高中英语二轮专题词汇辨析系列A部讲义

1、46 already和all readyalready是表示时间的副词，意为“已经”，所在句中的谓语动词常用完成时。already可置于句中或句尾，偶尔也可放在句首。They have already arrived.他们已经到了。The postman has already been here.邮递员已经来过了。Its ten oclock already.已经10点钟了。Already the moon is rising.月亮已经升起了。 all ready是两个词，为形容词短语，意为“完全准备好的”，副词all修饰形容词ready。The letters are all ready

2、for post.信件都已准备好邮寄。Are you all ready?你们都准备好了吗？We are all ready to go on the trip.我们都已完全准备好了去旅行。47 already, still和yet的特殊用法already可用于疑问句中，放在句尾，表示“惊讶，怀疑”。Has he arrived already?他已经到了？(真没想到)Have you finished supper already?Its only half past five.你已经吃过晚饭了？才五点半呢。 still意为“仍然，还”，表示某事正在进行中或正在过程中，用于进行时或一般现在时

3、，且常用于肯定句，有时也用于疑问句和否定句。里谈你e ar sil oling in the rom.他们仍在房间She is still very young.她仍然很年轻。Is he waiting still? 他还在等吗？比较He is still sitting.他仍然坐着。(still表示“仍然”)He is sitting still.他坐着不动。(still表示“不动的”) notyet表示“还没有”，也常用于完成时，有时用一般现在时。He hasnt done his homework yet.他还没有做完家庭作业。She isnt home yet.她还没有到家。提示yet

4、可用于由although引导的让步状语从句中，表示“但是”；yet也可用作连词，引导从句，表示“然而”。Although he tried his best, yet he didnt win thegame.虽然他尽了最大努力，但没能赢得那场比赛。She wanted to come, (and) yet she was ill.她想来，可是她病了。(如果用and yet，yet就是副词)比较Have you heard the news yet?(一般询问)Have you heard the news already?(表示惊讶)Is she here yet? 她来了没有?(=Has

5、she arrived?)Is she still here?她还在这里吗？(=Hasnt she left?)48 alternative和alternate alternative表示“两者择一的，另一个的”。They are alternative ways of expressing the sameidea.它们是表达同一意思的不同方法。2alternate表示“交替的，轮流的（happeningby turns)；间隔的；候补的，供替代的”。Last week was a week of alternate rain andsunshine.上星期时晴时雨。Tom went to

6、work on alternate days.汤姆每隔一天上班。提示alternative和alternate还可以作名词。49 although和though1although和though引导让步状语从句，although较正式。although和though引导的从句可放在句首或句尾；位于句首时，常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时，用不用逗号都可以。Although/Though they are poor,they are kind.他们虽穷，但却善良。Although/Though she is young, she has muchknowledge.她虽年轻，但知识很丰富。He is

7、 strong although he is very old.他虽然年事已高，但仍很健壮。 although和though不能同but在同一句中连用，也就是说，用了although和though，便不能用but，用了but，便不能用although或though。这本书虽然贵，但却值得买。The book is dear,but it is worth buying.正Although the book is dear,it is worth buying.正Although the book is dear,but it is worth buying. though可用于倒装句中，而al

8、though则不可。Rich though she is,she is not happy.她虽然很有钱，但并不幸福。 though可以用作连词，并可以用作副词，放在句尾，表示“不过，可是”，而although则不可。He is an old though strong man.他是个年迈但很强壮的人。It is hard work; I like it,though.这是件艰苦的工作，但是我喜欢。A:Its a beautiful skirt.这件裙子真漂亮。B:Its very expensive,though.不过，倒是挺贵的。 though可表示假设的情况，不指事实，从句用虚拟语气，a

9、lthough则不能这样用。He will never do such a thing though he (should) be forced to.他即使被迫也不会做这种事。有什么关系)等，although则不可。Ill leave even though it rains tomorrow.即使明天下雨，我也要动身了。What though the way is long?路远又有什么关系呢？though引导的从句的主谓语如果是系表结构，可省略从句的主语和be动词。This article is very important though (it is)short.这篇文章虽短，但很重要

10、。Though liking the car, I havent enough money to buy it.误 (因为从句不是含有be动词的系表结构)Though fond of the car, I havent enough money to buy it.50 altogether和all together1 altogether是一个词，为副词，意为“完全(completely)，总的来说(on the whole)”。They altogether agree to the proposal.他们完全同意那个建议。Altogether, it is a good book.总的来

