计算机组织与结构chap1

1、1 - 1lHardware* lSoftwareIEEEACMlPurposeknow the internal structure and how computer worksComputer curricula for CS, CE, SEInstitute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersAssociation for Computing Machinery1 - 2Textbook:lComputer organization and architecture, 7-8th edition, William Stallings, Pear

2、son, Prentice Hall, 2006, 2009.l计算机组成原理, 第四版, 白中英主编, 科学出版社, 2008.Bibliography:lComputer organization & design : the hardware/ software interface, 3-4 edition, David A. Patterson, John L. Hennessy, Morgan Kaufmann, 2006, 2010 (MIPS, ARM)1 - 3CPU: Intel 80486 DX-33 (33MHz) RAM: 4MB on BoardHDD: 170MB

3、IDE I/O W/2SFDD: 1.2MB & 1.44MBGraphic card: 8900C SVGA W/1MMonitor: 14” SVGAPrice: HK$ 10,9081 - 4CPU: Intel酷睿i5-2410M, 2.3GHzCache: 3MB 三级高速共享共享缓存 (L3)芯片组芯片组: Intel HM65高速芯片组RAM: 4GB DDR3硬盘硬盘: 750GB SATA光驱光驱: 超级超级DVD刻录机刻录机 网卡网卡: 100M/1000M以太自适应网卡 802.11bgn无线局域网卡无线局域网卡显卡显卡: nVidia GeForce GT550独立显卡

4、显存显存: 2GB DDR3独立显存显示器: 14” LED其他其他: 视频输出视频输出 HDMI高清影音端口高清影音端口, 200万像素摄像头万像素摄像头 价格: 5500元1 - 5CPU: Intel 酷睿i5-2450M, 2.5GHz (可达3.1GHz)RAM: 4GB DDR3(1333 MT/s) (2GBx2)SSD: 128GB, SATA 6Gb/s (64GBx2 (RAID 0)无线无线LAN: IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n 无线无线WAN: CDMA2000Bluetooth: Bluetooth 3.0图形处理器: Intel高清显卡 3000Monito

5、r: 13.1” 摄像头摄像头: 1280 x1024Price: 14,000元1 - 6Solid State Disk Disk1 - 7lCPU的主频2GHz=20亿次振动/秒=2x109 cycles/slMulticore 1 - 8CPU: 1.2GHz内存内存: 1GBSSD: 16GB显示器: 9.7寸无线网卡: 接口: HDMI价格: 1700元High Definition Multimedia Interface 1 - 9l主频主频: 也叫时钟频率时钟频率, 单位是MHz, GHz, 用来表示 CPU的运算速度l前端总线(FSB, Front Side Bus)频率w

6、 前端总线前端总线(FSB)频率频率(即总线频率即总线频率) 直接影响直接影响CPU与与内存内存数据数据交换速度交换速度 ( (通过北桥通过北桥) )w 数据传输最大带宽取决于所有同时传输的数据的宽度和数据传输最大带宽取决于所有同时传输的数据的宽度和传输传输频率频率，即数据带宽，即数据带宽(总线频率数据宽度总线频率数据宽度)/8lMIPS = Million Instructions Per Second (每秒百万次)lMFLOPS = Million Floating Point Operations Per Second (每秒百万次浮点操作)1 - 10lCPU - 386 - 486

7、 -/- Pentium - MMX - PII - P4 Core2 33 MHz 3 GHzlRAM - Cache - flash memoryMG KM MGlHard diskMBTBlI/O: serial - parallel - serial (including USB)- Disk: IDE - SATA (Integrated Device Electronics, ATA) (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)- floppyU disk - CD-ROM - CD-R - CD-RW - DVD-ROM - Combo - D

8、VD recorder1 - 11lRapid pacewbasic component (vacuum tube, transistor, IC) wunderlying integrated circuit technologylMany applications become feasiblewSmart cardswMobile deviceswGene 1 - 12lNumber of transistors on a chip will double every yearlSince 1970s, Number of transistors doubles every 18 mon

9、ths如果交通运输业也象计算机那样发展, 则今天我们能够花50美分在5秒内穿越大洋.83年, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93. 03年12h 6h 3h 22m 12h/210 12x3600/210 = 43200/103 = 43秒P29Introduction1 - 14single-chip processorembedded computer (more than 10/family)personal computer (desktop microcomputer)mobile computer and mobile devicesgame consoleserver (min

