英语作文段落结构分析1

1、-. z.1 什么是主题句？主题句topic sentence是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例：My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses;

2、 they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont argue.Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made life eas

3、ier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, munications, carrying goods - everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.2 如何写好主题句？1写好主题句中的关键词关键词要尽量写得具体些。对具体的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制

4、段落的开展；二是要具体到能说明段落开展的方向。原句1: He can fi* a bicycle himself.斜体局部应为主题句中的关键词。但它只是限制了段落开展的局部容，并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开，是用因果关系法还是用分类法？修正：He can fi* a bicycle himself in several simple steps. 修正：There are several reasons why he can fi* a bicycle himself. 原句2: She tries to improve her looks.斜体局部应为主题句中的关键词。她试着改变她面容的理由

5、是什么？或者她采取什么方法来改善呢？我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。修正：She tries many ways to improve her looks. 修正：There are some reasons why she tries to improve her looks。2写好主题句的中心思想E*ercise is beneficial to your heart. A 22-year study was conducted by doctors in California. They found that people who work at physical jobs e*perien

6、ce fewer heart attacks than other people. These active people work all the time at moderate speeds, their daily routine gives them an adequate amount of e*ercise and helps them stay in shape.E*ercise is beneficial这是毫无疑义的。但主题句中如不加上to your heart来加以 control 和 limit，那就流于空泛。因此，紧紧把握主题句中controlling idea的导向

7、和制约作用，是短文写作成功关键之一。3要注意主题的可写性所定的主题不能太笼统，也不能太具体。In Hemingways story Soldiers Home，Krebs tells his mother that he wants no part of Gods Kingdom这个句子太具体以至于无东西可写，无法展开段落。In Hemingways story Soldiers Home， Kreb is a lonely，cynical veteran这个句子可作为主题句，因为可以围绕lonely，cynical展开段落。Let me tell you something about ov

8、erpopulation这个句子太笼统，作为一个段落的主题太大，难于驾驭。Why has the world population been increasing sorapidly in the last decades？这个句子是个较好的主题句，作者用the reasons for overpopulation in the last decades，从原因cause和时间time两方面限制了主题，能在一个段落论述。2推展句 2.1 主要推展句 主要推展句(major supporting statement)的主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明，

9、句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。 例1：(主题句) There are several factors affecting climate. (推展句1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received. (推展句2)Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. (推展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. (推展句4)In addition, climate is influ

10、enced by the general circulation of the atmosphere. 主题句指出影响气候的几个因素。然后用四个扩展句说明四种因素。第一种是太的接收量，第二种是海拔高度，第三句和第四句分别是海洋和大气环流因素。 2.2 次要推展句 次要推展句(minor supporting statement)是指对主要推展句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明。它附属于*一个或*几个推展句。 例2：(主题句)I dont teach because teaching is not easy for me. (主要推展句1)Teaching is the most difficult

11、 of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. (主要推展句2)For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. (次要推展句1)Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. (次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm, because Im always ne

12、rvous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am. (次要推展句3)Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual. 附属于主要推展句2的三个次要推展句起着解释说明作用，分别解释red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach的含义，这就更加形象生动地证明了 teachin

13、g is not easy 这个主题。Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a position on the topic Credit Cards on Campus. You should write at least 150 words, and base your position on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1)近年来越来越多的大学生开场使用信用卡2)分析产生该现象的原因3)针对大学生使用信用卡提出你的建议Credit Cards on Camp

14、usIn recent years, credit cards have gained more popularity among college students. With banks more focus on college market, an increasing number of college students have applied for credit cards and begun to consume by them.The following three factors can account for the popularity of credit cards

15、on campus. Firstly, a credit card provides overdrawing service, which is a big attraction for those students who have not much money for their domination. Secondly, a credit card can help release financial burdens on those poor students, and hence reduce the risk of their dropping school for lacking

16、 money. Besides, many banks make some preferential policies on credit cards, like sending a gift, lowering year cost. Drawn by these policies, many college students have applied for credit cards.As far as I am concerned, it is not a bad thing for college students to own credit cards. However, there

17、is misuse of credit cards among college students. Many students use credit cards to buy lu*urious things they dont need really, and even some of them owe a big credit card debt. Therefore, schools and banks have responsibility to let college students learn how to use credit cards properly. Only in t

18、his way can college students enjoy really the advantages of credit cards.段落根本要素好的文章有一些主要的构成要素，段落就是其中之一。段落是用来在散文、故事或其他文章中组织信息的。在写段落时，我们通常包括以下容：主题句每个段落都应有一个要点，该要点通常由主题句表达。主题句应清楚地述本段落的信息。整个段落都围绕主题句展开。例如：书19页44行Young adults give many different reasons for moving to cities.不过也并不是所有的段落都有主题句的。比方有时一个段落延续了前一

