、ime or at night?返回两者既可以作介词又可以作连词。 before 在之前Wash your hands before dinner. (before作介词) 吃饭前请洗手。He will call me before he leaves here/before ten oclock. (前一个before作连词；后一个before作介词) 他离开这儿之前/十点之前，将给我打电话。before & afterB. after 在之后Lets sing some songs after school.(after作介词)放学后咱们唱歌吧！Please close the door

9、after you leave the room. (after作连词)离开房间后请关门。返回A. by 在前(时间)；截止(到)by the end of在底(之前)by then 到那时by the time + 从句 在之前How many English books had you read by the end of last year?到去年年底以前你看过多少本英文书？She had left by the time I arrived.我到时(之前)她已经走了。by & until/tillB. until/till 直到为止(时间)We didnt begin to watch

10、 TV until/till nine oclock.一直到九点，我们才开始看电视。I will wait for him until he comes here.我将在这儿一直等到他来。返回for 达之久(表示经过了多少时间)可以和一般现在时、过去时、将来时连用，但经常和完成时连用。He has lived here for 20 years.他在这儿已经住了二十年了。We will stay in the city for two days.我们要在这座城市待两天。for & during & throughB. during 在期间They are going to have a goo

11、d rest during the summer holidays.暑假中他们打算好好休息一下。C. through 一直(从开始到结束)They played the cards through the night.He stayed in London through the winter.比较：for和during。for之后大多跟表示时间、具体天数等的数字名词。而during后决不能跟表数字的名词。返回 from 从起(时间)表示“从开始”时，一般都是用词组fromto，而单纯表示确切的“从几点开始”时用at。The meeting will be held from eight to

12、 ten.这个会议将从8点开到10点。The meeting will be held at eight.会议将从八点钟开始。from & sinceB. since 自从以来 (表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)I have been sick since yesterday.我从昨天起就病了。(强调一直病到现在)The doctor has saved a lot of lives since he became a doctor. (since作连词，引导时间状语从句) 这个医生自从当医生以来已经拯救了许多人的生命。返回A. in过后(未来时间), 大多用在将来时(一般将来时和过去将来时

13、)。in an hour 一小时之后in a week or so 大约一星期之后He will be back in five hours.他五小时之后回来。注意：如果用于过去式，用after+时间。She went to Nanjing last May, and she came back after a month.in & withinB. within 不超过的范围within 3 hours 3小时之内within a week 一周之内I must finish painting the cat within five minutes.我必须在五分钟之内画好这只猫。比较：wit

14、hin和in。within强调“在时间之内”，没有时态的限制。in是以限制为基础，in an hour是指从现在起一个小时之后，所以in一般只用于将来时。表示场所、方向的介词常用介词用法与辨析(二)表示场所的介词表示方向的介词at, in, on, under, by, near, between, around, oppositeinto, out of, along, across, through, up, pastA. at在某地(表示比较狭窄的场所)at school 上学 at home 在家at Baker Street 在贝克街2号stand at the door 站在门边a

15、t the bottom/back/end/head ofIll meet him at the Beijing railway station.我将去北京站接他。at & inB. in 在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)in Beijing 在北京 in the world在世界上in the bed 躺在床上 in China 在中国in a book/newspaper 在书上/报纸上His brother is in prison. He was arrested 2 years ago.Mike works in the prison.She was born in China. on

16、在上面，有接触面。on the desk 在桌子上面on the map 在地图上There are two maps on the wall. 墙上有两张地图。on 在靠近的地方on the right 在右边 on the river在河边on the pavement 在人行道上on & above & over & under & belowB. above 在上方Our plane flew above the clouds.我们的飞机在云端上飞行。C. over 在正上方，是under的反义词There is a light over Li Ming.李明的正上方有一盏灯。A fe

17、w birds were flying over the sea.有几只鸟在海上飞。D. under 在下面；在之内under the table 桌子下面under the jacket 在夹克内The dog is under the table.这只狗在桌子下面。E. below 在下方(不一定是正下方)正下方是under，below是above的反义词。There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water. 水下面有许多各式各样的鱼。 near近的，不远的near=not far，是far的反义词。near还可以指时间。in

18、the near future 在不久的将来Is there a bus stop near here?这儿附近有公共汽车站吗？B. by 在旁边，距离比near要近by the window 在窗户边 by me在我旁边The boy is standing by the window. near & by between 在两者之间My teacher is sitting between Tom and Mike. 我们的老师正坐在汤姆和麦克之间。Whats the difference between A and B？B. among 在三者或更多的之中There is a beaut