10、icomputer, workstation)mainframesupercomputer1 - 151个电子管个电子管1个晶体管个晶体管1块芯片块芯片包含1亿个晶体管芯片内的电子线路1 - 16 图1.7 第一台计算机ENIAC1st computerDesk-topNotebook PC Tablet PC微机的微型化1 - 17Embedded computerMobile device1 - 18Embedded computers woven into clothing canmonitor heart and breathing rates. Wearing hidden embe

11、dded computers can help the elderly and people recovering from surgeries monitor their stride and pace. When their steps are uneven, the embedded computer can sound a warning and prevent a fall.Stride 步态,步幅1 - 191 - 20ServerMainframeSupercompueter 2010年世界上世界上运行速度最快的最快的, 我国的天河一号超级计算机。2570万亿次/秒1 - 21C

12、omputerPeripheralsInternetMain MemoryInputOutputSystemsInterconnectionCentralProcessing UnitComputerCommunicationdevice MemoryCPUI/OBusI/OInternetcommunicationcache1 - 23ComputerCPUI/OMemorySystemBusArithmeticand Login UnitControlUnitInternal CPUInterconnectionRegistersCPUP11CacheComm.1 - 24 memoryC

13、PUBusALUControlunitRegistersProgramDataMemoryCPUBoth in digitalCache I/OI/OInternetcommunication1 - 25lCPU - process data, controllmemory - store datalI/O - move data, store datalNIC - communicatelbus - interconnection, move datalinternal memory - temporary storage, mediumDRAM: 50 - 100ns,cost: 1lex

14、ternal memory - permanent storage, largeDisk: 5 - 20 ms,cost: 1/50速度相差将近几十万倍 1 - 26lms - s - ns -10-3 10-6 10-9 milli,毫 micro,微 nano,纳lmm - m - nm -lK bytes - MB - GB - TB - PB - EB 210(103) 220(106) 230(109) (1012) (1015) (1018)Kilo Mega Giga Tera Peta Exa 千千 百万百万 十亿十亿 万亿万亿 兆兆 千兆千兆(吉吉) 兆兆兆兆(太太) 千兆兆

15、千兆兆(拍拍)1 - 27lMother board (printed circuit board)lChips (IC)DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module, 直接插入)PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect, 外设部件互连)以前 CPUDIMMslotsIDEconn.FDDIPS/2USBSerialParallelportsAudioMIDIportPCIslotsAGPUSBISA slotsCh-12Ch-5Ch-7Ch-7Ch-31 - 29 CPUDIMMslotsIDE(ATA)PS/2USBSerialPar

16、allelportsAudioMIDIportPCIexpressChipsetUSBPCISATA1394Ch-3Ch-7现在1 - 301 - 316 SATA ports 2 IDE ports 1 - 32lArchitecture(overall) Stored program computer : CPU, Memory, I/Ovon Neumann 冯 诺依曼, Turing 图灵lOrganization how implementsingle-chip processorw All components on one chipw CPU is simple (instruc

17、tion set is small)supercomputerw May have thousands of processors, large memory, many peripherals 1 - 33lArchitecture is those attributes visible to the programmer - abstract interfaceswInstruction set, number of bits used for data representation, addressing techniques, . we.g. All Intel x86 family

18、share the same basic architecture code compatibility, backwardslOrganization is how features are implementedwControl signals, memory technology, .Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition? Cache?we.g. 286, 386,Pentium,. are different implementations 1 - 34机器OS汇编语言高级语言逻辑电路/

19、微程序1 - 351. StructurewCPU ALU, control unit, registers, interconnection, cachewMemory Cache, Internal memory, External memorywI/OwCommunicationwBus2. UnitswKB - MB - GB - TB - PB - EBwms - s - ns1 - 363. 计算机性能指标计算机性能指标w CPU Speed: 主频, MIPS, MFLOPS TFLOPS (万亿次浮点 运算)w Memory Capacity: GB Speed: 33Mhz400MHz, 533MHz800MHz, 1066MHz1600MHzw I/O Speed capacitylASCII: Maps 128 characters to 7-bit code.wboth printable and non-p