19、个段落的主题，而前一个段落有主题句的情况下，这个段落就不一定有主题句了。主题句通常是段落的第一句。不过在散文、故事或其他一些文体的第一段中，主题句可以置于一段引子之后。为了吸引读者的注意力，我们可以使用一段引子。这个引子常常是一个有趣的事实、一个问题或一段引语。例如：书18页4行Older Americans are on the move.支撑句主题句后应跟有对其加以解释或证明的支撑句。例如：书18页8行For decades, Florida has been attracting older residents. In fact, according to the national po

20、pulation survey conducted in 2000, Florida was home to the largest population of people aged 65 and older.段落中的支撑句的排列顺序是有逻辑的。我们可以使用过渡的词语将每句句子与其前后的句子连接。可使用的过渡词语包括for e*ample, for instance, furthermore, first, second, third, on the other hand, however, but和also。书18页23行Florida is a popular choice for th

21、ese people because of the climate and the states relatively flat landscape. However, as the number of older Americans moving there increases, more changes are made to cater to them. For e*ample, ambulance response time has been decreased, and many houses have bathrooms designed for elderly homeowner

22、s, with things like walk-in bathtubs that reduce the risk of slips and falls.结论句段落应以一句用新的方式重复主题句容的句子结尾。当然了，结论句不是主题句的简单重复，而是对它的扩展与总结。有时也可以用结论句来表达关于这个主题的最后想法，或用它来帮助引入下一段的主题。书19页42行Across the USA, people are noticing the same thing: young people want to live in cities.注意与中文不同，英文段落中的主题句-支撑句-结论句的构造一般情况下是

23、很明确的。而中文段落的主题句可能出现在段首、段中或段末。这是中西文的不同之处。相关练习选出以下各段落的主题句One of the reasons for visiting the lighthouses is that the lighthouses have a profound history and provide a good view of nature.Visiting lighthouses will help us to understand the lives of lighthouse keepers.Another reason for considering a vis

24、it is that the lighthouses themselves can be very attractive buildings.The most important reason for such a visit is to realize how our ancestors battled nature with the basic tools they had.Everyone should visit a lighthouse at least once._ They had only basic ways of creating light, and yet they f

25、ound a way of using this simple technology in isolated (孤零零的) places to save ships from hitting rocks._ By their very nature, lighthouses were built on some rocks or cliffs. Thus the lighthouse keepers often lived lonely lives. To walk around their small home, and imagine the angry storm outside bea

26、ting against the walls, is to take a step towards understanding the lives they had.The reason for a visit to a lighthouse is not all so backward-looking in time. It is true that lighthouses were built in out-of-way places. But on a pleasant sunny summer day, this very isolation has a natural beauty

27、that many people will love to e*perience. Therefore, with the gentle waves touching all round the lighthouse, the visitor is likely to think it is a world preferable to the busy and noisy modern life._ Mankind could often not be content just to put up a basic structure, but felt the need, even in su

28、ch an isolated place, to build with an artistic touch. The result is a view for tired eyes to enjoy. Finally, lighthouses have a romantic attraction, summed up by the image of the oil-skin-coated keeper climbing his winding stairs to take care of the light to warn ships and save lives.将以下句子按逻辑顺序组合成段

29、落First, dont let your pride get in your way. Most of us can forgive each other when differences are brought out in the open.Second, apologize when you are wrong- even if youve been wronged. Over the course of a friendship, even the best people make mistakes.And finally, accept that friendships chang

30、e as our needs and lifestyle change. Making friends can sometimes seem easy.My suggestion: Consider friendship an honor and a gift, and worth the effort to treasure and nurture培养.The good news is that most troubled friendships can be mended.Third, see things from your friends point of view.Sometimes

31、, it may be best if the wronged person takes the lead and apologizes. When you apologize, give you friend a chance to admit that he has been wrong.The hard part is keeping the connections strong during the natural ups and downs that have an effect on all relationships.正确的段落顺序是：_选词填空thenlatersincewhe

32、neveron the other handandoncewhileon the contraryin the first caseDo you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness and self-respect The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as honor helps you create this life of good feelings.Heres an e*ample to show how ho

33、norable actions create happiness. Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item. If we keep silent, and profit from the clerks mistake, we would drive home with a sense of sneaky e*citement. (1) _ we might tell our family or friends about our good fortune. (2) _, if we tell the clerk about the un

34、charged item, the clerk would begrateful and thank us for our honesty. We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul.(3) _, what is it to do with our sense of happiness(4) _, where we dont tell the clerk, a couple of things would happen. Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief. In the process,