Infrastructure Management - usersencsconcordiaca基础设施管理usersencsconcordiaca

1、INSE-6311 Sustainable Infrastructure Planning and Management Systems Framework of Infrastructure Management 1Covered TopicsDefinition of infrastructureBrief historyInfrastructure managementIssues, challenges and opportunitiesRole of engineeringNeeds assessmentLife cycle conceptsTransportation asset

2、managementNew approaches for infrastructure financing2What is Infrastructure?“A civilizations rise and fall is linked to its ability to feed and shelter its people and to defend itself. These capabilities depend on infrastructure - the underlying, often hidden foundation of a societys wealth and qua

3、lity of life. A society that neglects its infrastructure loses the ability to transport people and food, provide clean air and water, control diseases, and conduct commerce.NSF, Civil Infrastructure Systems Research, 1994.3What is Infrastructure? (2)“The nations infrastructure is its system of publi

4、c facilities, both publicly and privately funded, which provide for the delivery of essential services and a sustained standard of living. This interdependent, yet self-contained, set of structures provides for mobility, shelter, services, and utilities Americas infrastructure is the base upon which

5、 society rests. Its condition affects our lifestyles and security and each is threatened by its unanswered decay.Associated General Contractors of America, 1982.4Milestones in (U.S.) HistoryHas generally paralleled economic developmentRoadsRailroadsTelegraph/ Telephone Sewer/Water Supply Systems (18

6、00-1850)First federal highway funds (1918)Franklin Roosevelt - public works funding (1930)Interstate Highway System (1950)5What is Infra. Mgmt.?Administrative process of creating, planning, and maintaining our infrastructuresAn integrated, inter-disciplinary process that ensures infrastructure perfo

7、rmance over its life cycleLife cycle is entire time from design through decommissioning6Overall Framework for Infra. Mgmt.Program/Network/System LevelProject LevelIn-Service Monitoring & EvaluationDatabase7Program/System LevelData (location, performance, evaluation)Deficiencies/Needs (current, futur

8、e)Alternatives and AnalysesPrioritiesFinancingBudgetsPoliciesExogenous Factors8Project/Section LevelData (materials, loads, flows, costs, etc.)Detailed DesignConstructionMaintenanceStandards/SpecificationsBudget LimitEnvironmentalConstraints9Ideal Infra. Mgmt. SystemWould coordinate and enable the e

9、xecution of all activitiesMaximizes use and expenditure of resourcesMaximize performance of assetsServe all management levels10Key IssuesDecay and deterioration (condition, failure)Lack of maintenance/renovationScarcity of financing Federal govt funds projects of national/interstate importance - sta

10、tes left to build the restMoney tends to be for construction and not maintenanceLots of infrastructure needs - which ones are #1 priority?Inadequate reporting and accounting11State of Highways and Bridges (U.S.)235,000 miles of roads rated poor or mediocre70% of peak-hour travel on urban interstates

11、 is congested1/3 bridges structurally deficient or obsolete, and needs improvements25% of bridges are more than 50 years old12State of Water (U.S.)10,000 dams classified as high hazard13,500 as significant hazardCompliance costs to meet Safe Water Drinking Act $3 billion per yearWill need 3,400 new

12、treatment facilities13Construction Industry13% of GDPSecond largest industry in U.S.Also most fragmented1 million firms, 10 million workersLots of small firms (subcontractors)Lags behind other major industries in terms of R&DHigh-tech, chemicals, etc. 3-4%, construction only 0.5%14FinancialsFederal

13、investment on infrastructure stock fell from 1.2% of GDP in 1980 to 0.8% in 1993.Since majority of infrastructure funding comes from U.S. government, this is a big problemConcern for spending has reduced this even more15Risk, Sustainable DevelopmentRisk and liability concerns generally lead to low-r

14、isk designs, which rewards stability not innovationAlso challenges related to building with an eye towards the resource needs of future generations16OpportunitiesNeed follow-through on National Construction GoalsInnovative financing (e.g. infrastructure bonds)Link between infrastructure investment a

15、nd economic productivityHigh-Performance Materials17How did this happen?Construction wins votes, no one cares about rehabilitation/repairInstitutional issues favor construction financingRehabilitation has high total costs in urban environments18Why Does it Matter?Natural EnvironmentPhysical Infrastr

16、uctureEconomic SystemSocial System19Where Does Engineering Help?Systems engineering perspectiveFraming of problemUsing quantitative tools to solve itTools: uncertainty/risk analysisOptimization via Linear Programming, Probabilistic, etc.Both parts are important20CONTEXT(Tech./Social/Political Enviro