11、说，这是一本好书。 all together是两个词，为副词短语，意为“同时都，一道”。Please dont ask her questions all together.请不要一起向她问问题。They left all together.他们一起走了。提示altogether和all together均可表示“一共，总共”。Therewerealtogether/all together twenty students present at the meeting.总共有20名学生出席了会议。51 animal, beast, cattle 和creatureanimal动物的总称，与“植

12、物(plant)”相对；也可表示除人类以外的“动物”。Which animal do you like best, a dog, a cat or ahorse?你最喜欢哪种动物，狗、猫还是马?Men, birds and tigers are all animals.人、鸟、虎都是动物。beast四足兽，牲畜；指人时，含有贬义。Lion is the king of beasts.狮子是万兽之王。They hated that beast of a boss.他们恨透了那个狼心狗肺的老板。He worked like a beast of burden in those years.在那些年

13、里，他像牛马一样地干活。cattle指牛一类的牲畜，为集体名词。He has five head of cattle.他有5头牛。The fields were full of cattle.田野里到处是牛。creature生物，动物，指除了植物以外的生物。指人时，常含爱怜或轻蔑之意。These are delightful little creatures.这些是可爱的小动物。She is a beautiful creature.她是个漂亮女子。You shouldnt have shown pity for that creature.你不该怜悯那家伙。52 answer, reply和

14、respond1answer为常用语，指用书面、口头或行动来对他人的询问、请求、指责或质问等作出回答或反应。Who can answer the question?谁能回答这个问题？You should answer her letter right away.你应该马上给她回信。2 reply为书面用语，指经过考虑的较正式的答复。除了后面接直接引语或that引导的名词从句外，一般用作不及物动词，常与to搭配，强调对问题内容的详细答复。而answer则强调回答的动作，表示一般的应答时，只能用answer，如：answer the telephone (接电话)，answer the door

15、(应声开门)等，不可用reply。She did not reply to his letter.她没有给他回信。He replied that he might go.他回话说他可能去。3 respond侧重于在接到对方问题、要求或表态后以行动而不是以言语作出反应，作不及物动词用时后接to。She kindly responded to my question.她很客气地回答了我的问题。The girl responded with a smile.那女孩微笑着作答。They responded by going on a strike.他们以罢工来作出反应。53 answer for和an

16、swer to1answer for通常表示两种含义。(1)表示“对负责，担保”，相当于be responsible for。We cant answer for her actions.我们不能对她的行为负责。I cant answer for his experience, but I can answer for his honesty.我不能担保他有经验，但我能担保他诚实。(2)表示“为吃苦头，受报应”，相当于suffer as a result of。You will answer for your carelessness some day.总有一天你会为粗心大意而吃苦头的。He

17、will have to answer for his crime.他会因其罪行而受惩罚的。2answer to通常表示“和一致，对作出响应”。His action does not answer to his words.他做的和说的不一样。She answered to her mothers call by comingdownstairs.她听到母亲的喊声就下楼了。3 answer to还可表示“对负责”，这时它可以同answer for换用。Youll have to answer to me if any harm comes to this child.如果这孩子受到任何伤害，你

18、得对我负责。提示“in answer to+名词”为惯用短语，意为“响应，回答”，在句中作状语。She came in answer to the telephone call.她接到电话就来了。In answer to her shouts,people ran to help.听到她的呼叫声，人们就跑去救她。54 anxious和eager anxious担心的，焦急的(about)；渴望的(for)。We are anxious about her safety.我们为她的安全担心。They are anxious for peace.他们渴望和平。2 eager渴望的，热切的，指对成功

19、的热情，常同for，after或about连用。He is eager for success.他渴望成功。He is eager about going.他急切想去。(本句不可用for)She is eager about her progress.她渴望进步。提示eager和anxious后均可接不定式，表示“急切”。He is eager to see his parents.他急切想见到父母。They are anxious to know the result.他们急切想知道结果。eager和anxious后均可接that从句，表示“急切”，从句用should型虚拟语气。We are

20、 anxious that he (should) avoid themistake.我们希望他能避免出错。55 be anxious about sth./doingsth.和be anxious to do sth.某些形容词后可接介词，也可接不定式，但表示的含义不同。比较 be anxious about sth./doing sth.担心的，忧虑的be anxious to do sth.想要，渴望She is anxious about telling him the news.她对把这一消息告诉他表示担心。She is anxious to tell him the news.她急

