英文跨文化交际

1、2022-7-51 Chapter 3 Language and Culture2022-7-52language and CulturenThe relationship between language and culture: Sapir-Whorf HypothesisnA dialectical relationship between language and culturenWords and culture; Idioms,proverbs and culture;Syntax and culture;Discourse and culture 2022-7-53nLangua

2、ge is the archives of history. _Ralph Waldo EmersonnWords are what hold society together. _Stuart ChasenThought is the blossom;language the opening bud;action the fruit behind it. _Henry Ward BeechernBy words the mind winged. _ Aristophanes 2022-7-54The relationship between language and culture: Sap

3、ir-Whorf Hypothesis Different labels: linguistic determinism, the theory of linguistic relativity, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, the Whorfian hypothesis Development: Originated in early 20th centuryreach its climax in 1950s2022-7-55Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis The “firm” or deterministic version of the hypo

4、thesis: language determines how people perceive the world; language is the originator of culture; perceive the world differently The “softer” version: language shapes how people think and experience their world This hypothesis in essence states that language is a guide to “social reality”.2022-7-56A

5、 dialectical relationship between language and culture(see textbook P147.)nIt is impossible to separate the use of a language from the culture in which the language is deeply embedded. nThe interwoven relationship between language and culture has a dual sense: 2022-7-57A dialectical relationship bet

6、ween language and culturen1.Language is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it. n2.Language is influenced and shaped by culture; it reflects culture.2022-7-58A dialectical relationship between language and culturenLearning a foreign language is inseparable from learning its culture.

7、nEg.“intellectual”:There are important differences in what this word means in different cultures.nEg. “T.G.I.F. parties ” in the United States2022-7-59Language and culture Words and Culture Idioms,Proverbs and Culture Syntax and Culture Discourse and Culture2022-7-510Words and CulturenEg.1: camel (I

8、n Chinese: 双峰驼Bactrian；单峰驼Dromedary / In Arabic: more than 400 words)nEg.2: snow (In Eskimo: more than 50 terms)nEg.3: carry (扛、挑、抬、担、背、提、驮、挎)2022-7-511 Eg.4: The term to show position just below the highest rank(副职)Vice-chairman, vice-presidentAssociate professor, associate directorAssistant manage

9、r, assistant secretaryDeputy director, deputy chief-of-staffLieutenant governor, lieutenant generalUndersecretary (of State, U.S.)2022-7-512nE g . 5 : N a m e s f o r l e g i s l a t i v e institutions“国会国会” nParliament(United Kingdom and others) nCongress(U.S. And others)nDiet (Japan and others) 20

10、22-7-513nEg. 6: Kinterms “Uncle” (伯父，叔父，姑父，舅父，姨父)nEg. 7: “I” in Chinese language2022-7-514Culturally-loaded words Denotation: dictionary definition(字面意义) Connotation (Cultural connotation)（引申意义；涵义）: “the implication of a word, apart from its primary meaning” (Longman Modern English Dictionary)“the s

11、uggesting of a meaning by a word apart from the thing it explicitly names or describes” (Websters New Collegiate Dictionary)2022-7-515Culturally-loaded words 中文中文“红红”的的引申意义引申意义象征喜庆（如披红）象征喜庆（如披红）象征顺利、成功或受人重视欢迎（如象征顺利、成功或受人重视欢迎（如红运、红人、开门红、红榜，走红）红运、红人、开门红、红榜，走红）象征革命（红色政权，红旗，红五星）象征革命（红色政权，红旗，红五星）指红利（分红）指

12、红利（分红）现代京剧现代京剧红灯记红灯记2022-7-516Culturally-loaded words 英文英文“red”的的引申意义引申意义nred flags(指需要提高警惕预防出事的情指需要提高警惕预防出事的情况况)nin the red（预算或账目中的赤字）（预算或账目中的赤字）nred-letter daysnIt may cost over a week to go through all the red tape (拖拉费时的繁琐手续拖拉费时的繁琐手续)to get the permission.2022-7-517 Culturally-loaded words词汇关系类型

13、 词 义对跨文化交际的影响理解水平字面意义引伸意义重合词汇相同相同完全理解高低平行词汇不同相同迷惑或误解全空缺词汇空缺空缺不理解而询问半空缺词汇相同空缺迷惑或误解冲突词汇相同不同/相反误解2022-7-518Fully Equivalent words(same denotation,same connotation) head: most important eg. He is the head of our department. fox: clever and deceitful ass: stupid parrot: parrot what other people say vs. 鹦

