Whatweknowaboutmenwhobuysex.DrTeela

1、What we know about men who buy sex.Dr Teela SandersUniversity of Leedst.l.m.UKNSWP Annual Conference6th October 2006Britannia Hotel, Manchester1Aims of the presentationBrief over-view of the literature on men who buy sex from female sex workersEvaluation of rehabilitation programmesWhy the re-focus

2、on kerbcrawlers in policy?The impact of criminalisation?2Prevalence of Men buying sexNational Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles 1990 2000 from 2% to 4.2% (Johnson et al 2001)8.9% in Greater LondonWard et al (2005) survey of 6,000 men in 1990 & 2000 in UK.1990, 5.6 % had purchased sex2000, in

3、creased to 8.8% 10% (n=267) of population in sexual health clinic survey in Glasgow had purchased sex (Groom and Nandwani, 2006)All statistics are under-representation 3Global view of prevalenceSweden: 13% (Ekberg, 2004)Australia: 15.6% (Rissel et al, 2003)Spain: 39% (Leridon, et al 1998)Thailand: 7

4、3% (Anderson & OConnell Davidson, 2003)4Why the increase?Increase in divorce / decline in marriageGrowth in adult entertainment industryAvailability & visibilityGrowth of Internet and global communicationsIncrease in travelIncrease in amount of adult time spent aloneIncreased cultural acceptance / l

5、ess stigmaChange in sexual morality attitudes?Scott (1998) still high condemnation for extra-marital affairs5Who are the men that buy sex?Across socio-economic groupsProfessional, managerial and manual jobsFull time employmentMarital status: majority in long term partnerships (Gibbens & Silberman, 1

6、960, Groom & Nandwani, 2006)No criminal record (Hester & Westmorland, 2004)Age clients more likely to be over 39 years (Sullivan & Simon, 1998)Facts correspond with large scale surveys from USA (Monto, 2000).6Motivations for buying sexAttraction of the illicit encounter (McKeganey & Barnard, 1996)No

7、 sexual activity / isolation / loneliness (Campbell, 1998) Different sex acts from regular partnersDifferent womenUncomplicated / non-emotionalConvenience / simplicityRegulars repeat customersCompanionship, socialising, time (Lever & Dolnick, 2000)7Different markets = different clientsDifferences be

8、tween men who go to different marketsDifferent motivations / type of serviceMen rarely go to both street and indoor markets (Benson & Matthews, 1995; Groom & Nandwani, 2006)Perceived risks of street (drugs/violence/danger) (Sanders, 2007)Expansive range of marketsPerceptions of lap dancing /Amsterda

9、m / stag night very different from streetUK men buying sex abroad (Netherlands, Thailand, Spain, Germany)8Re-framing who is the problem1980s + men who buy sex problematisedSmall number of communities dominate parliamentary debates (Kantola &Squires, 2004)Increase in laws against the kerbcrawler1985

10、Sexual Offences Act - shift in who was the problem2001 Criminal Justice & Police Act - kerbcrawling an arrestable offence2003 Criminal Justice Act - conditional cautioningPeak between 2000-4: 993 men arrested (2002)9Coordinated Prostitution Strategy: Tackling DemandEnforcement of existing laws for k

11、erbcrawlingAddressing concerns from communitiesInformal warning / court diversion / prosecutionCrackdowns, zero tolerance decoys, supporting naming and shaming, media coverage, driving licenses revoked, fines, rehabilitation programmes10Rehabilitation programmes: A coherent approach?Court diversion

12、schemesSuccess of UK programmes based on low re-offending ratesStrategy ignored evaluations / evidenceNo evidence that programmes in North America have lasted more than 2 yearsRange of reasons for ineffectiveness11Evaluation of EffectivenessRe-offending cannot be used as an effectiveness measuring t

13、ool (Monto & Garcia, 2000)Recidivism not due to programme other factors lead to behavioural changeSome evidence of attitude changes but not behaviour (Wortley, et al 2002; Kennedy et al, 2004)Resource intensive Clubs & Vice: 12 crackdowns a year yields 25-35 arrests each time. 20 officers needed for