21、切地想把这一消息告诉他。(be eager to) be interested in sth./doing sth.对感兴趣be interested to do sth.愿意，想要He is interested in the film.他对这部电影感兴趣。He is interested to see the film.他想看这部电影。(would like to) be ashamed of sth./doing sth.为感到羞be ashamed to do sth.因羞愧而不想He is ashamed of speaking to her like that.他为那样同她说话感到

22、羞愧。He is ashamed to tell her how he missed thechance.他为失去了那次机会而羞愧，不想告诉她。(doesnt want to) be sorry about doing sth.对过去发生的事表示歉意be sorry to do sth.对现在发生的事表示遗憾I am sorry about qiving you so much trouble in the past.过去曾给你带来许多麻烦，我很抱歉。I am sorry to tell you that you cant stay here anylonger.我很遗憾地告诉你，你不能再待在

23、这里了。56 applaud,cheer和clap1applaud (praise esp.by striking ones handstogether)(以鼓掌表示)赞扬，赞成或欢迎。The audience applauded the singer for fiveminutes.观众为那位歌唱家鼓掌长达5分钟。I applaud your decision.我赞成你的决定。2 cheer (shout in praise, approval or support)欢呼(表示赞扬、赞同或支持)。They cheered the victory.他们为胜利而欢呼。3 clap (show o

24、nes approval by striking ones hands together quickly and loudly)赞成(用力猛烈鼓掌表示此意)。The people in the theatre enjoyed the play and clapped loudly.剧场中的观众喜爱这部戏剧，报以热烈掌声。57 apply to和apply forapply to适用于，施加，运用。The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.安全驾驶规则适用于每个人。apply for申请。Hundredsof young people applied

25、 for theposition.数百名年轻人申请这个职位。She is applying for an entrance visa.她正在申请入境签证。58 appoint和name1 appoint指官方委任。The president appointed him (to be/as) foreignminister.总统任命他为外交部部长。He was appointed to a high position.他被委以重任。He was appointed sales manager.他被任命为销售部经理。2 name为普通用语，侧重于任命的结果而不是过程。They named Mr.

26、Smith for the presidency.他们提名史密斯先生担任主席。He was named manager.他被任命为经理。We named him to head the committee.我们任命他为委员会主席。提示可用名词作宾语/主语补足语的动词还有call，appoint,crown(立为王)，elect,make,declare等，这种用法中的名词前通常不用定冠词或不定冠词。They elected him president.他们选举他当总统。William was crowned king.威廉被立为国王。He was appointed mayor.他被任命当市长

27、。有时，当补语不限一人时，用不定冠词表示不止一人。He was appointed an assistant professor.他被聘为副教授。(美式英语说法，等于associate professor)有时，补语是正职或独一无二时，也用定冠词。They make him the chairman every year.他们每年都选他担任主席。59 appreciable和appropriate appreciable可以察觉到的，可注意到的，值得重视的。There was an appreciable drop in temperature.温度明显地下降了。2 appropriate适当

28、的，恰如其分的。Plain, simple clothes are appropriate for schoolwear.简朴的服装适合上学时穿。60 appreciate和thankappreciate和thank均可表示“感谢”，均为及物动词，但appreciate的宾语是事或物，而thank的宾语是人。We greatly appreciate your help.我们非常感谢你的帮助。I would much appreciate it if you could do me thatfavor.要是你能帮个忙，我将非常感谢。Thank you so much for coming.非常

29、感谢你的光临。比较I thank your kindness to the full.(误】I appreciate your kindness to the full. 我十分感谢你的好意。61 Are you?Are you.?用来询问、猜测，意为“你是吗？”，后可接名词、形容词、分词或介词短语。Are you free now?你现在有空吗？Are you a middle school student?你是一名中学生吗？Are you satisfied with it?你对它满意吗？比较你是美国人吗？Are you an American?(唐突，不雅)Are you from Am

30、erica? (宜用)62 area, region, district和zone1 area为一般用语，边界不十分分明，可大可小，可作“面积、领域”讲，不指行政上的地理单位。This school covers an area of 300 mu.这所学校占地300亩。My study is 12 square meters in area.我的书房面积是12平方米。There have been many developments in the area of language teaching.语言教学领域已有很多新的发展。region指固定的一个区域，地理范围较大，这一区域以一定的特点

31、或条件而不同于其他地区，也指人体的区(部)位。region还可表示“领域”。They are trying hard to build up the borderregions.他们在努力建设边区。He had a pain in the region of his heart yesterday.他昨天感到心脏疼痛。He is an authority in the region of chemistry.他是化学领域的权威。district指行政区，可以分得比较细，可指同一城市内的各种区域，也可以是大的具体的行政区。Londons West End and East End are ent