14、鹉学舌2022-7-519Parallel Words (different denotation,same connotation)nto describe a tiring and miserable life Chinese: English: to lead a dogs lifenTo describe the strength of a tree: English: as strong as an oak Chinese: “大雪压青松，青松挺且直；要知松高洁，待到雪化时。”n牛 vs. horse 气壮如牛，象黄牛一样干活 As strong as a horse, work l

15、ike a horse 2022-7-520Parallel Words (different denotation,same connotation)n东风 （改革的东风吹遍了祖国大地。）vs. west wind (“Ode to the West Wind” O, wind, If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?)n(The West Wind acts as a force for change and forward movement in the human and natural world. Shelley sees winter

16、 not just as the last season of vegetation but as the last phase of life. Shelley observes the changing of the weather from autumn to winter and its effects on the environment. Shelley is trying to show that a mans ideas can spread and live on beyond his lifetime by having the wind carry his dead th

17、oughts which through destruction, will lead to a rebirth in the imagination, and in the natural world. )2022-7-521Parallel Words Eg. 马致远 古道西风瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人 在天涯 辛弃疾 东风夜放花千树，更吹落，星如雨 Eg. Its a warm wind, the west wind, full of birds cries. (John Masefield)2022-7-522Parallel Words 青玉案 元夕 东风夜放花千树， 更吹落，星如雨。

18、宝马雕车香满路。 凤箫声动，玉壶光转， 一夜鱼龙舞。 蛾儿雪柳黄金缕， 笑语盈盈暗香去。 众里寻他千百度， 蓦然回首，那人却在， 灯火阑珊处。2022-7-523Parallel Wordsn夏日 vs. summers day 夏日炎炎似火烧 Shall I compare you to a summers day? 我能否把你比作夏天？Thou art more lovely and more temperate. 你比夏天更温和也更可爱。 (Shakespeare -The Tempest暴风雨)2022-7-524Parallel Wordsn害群之马black sheepn亚洲四小龙

19、Four Asian Tigersn（超生不报户口的）“黑”孩子 off-the-book babies “黑”乃册外之意。2022-7-525Completely Vacant Words (no equivalents for both denotation and connotation in another language)n仁，义，礼，智，信(儒家思想)n功夫，饺子，荔枝，冰糖葫芦，炕，磕头n德先生（民主），赛先生（科学），坦克，法西斯nKaraoke, T-shirtnAllusions A Pandoras box（e.g. The report would open up a

20、 Pandoras box of claims from similar cases.） Waterloo(to meet ones Waterloo) Archilles heel2022-7-526Partly Vacant Words (same denotation, but no equivalents for connotation in another language)n13:derogative in Englishn9:commendatory in Chinesen4:derogative in Chinese2022-7-527Partly Vacant Words (

21、same denotation, but no equivalents for connotation in another language)n松、竹、梅 vs. Pine , bamboo, plum 毛泽东卜算子咏梅 “风雨送春归，飞雪迎春到； 已是悬崖百丈冰，尤有花枝俏。 俏也不争春，只把春来报。 待到山花烂漫时，她在丛中笑。”2022-7-528Conflicting Words (same denotation, different connotation)n猫头鹰 (不吉祥) vs. Owl(wisdom)as wise as an owl Mother gooses fairy

22、 tale A wise owl lived in an oak. The more he saw the less he spoke. The less he spoke the more he heard. Why cant we all be like that wise ole bird?2022-7-529Conflicting Words (same denotation, different connotation)n白象（吉祥） vs. White elephant(something useless)The new office block has unfortunately

23、 become an expensive white elephant.n月光（纯洁） vs. Moonlight(illusion, hypocritical)n蓝天（纯洁） vs. Blue sky(impractical)2022-7-530Idioms and CulturenIdioms, proverbs, maxim and sayings are an important part of a language, which mirror the culture of a society directly.nIdioms include metaphorical phrases,

24、 slang, colloquialism, and proverbs etc. (平洪，2000)2022-7-531Idioms and CulturenIdioms and geography (all at sea)nIdioms and customs (Jack of all trades)nIdioms and religion (the apple of ones eyes)nIdioms and fable & mythology (sour grapes)nIdioms and literature (one pound of flesh)nIdioms and s

25、ports (down and out)2022-7-532Idioms and CulturenFour kinds of equivalents:Similar in form and similar in meaningDifferent in form and similar in meaningSimilar in form and different in meaningDifferent in form and different in meaning2022-7-533Proverbs similar in form and similar in meaningnLook be

26、fore you leap.nHaste makes waste.nMany hands make light work.nOut of sight, out of mind.nWhere theres a will, theres a way.nStrike while the iron is hot.2022-7-534Proverbs different in form and similar in meaningnBirds of a feather flock together.nNothing ventured, nothing gained.nWhere theres smoke