17、nment)PROBLEM RECOGNITION(Reviews, Preliminary Assessments)PROBLEM DEFINITION(Objectives, Constraints, Decisions)GENERATION OFALTERNATIVESANALYSIS/EVALUATION/OPTIMIZATIONIMPLEMENTATION(Schedules, Activities, Documentation)PeriodicIn-ServiceMonitoring &Evaluation21Tools for OptimizationMathematical P

18、rogrammingLP (min/max with constraints), etc.HeuristicsProbabilisticGraphical (e.g. Scheduling Charts)22Needs AssessmentConcept of need used casuallyCan refer to both need for repair as well as need for new capacityIt is difficult to judge how much infrastructure a region or a society needs and how

19、need is measuredEconomic viability? Growth?What is a better approach?23Approach to Defining NeedsNational Council on Public Works Improvement (NCPWI) 1986 - considers:Consumer DemandRecognition that demand changesConsumer willingness to payBenefit-cost analysis24Other Issues on NeedsInstead of focus

20、ing on conditions, establish future investment prioritiesInstead of simply finding cost to repair, consider cost of alternatives with same effectConsider infrastructure output as measure instead of conditionFunding needs to match area of influence, e.g. federal money for federal interests25More Issu

21、esNeeds assessments should distinguish:Safety or structural defectsCapacity shortagesUpgrading to new standardsCurrent and future demands26EconomicsPerformance = P(S,D,t)S = Supply of infras. Services = S(X)X = set of functional characteristicsPlanners want adequate X, S over timeD = demand for thes

22、e services27Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)A life cycle is the entire length of time from design, planning, construction, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning/demolitionIt is important to understand the cost implications of design decisions across the life cycleAlso important to understand wh

23、ere in the life cycle that total costs occur28Life Cycle Cost InfluencesDecreasing InfluenceIncreasing Expenditure100%50%0%PlanningDesignConstructionMaintenanceDisposalTimeCumulative CostLevel of Influence29Related Topic: Service LifePhysical service life is the length of time which a piece of infra

24、structure is able to be kept in useful serviceDepends on all life cycle phasesCan be extended from original design due to rehabilitation or preventive maintenance30Expected Service Life EstimatesAirport Buildings - 150 yrsRunways - 50 yrsBridge Decks - 50Bridge Sub-/superstructure - 125Tunnels - 200

25、Sports Complexes - 300Electricity/telephone lines - 400Source: Hudson, Haas, Uddin31New Approach for Infra. Mgmt. Critically review status of infrastructureUnderstand issues in managing existing infrastructure rather than building newDevelop awareness of tools and resources for infrastructure manage

26、ment32Areas of concernStructural Deficiency (SD) - has been restricted to light loads, or is closed, or requires immediate work to stay openFunctionally obsolete (FO) - one of several design parameters no longer meets usual criteria for system33ObsolescenceNo longer meets current needs or expectatio

27、n levelsAging, technology, standard change2-yr old computers good exampleInability to meet changing performance requirements34Obsolescence & Service Life“Always remember that someone, somewhere is making a product that will make your product obsolete-Georges Doriot“Planned obsolescence by Vince Pack

28、ards The Waste MakersPractice of deliberately designing products to last for a shorter period of timeSystemically doing this leads to inferior products35What Causes It?Technological changeRegulatory changeSDWA forced upgradesEconomic / social changesValue / behavior changes36Service vs. Physical Liv

29、esPhysical Lives: time it takes for infrastructure to wear out/failPredicting this may be irrelevantService life: time actually usedIn general these 2 are differentPower plants become obsolete because of technology/policy changes37Design service life“Design service life only meaningful if defined in

30、 terms of obsolescenceAssumptions about lifetime will likely change over timeInfrastructure seldom abandoned before replacement in placeExpectations will increaseNeed to consider expectations and deterioration functions38Rates of ChangeInformation economy is making older transport modes obsoleteE.g.

31、, ground - air shippingHow long should infrastructure last?Physical or service?Where will it go when we are done?What could we do with Roman roads now?39Strategies to MitigatePlan and design for flexibilityBuild to assure optimum performance level is achievedMonitor change to defer obsolescenceRepai

32、r and retrofit early40Asset ManagementMore specific than Infras. Mgmt.Focused on transportation AssetsAssets = $ + people + physical resourcesGuided by: performance goals, time horizons, engineering / economicsHigh-level assessment of trade-offs between alternativesQuantitative and qualitative dataSource: Asset Mgmt Primer, DOT 199941Investment Decision Making42Asset Management Primer, FHWASTI