32、irely different districts of the city.伦敦东区和西区是全然不同的行政区。zone是与外部有严格界线的行政区或地区。Shenzhen is a special zone.深圳是一个特区。坡的； doedoonent teoion 开发区(没有严格限制地adevelopment zone开发区(严格限制地域的)63 argue和debateargue为普通用语，常指为坚持己见，进行推理，或弄清一个问题，提出论证说理，进行热烈争论，以说服他人。Lets not argue about this.我们别为这件事争论了。I argued with her for a

33、 long time,but she refused to listen to reason.我和她辩论了好长时间，但她拒不服理。提示1argue构成的常用搭配：argue about/over a matter 为某事争论argue on a subject 就一个专题进行辩论argue on a question就一问题进行辩论argue with sb.about sth.为某事同某人辩论argue against sb. about sth.为某事同某人辩论argue against each other about sth.为某事互相争吵argue o doingsth.说服某人做某

34、事argue sb.out of doing sth.说服某人不做某事2argue可接that从句，但不可接不定式或when, what,whether引导的从句。He argued that she should not go.他争辩说，她不应该去。 debate正式用语，强调双方陈述理由，进行全面的、彻底的辩论，目的是通过争论，以求得到正确的认识或达成共识。They are debating a question now.他们正在辩论一个问题。The committee debated whether an expressway should be built or not.委员会就是否应

35、修建一条高速公路进行了辩论。The subject was hotly debated.这个题目曾经过热烈的辩论。提示debate构成的常用搭配：debate on/about the question 辩论某个问题debate with sb.同某人辩论debate what to do next辩论下一步怎么做64 arise, appear,loom和emerge arise表示“出现”，侧重在人们觉察，觉察方式可以是视觉、听觉、嗅觉，尤其是心灵的感知，风雨的出现，机遇、困难、变化、必要性等的出现，都可以用arise。A new problem has arisen.出现了一个新的问题。

36、A difficulty arose right here.就在这里出现了困难。 loom指仿佛从昏暗或雾中出现，隐约出现，有时在比喻意义上，可以表示恐怖而又庞然的东西突然出现。After several days voyage a strap of land loomed in the distance.一连航行了几天，一长条陆地在远处隐约出现。A terrible volcano eruption is looming for theisland.一场可怕的火山爆发阴影笼罩着该岛。emerge表示在一段隐蔽、模糊、不为人所察的状况之下，穿破包围而出现，或第一次出现。The moon eme

37、rges from the dark cloud.月亮从乌云中钻了出来。appear是最一般的词，没有什么特殊含义，只表示出现了，可以见到了。Venus appeats both in the early morning and atdusk.金星在清晨和黄昏时都会出现。65 art, skill和techniqueart最普通，可表示多门技巧，为不可数名词，也表示“艺术”。the art of writing写作技巧the art of cooking烹饪技术the art of making friends交友技巧the art of building 建筑艺术literature and

38、 art文学与艺术 skill表示专门性或高超的技术，技能，也表示“熟练，娴熟”。play the piano with skill 钢琴弹得熟练the skill of a surgeon外科医生的技术3technique表示体育、工艺、工业等的“技术，技能”。drawing technique绘画技巧advanced farming technique 先进的农业技术66 article, essay,paper和thesis1 article最常用，指书籍、报刊上的文章。The newspaper has a good article on gardening.本报上有一篇谈园艺的佳作。

39、See the article printed in the Outlook for October15.请参阅10月15号瞭望杂志刊登的那篇文章。2essay表示“论文，小品文，随笔”，指在学校作为作业而写的短文或短小的论述文。I have to write an essay entitled“My Friend”.我得写一篇题为“我的朋友”的文章。 paper表示“论文”，常指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指学生的学期论文。paper水平不如thesis高，篇幅也较短。He is preparing a paper on world population for the

40、meeting.他正在为会议准备一篇关于世界人口的论文。Her term paper was well received by the class.她的学期论文受到班级好评。thesis为一种综述性论文，是对某一专业的综合性论述，通过大量阅读专业书籍和杂志而写成，介于50350页。He wrote the doctors thesis within two years.他在两年里写了那篇博士论文。67 artificial,imitative,false和syntheticartificial特指按人的艺术观点或技能模仿天然物质的仿造品。artificial也表示“做作的”。artificia

