英国文学Thomas Hardy简介

1、Thomas hardy(18401928)Great Victorian Novelist & PoetBy 柯晨 金晶 胡亚静 唐思雨LifeHardy is the son of a village builder in Dorset, southwest of England which used to be a Saxon kingdom names Wessex, a name Hardy used proudly in his writing.His parents both paid much attention to his education. His mother

2、 was well-read. She educated Thomas until he went to his first school at age eight. The Hardy cottage in Higher Bockhampton, Dorchester However, because of his familys social position ,he cant get a university education. and his formal education ended at the age of sixteen.In 1862,he moved to London

3、, and study architecture there for five years. He also was introduced to language there and began his literary creationHardys work as an architectIn 1867, concerned about his health, he returned to hometown and decided to dedicate himself to writing. At first, he wrote poetry then turned to writing

4、novels. At about 60 he returned to poetry writing.Hardy himself divided his novels into three groups:1)Novels of Character & Environment2)Novels of Romances & Fantasies3)Novels of Ingenuity 1.（性格与环境小说）（性格与环境小说）The Poor Man and the Lady(1867, unpublished and lost) 穷汉与贵妇人 Under the Greenwood T

5、ree(1872) 绿树荫下 Far from the Madding Crowd(1874) 远离尘嚣远离尘嚣The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886) 卡斯特桥市长Tess of the dUrbervilles(1891) 德伯家的苔丝德伯家的苔丝 Jude the Obscure(1895) 无名的裘德无名的裘德 Under the Greenwood TreeThe Mayor of Casterbridge (1886) He explored tragic characters struggling against their passions & s

6、ocial circumstances & set his fictions in the semi-fictional land of Wessex where he grew up .This Class is about peoples pursuit to happiness and awareness of their dreams, reflecting the acute conflicts between people and the environment around them.Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)（传奇与幻想小说）（传

7、奇与幻想小说）A Pair of Blue Eyes(1873) 一双蓝眼睛一双蓝眼睛 Two on a Tower(1882) 塔里的两个人塔里的两个人 The Well-Beloved(1897) (first published as a serial from 1892) 心爱的人心爱的人 （机巧和实验小说（机巧和实验小说 ）Desperate Remedies(1871)铤而走险铤而走险The Hand of Ethelberta(1876) 埃塞尔伯埃塞尔伯塔的婚姻塔的婚姻A Laodicean(1881) 冷漠的人冷漠的人TEss oF ThE dUrBErVILLEs Tess

8、 of the DUrbervilles is the most famous novel of Hardy. The story is about the tragic fate of Tess. In the story the poor villager girl Tess Durbeyfield is seduced by the wealthy Alec DUberville. She becomes pregnant but the child dies in infancy. Tess finds work as a dairymaid on a farm and falls i

9、n love with Angel Clare, a clergymans son. They get married but when Tess tells Angel about her past, he hypocritically deserts her. Tess becomes Alecs mistress. Angel returns from Brazil, repenting his harshness, but finds her living with Alec. Tess kills Alec in desperation, and finally she is arr

10、ested and hanged. The story reveals the spirit of determinist defeatism and enforces its shibboleth of predestination, and no amount of human effort can alter its design of darkness. Tess is a paragon of innocence. What she asks for life is simple enough: to be loved and happy. But she does not get

11、it because she is at the mercies of the odds against her.This novel is a mirror for the spirit of the time. Hardy describes his critical attitude towards the unjust treatment of women and his denunciation of the hypocrisy of the social structures, the moral codes of Victorian England. Symbolism and

12、themesLike Hardys other works, this novel also illustrates the “ache of modernism”. Hardy describes modern farm machinery with infernal imagery; also, at the dairy, he notes that the milk sent to the city must be watered down because the townspeople cannot stomach whole milk. Angels middle-class fas

13、tidiousness makes him reject Tess whose nature is as innocent as Wessex Eve. When he parts from her and goes to Brazil, the handsome young man gets so ill that he is reduced to a mere yellow skeleton. All these instances are typically interpreted as indications of the negative consequences of mans s

14、eparation from nature, both in the creation of destructive machinery and in the inability to rejoice in pure nature.Ache of ModernismAnother important theme of the novel is the dual-sexual standard to which Tess falls victim; despite being a truly good woman, in Hardys view, she is despised by socie

15、ty after losing her virginity before marriage.However, although Hardy clearly means to criticise Victorian notions of female purity, the double standard also makes the heroines tragedy possible, and thus serves as a mechanism of Tesss broader fate. Hardy variously hints that Tess must suffer either

16、to atone for the misdeeds of her ancestors, or to provide temporary amusement for the gods, or because she possesses some small but lethal character flaw inherited from the ancient clan.Dual-sexual StandardFrom numerous pagan(异教的) and neo-Biblical references made about her, Tess has been viewed vari

17、ously as an Earth goddess or as a sacrificial victim. Early in the novel, she participates in a festival for Ceres, the goddess of the harvest, and when she performs a baptism she chooses a passage from Genesis, the book of creation, over more traditional New Testament verses. At the end, when Tess

18、and Angel come to Stonehenge, commonly believed in Hardys time to be a pagan temple, she willingly lies down on an altar, thus fulfilling her destiny as a human sacrifice.Religious SymbolsInfluence of Thomas HardyInfluence of Thomas Hardy The sad-sweet cadences of Victorian self-pity are not to be f

19、ound in Hardys poetry, which is sterner, as though braced by a long look at the worst.It is this sternnesssometimes amounting to ruggedness together with his verbal and emotional integrity, his refusal ever to surrender to mere poetic fashion, his quietly searching individual accent, that has helped

20、 to bring about the steady rise in Hardys poetic reputation in recent years.Influence of Thomas HardyInfluence of Thomas Hardy D. H. Lawrences Study of Thomas Hardy (1936), indicates the importance of Hardy for him, Hardys work is a platform for Lawrences own developing philosophy. Hardys treatment of character, helped significantly in the development of Lawrences novel.Influence of Thomas HardyInfluence of Thomas Hardy A contemporary of Lawrence, John Cowper Powyss first novel, Wood and Stone (191