14、 each week long crackdown.12Criticisms of the programmesBias programme content 1995 radical feminist campaign in San Francisco (Campbell & Storr, 1998)Not balanced view of law or prostitution (Van Brunschot, 2003)Against legal theory & due process (Brooks Gordon, 2006)Damage of shaming schools confr

15、ontational shaming ritual (Sawyer et al, 1998) Need for wider educational awareness programme with all men13Impact of tackling demand?Still legal to buy sex: confusionMixed messages: condoning or enabling commercial sex?No awareness of impact of crackdowns / zero tolerance on sex workers or industry

16、Temporal, spatial and tactical displacementImpact of naming & shaming on families14So.?Will the Strategy reduce demand?Up against multi-million and $ industry and an embedded commodification culture15Anderson, B and OConnell Davidson, J (2003) Is trafficking in human beings demand driven? A multi-co

17、untry pilot study. International Organisation for Migration, Benson, C., & Matthews, R. (1995). Street Prostitution: Ten Facts in Search of a Policy. International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 23, 395-415.Brooks-Gordon, B. (2005). Clients and Commercial Sex: Reflections on Paying the Price: A Co

18、nsultation Paper on Prostitution. Criminal Law Review, 425-443. (2006). The Price of Sex: Prostitution, Policy and Society: Willan Publishing.Campbell, R. (1998). Invisible Men: Making Visible Male Clients of Female Prostitutes in Merseyside. In J. Elias, V. Bullough, V. Elias & G. Brewer (Eds.), Pr

19、ostitution. On Whores, Hustlers and Johns (pp. 155-171). New York: Prometheus Books 16Campbell, R., & Storr, M. (2001). Challenging the Kerb Crawler Rehabilitation Programme. Feminist Review, 67, 94-108.Ekberg, G. (2004). The Swedish Law that Prohibits the Purchase of Sexual Services: Best Practices

20、 for Prevention of Prostitution and Trafficking in Human Beings. Violence Against Women, 10, 1187-1218.Fischer, H., Webster, C., & Wortley, S. (2002). Vice lessons: A survey of prostitution offenders enrolled in the Toronto John School Diversion Program. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 44, 369-402.

21、Gibbens, T., & Silberman, M. (1970). The Clients of Prostitutes. The British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 36, 113-117.Groom, TM and Nandwani, R (2006) Characteristics of men who pay for sex: A UK sexual health clinic survey, Sexually Transmitted Infections, 82, 5, pp364-367Hester, M., & Westmarland

22、, N. (2004). Tackling Street Prostitution: Towards a Holistic Approach. London: Home Office.Johnson, AM., Mercer, CH, Erens, B etal (2001) Sexual Behaviour in Britain: partnerships, practices and HIV risk behaviours. Lancet, 358, pp 1835-4217Kantola, J., & Squires, J. (2004). Discourses Surrounding

23、Prostitution Policies in the UK. European Journal of Womens Studies, 11, 77-101.Kennedy, M. A., Klein, C., Gorzalka, B. B., & Yuille, J. C. (2004). Attitude Change Following a Diversion Program for Men Who Solicit Sex. Journal of Offender rehabilitation, 40, 41-60.Leridon, H van Zessen, G., Hubert,m

24、 (1998) The Europeans and their Sexual Partners in Hubert, M, Bajos, N and Sandfort, T (eds) Sexual behaviour and HIV/AIDS in Europe, London UCL PressLever, J., & Dolnick, D. (2000). Clients and Call Girls: Seeking Sex and Intimacy. In R. Weitzer (Ed.), Sex for Sale (pp. 85-100). London: Routledge.M

25、cKeganey, N., & Barnard, M. (1996). Sex Work on the Streets. Buckingham: Open University Press.Monto, M. (2000). Why Men Seek Out Prostitutes. In R. Weitzer (Ed.), Sex for Sale (pp. 67-83). Routledge: London.Monto, M. A., & Garcia, S. (2001). Recidivism Among the Customers of Female Street Prostitut

26、es: Do Intervention Programs Help? Western Criminology Review, 3.Rissel, C.E., Richters, J., Grulich AE., et al Sex in Australia: Experiences of Commercial Sex in a Representative Sample of Adults Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 27:191-718Sanders, T (2007) Paying for Pleasure: Men who Buy Sex Cullompton, WillanSawyer, S., Ros