41、l diamonds人造钻石I hate her artificial looks on the face.我讨厌她做作的面部表情。imitative强调仿制品具有与原物相近的特性。false特指替代物用以弥补缺失，有时指伪装的物品。 synthetic指用化学方法合成的材料。man-made强调人工作用。false teeth假牙a false bottom(箱子等的)夹层synthetic rubber 人造橡胶“人工湖”用artificial lake和man-madelake都可以。“人造革”用artificial/man-made/synthetic leather都可以。68 as

42、用法难点 as用作介词。(1)表示“作为，充当”。As a young man, you should work hard.作为年轻人，你应该努力工作。This room is used as a reading room.这间屋子被用作阅览室。(2)表示“像，如同”，后跟名词或代词。Her mother still treats her as a baby.她母亲仍然把她像小孩子一样对待。We should unite as one man.我们应该团结得如同一人。as用作连词。(1)引导时间状语从句，表示“当的时候”，强调两个动作同时发生，或者一个动作紧随另一个动作发生。As I was

43、leaving, the teacher saw me.当我离开时，老师看到了我。As they talked, they listened to the music.他们一边谈话，一边听音乐。(2)引导原因状语从句，表示“因为”，相当于because。I dont go downtown very often, as I am busy with my lessons.我不常进城，因为我功课很忙。As it rained hard that day, they put off themeeting.由于那天下大雨，他们取消了那次会议。(3)引导方式状语从句，表示“如同，像”。He speak

44、s English just as Englishmen do.他说英语就像英国人说英语一样。She studies as others do.她像别人一样地学习。Shes a writer, as her mother used to be.她像母亲以前一样是一位作家。(4)在asas，asas possible等结构中引导比较状语。asas还表示“和一样”,not so/asas表示“不如，不及”。Ill finish the work as soon as I can.我将尽早完成这项工作。Please come as early as possible.请尽量早来。(=Please c

45、ome as early as you can.)David plays football as well as Frank.大卫足球踢得和弗兰克一样好。She seems as busy as she used to be.她好像和以前一样忙。It is not so simple as it sounds.这不像听上去那样简单。(5)引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然，尽管”，但要用倒装结构。名词形容词+as+主语+谓语副词动词+as+主语Child as he is,he knows a lot of things.他虽然是个孩子，但知道许多事情。(注意，这种倒装结构中的名词前不用冠词，不可说

46、A child as he is或Thechild as he is。)Clever as he is, he cant do it.尽管他很聪明，也做不了这事。Much as she admired him,she didnt love him.尽管她很钦佩他，但并不爱他。比较Hard as he tried,he didnt succeed.他虽然非常努力，但没有成功。(让步状语从句)As he tried hard,he succeeded.由于他非常努力，他成功了。(原因状语从句)as用作关系代词，表示“像一样，正如一样”，常用于as is known(众所周知)，以及asis kno

47、wn to all (众所周知)，the same as (如同一样)，as follows(如下)结构中。He wears the same shoes as his father does.他穿的鞋同他父亲穿的一样。As is known to all, China has made greatprogress.众所周知，中国已经取得了巨大进步。This dictionary is not such as I expect.这不是我所期望的词典。(as引导从句修饰such)As he said, we could not finish the work on time.正如他所说的，我们不

48、能按时完成工作。The machine, as had been expected, has gonewrong.正如预料的那样，这台机器出毛病了。比较Three days ago I lost the same watch as youhave.三天前，我丢了一块像你一样的手表。(手表款式相同，但不是同一块表)Three days ago I lost the same watch that youhave.三天前，我丢的就是你现在的这块手表。(为同一块手表)提示such as作“例如”解时，用于对前面所说的事物作进一步的举例说明，所列的项目不可全部列出。Some big cities in

49、 China, such as Nanjing, Xian and Hangzhou, are famous for theit scenicspots.中国的一些大城市，如南京、西安和杭州，都以风景名胜而著称。He has been to a lot of countries, such asJapan， England and France.他到过许多国家，如日本、英国和法国。69 as early as,as muchas和twice asasasas并不仅仅表示同等比较，它还有其他多种用法。as+副词原级+as表示“尽可能地”，这种结构强调的是副词，指同一人尽可能地做某事，不是两者的比

50、较。He ran as fast as he could.他尽可能快地跑。Ill return as early as possible.我将尽早返回。I want to see her as soon as possible.我要尽早见到她。2as many+复数名词+as和as much+不可数名词+as表示“尽可能多的，同一样多的”，这种结构强调的是名词。You need to read as many books as possible.你需要读尽可能多的书。Please lend me as much money as you can.请尽可能多地借钱给我。I have as man