27、, theres fire.nAs poor as a church mouse.nLet sleeping dogs lie.2022-7-535Proverbs different in form and different in meaningn桃李不言，下自成蹊; 沉默是金 Greasy wheel gets the oil.n满招损，谦受益 vs.Where there is fear there is modesty.An excess of modesty obstructs the tongue.n出头的掾子先烂, 枪打出头鸟 vs.The early bird catches

28、 the worm.2022-7-536Syntax and CulturenIn its most basic sense, language is a set of symbols and rules for combining those symbols that are used and understood by a large community of people.nIn English: The cat ate the mouse.nIn Korean: Cat mouse ate.2022-7-537Syntax and Culturen英语句子：主语-谓语（或主语-谓语-表

29、语） 汉语句子：主语-动词-宾语（主语可以没有）n 静夜思 n床前明月光，疑是地上霜。n举头望明月，低头思故乡。2022-7-538Syntax and CulturenBefore my bednThere is bright moonlight,nSo that it seemsnlike frost o the ground,nLifting my head I watch the bright moon,nLowering my headnI dream that Im home.n(Translated by Arthur Cooper)n.对比英语，汉语中没有主语，更多审美自由度，

30、更大自由遐想空间，任凭读者的思想纵情驰骋。2022-7-539Syntax and Culture 春晓春晓 春眠不觉晓， 处处闻啼鸟。 夜来风雨声， 花落知多少？ 汉语具有一定的模糊性，是谁在明媚的春天里酣睡？“他”又在何处感受到春的来临？2022-7-540Syntax and Culture Slumbering, I know not the spring dawn is peeping.nBut everywhere the singing birds are cheeping.nLast night I heard the rain dripping and wind weepin

31、g,nHow many petals are now on the ground sleeping? (Translated by 吴钧陶吴钧陶 )2022-7-541Syntax and Culturen处处都有热心人。nYou can meet kind-hearted people everywhere. There are kind-hearted people everywhere.n这件事我现在脑子里一点印象都没有。nI do not remember anything about it.n一桌八个人（八个人一桌）nThere are eight people sitting ar

32、ound the table. 2022-7-542Syntax and Culturen在句法中，英语明确区分主语和谓语，句子中必须有主语和谓语。例如：下雨了。It rained. 九点了。Its nine oclock now.汉语的句子中有实际不需要主语，也不需要谓语。“山高路远”“天高云淡”都是没有谓语的句子。主语谓语可以省去，使人感觉到“天与人融为一体”。由于没有主谓语这种模式，汉语促使中国哲学中的本体概念不够发展。2022-7-543Syntax and Culturen汉语讲悟性，不重理性。n西方语言讲究精确，注重理性。 “你吃大碗，我吃小碗。” “我忘了存饭卡。” 中国是个诗歌

33、王国，但科学，尤其是理论科学，却少中国是个诗歌王国，但科学，尤其是理论科学，却少有建树。有建树。 科学讲究理性，诗人讨厌理性。科学讲究理性，诗人讨厌理性。 科学离不开思维，而思维又离不开语言。科学离不开思维，而思维又离不开语言。 我们不讲精确的语言限制了我们的科学思维。我们不讲精确的语言限制了我们的科学思维。 2022-7-544Syntax and CulturenChinese: paratactic structure（意合）:the arranging of clauses one after another through semantic ties rather than conn

34、ective words nEnglish: hypotactic structure （形合）:the construction of sentences or clauses through linguistic forms, which may include conjunctions, adverbs, prepositional phrases2022-7-545Syntax and Culture枯藤，老树，昏鸦，小桥，流水，人家。古道，西风，瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。马致远天净沙 秋思 2022-7-546Syntax and CultureCrows hovering ov

35、er rugged old trees wreathedwith, rotten vine - the day is about done.Yonder is a tiny bridge over a sparkling stream,and on the far bank, a pretty little village.But the traveler has to go on down this ancient road,the West wind moaning, his bony horse groaning,Trudging towards the sinking sun, far

36、ther and fartheraway from home.2022-7-547The beauty of the Chinese languagenThe Chinese language is such a system that it offers the poet enormous freedom of creation. And in the same manner the readers can enjoy the pleasure of joining the poet in his imagination. 2022-7-548The beauty of the English languagenStrict logic,n tight coherence, nclarity and unity2022-7-549书给我买的书我姐姐给我买的书我过生日时我姐姐给我买的书那时我过生日时我姐姐给我买的书This isThis is the bookThis is the book