19、iful house among the trees.在树林之中有一间漂亮的房子。He is very popular among the students.他在学生之中很受欢迎。C. around环绕，在周围，在四周The earth moves around the sun.地球围绕太阳转。between & among & around in (the) front of 在的前面(前部)。There is a tree in front of the house.在房屋前面有一棵树。There is a big desk for the teacher in the front of

20、the classroom.在教室前部有一张大讲桌。B. behind 在后面，behind是in front of 的反义词。There is a tree behind my house.我家房子后面有一棵树。C. opposite 在对面Our school is opposite a university.我们学校在一所大学的对面。in front of & behind & opposite in 在之内，用于表示静止的位置The students are in the classroom.学生们在教室里。B. into 进入用于表示有特定终点的运动的方向。通常用于表示动作的动词之后

21、。如：go, come, walk, run等。The students run into the classroom.学生们跑进教室。He jumped into the water. 他跳入水中。in & into & out of & upC. out of和into一样，也表示有一定的运动方向The students rushed out of the room.学生们冲出房间。D. up 移动The children climbed up the tree.孩子们爬上了树。 along 沿着I was walking along the river when it began to

22、rain.我正沿着河边散步，突然下起雨来了。B. across 横过I often swim across the river.我常游泳横渡这条河。along & across & past & throughC. past 经过Every day he runs past the city hall.他每天跑步经过市政府。D. through 贯穿，通过The sun shone through the clouds.阳光穿过云层照射下来。The river was through the city.这条河穿过这个城市。 to 到达地点(目的地)或方向He came to Japan in

23、1980.B. for 表示目的地，“向”for表目的时，一般都是和固定动词搭配。leave for 动身去 start for 出发去I will leave for America next week.下周我将动身去美国。C. from 从地点起Its about ten minutes walk from here to the cinema.to & from & for表示方式、手段的介词 by, with, on。常用介词用法与辨析(三)1. by用某种方式，多用于交通。by bus 乘公共汽车by e-mail 通过电子邮件注意：表示搭乘交通工具时，用by时不用冠词，用in时要用

24、冠词。I went there by bus/in a bus.我是坐公共汽车去的那儿。2. with 表示“用某种工具”。He broke the window with a stone. 他用石头把玻璃砸坏了。注意： with表示用某种工具时，必须用冠词或物主代词。3. on 表示“以.方式”，多用于固定词组。They talked on the telephone. 他们通过电话进行交谈。She learns English on the radio/on TV.她通过收音机/电视学英语。表示材料的介词 of, from, in。常用介词用法与辨析(四)1. of 成品仍可看出原料。Th

25、is box is made of paper.这个盒子是纸做的。2. from 成品已看不出原料。Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。3. in表示用某种材料或语言。Please fill in the form in pencil first. 请先用铅笔填写这个表格。They talk in English. 他们用英语交谈。注意：in指用材料，不用冠词；而with指用工具，要用冠词。draw in pencil /draw with a pencil其他介词常用介词用法与辨析(五)1 of (属于)的；表示的数量或种类 This is a map o

26、f China. Will you please give me a cup of tea?2 from 来自(某地、某人)；以起始(时间或地点) Im from Nanjing. 我是南京人。 I have got a letter from my friend.3 as 1) as 表示好像。 He dressed as a policeman. 2) 表示作为当作。 I found a job as a guide. 3)当某人是某身份时。 As a child , she was sent to abroad. 介词短语的用法作定语介词短语作定语时，一律后置。He stared at

27、the portrait on the wall.他盯着墙上的画像。It was a good solution to my difficulty.这是一个解决我困难的好方案。Who is the girl with a foreign accent?带外国口音的那个女孩是谁？作状语介词短语作状语时，修饰动词、形容词、副词或者整个句子。Classes begin at eight. (修饰动词)八点钟开始上课。Jane looks young for her age. (修饰形容词)珍妮看起来比她的实际年龄年轻。To my surprise, Li Ming passed the exam a

28、t all. (修饰全句)让我惊奇的是，李明通过了考试。作表语We are against/for you.我们反对/支持你。It was because of the heavy rain, we couldnt go out.因为这场大雨，我们出不去了。作宾语补足语I always find her at her studies.我总发现她在学习。We found the map quite out of date.我发现这地图完全过时了。介词在高考中的考查重点：1. 熟悉和掌握常考介词的基本 用法；2. 熟悉和掌握常用的介词短语及其用法；3. 辨识介词在具体语境中的含义和用法，养成良好的

29、思考习惯和辨识能力。1. He was a good student and scored _ average in most subjects. (2011天津) A. below B. of C. on D. above2. Wed better discuss everything _ before we work out the plan. (2011江苏) A. in detail B. in general C. on purpose D. on time实战高考3. An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are _ it. (2012陕西) A. against B. for C. to D. with 4. This tr