51、y books as you have.我的书同你的书一样多。I havent got as much money as I need.我没有所需要的那么多钱。The manager has had as many people as he needs.经理已经请够了他所需要的人。3as+many(名词） +as和as+much(名词)+as结构中的many和much是名词，指某事，表示“尽可能多的某物，同一样多的某物”。比较Please take as many as you can.请尽可能多的带上。(many作名词)Please take as many books as you can

52、.请尽可能多的带上书。(many作形容词)He drank as much as he could.他尽兴地喝。(much 作名词)He drank as much wine as he could.他尽兴地喝酒。(much作形容词)He didnt get as much as he expected.他没有得到所期望的那么多。(much作名词)He didnt get as much money as he expected.他没有得到所期望的那么多钱。 asas结构前可以加数词，表示倍数或数量，如twice, six times, half, a quarter,three-fourth

53、s等。This mountain is twice as high as that one.这座山比那座山高一倍。He has five times as many books as I.他的书比我的书多四倍。The road is not half as long as expected.这条路没有所预料的一半长。This hospital has got two-thirds as many doctors as it needs.这所医院现在的医生人数是所需要的三分之二。 asas前面可用almost,nearly, exactly, just, nothing like 等修饰。She

54、 is nearly as tall as her mother.她几乎同她母亲一样高。This book is exactly as thick as that one.这本书同那本书刚好一样厚。Your handwriting is every bit as good as his.你的书法同他的一样好。He is nothing like as modest as he used to be.他不像以前那样谦逊了。60as+形容词/副词+as+形容词/副词表示“既又”。The boy is as honest as clever.这男孩既聪明又诚实。The water in the la

55、ke is as clean as clear.这湖水既清澈又干净。He paints as beautifully as quickly.他画得又快又好。7 asas构成的惯用语很多。as well as和as long as只要as soon as一就as tame as a chicken 非常听话as good as ones word一诺千金as sure as death 千真万确as hungry as a wolf 饥肠辘辘as large as life栩栩如生as stubborn as a mule 固执己见as like as two pears一模一样as thin

56、as a lath骨瘦如柴as drunk as a sow烂醉如泥70 as far as和as long as1as far as有两种含义：1表示“就而言”；表示“到地点”。As far as I know, he is very honest.就我所知，他很诚实。They strolled as far as the beach.他们散步到海边。This is the only thing we can do, as far as I see.就我所知，这是我们唯一能做的事。As far as I can understand it is quite out of hispower.就

57、我的理解，这真的超出了他的能力。As far as I can remember, they are all honest and hardworking men.在我的记忆里，他们都是诚实、勤劳的人们。2 as long as也有两种含义：表示“只要”，这时也可说成so long as；2表示“长达之久”。You can succeed as long as you try your best.只要竭尽全力，你就会成功。He felt free and happy, as long as he was athome.只要他一回到家，就感到自在且快乐。As long as you can ke

58、ep away from them, you aresafe.只要你远离他们，你就是安全的。He stayed in the middle school as long as fouryears.他在那所中学里待了四年之久。71 as followsas follows是一个习惯用语，意为“如下”，常用作表语，也可作方式状语。作表语时，不论主语是单数还是复数，均用as follows。His speech is as follows.他的演讲内容如下。The rules are as follows.规章制度如下。The letter reads as follows.信的内容如下。72 as

59、 if和as thoughas if和as though的用法几乎完全相同，表示“好像，仿佛”，只是as if用得更为普遍。as if/asthough引导状语从句，有三种时态：表示有可能动词用一般现在时表示与现在事实相反动词用一般过去式表示与过去事实相反动词用过去完成式It looks as if it is going to rain.看来好像要下雨了。My teacher loves me as though I were his ownchild.我的老师爱我就像自己的孩子一样。He looks as if nothing had happened.他看起来好像什么事都没有发生过。2a

60、s if/as though后也可接不定式，表示即将发生的情况。She opened her lips as if (she was going) tospeak.她张开嘴好像有话要说。He raised his hand as if to take off his hat.他举起手，好像要取下帽子。as if/as though后还可接名词、形容词（短语)、介词短语和分词。He acts as if a fool.他做事像个傻子。The mountain appears as if covered with whitesnow.那座山看上去好像有白雪覆盖一样。She glanced abou