理论力学的底层逻辑之二

1、75光子构成万事万物理论力学的底层逻辑之二胡良，Hu Liang摘要：理论力学包括静力学(静力学公理，物体的受力分析，平面力，空间力系及摩擦等)，运动学(点的运动学，刚体的简单运动，点的合成运动及刚体的平面运动等)和动力学(含质点动力学的基本方程，动量定理，动量矩定理，动能定理，达朗贝尔原理及虚位移原理等)。宇宙天体的质量是一个重要的物理学量，当小质量天体遇到大质量天体的时，就只能处于从属地位。麦克斯韦方程组在洛伦兹变换之下，是保持协变的。但是，麦克斯韦方程组在伽利略变换之下，却是非协变的。万有引力常数是万有引力的核心逻辑；最大的信号速度（真空中的光速）是相对论的核心逻辑；而普朗克常数则是量子

2、力学的核心逻辑。关键词：动量定理，动量矩定理，动能定理，天体，质量，万有引力，协变性原理，坐标变换，波粒二象性，万有引力常数，卡文迪许扭秤，测量，光子，电子，质量，能量，动量，相对论，量子力学，电磁学，普朗克常数 第五部分内容，相对论的真实内涵The content of the fifth part, the real connotation of the theory of relativity1，狭义相对论的两条原理狭义相对论的两条原理，可表达为：第一条，相对性原理物理体系的状态据以变化的定律，同表达这些状态变化时，所参照的坐标系究竟是用两个在相互匀速移动着的坐标系中的哪一个并无关系。第

3、二条，光速不变原理任何光子在静止的坐标系中都以确定的速度（光速）运动着，而不管该光了是从静止的（或运动的）物体发射出来的。1. Two principles of special relativityThe two principles of special relativity can be expressed as:The first, the principle of relativityThe laws according to which the states of a physical system change have nothing to do with which of t

4、he two coordinate systems that are moving at a uniform speed to each other is used in the coordinate system to which these state changes are expressed.Second, the principle of constant speed of lightAny photon moves at a definite speed (the speed of light) in a stationary coordinate system, regardle

5、ss of whether the light is emitted from a stationary (or moving) object.换句话说，狭义相对论的两条原理也可表达为，第1条， 相对性原理，在所有的惯性系中，物理学定理都具有相同的数学形式；或者说，所有的惯性系都是等价的。第二条，光速不变原理在所有的惯性系中，光在真空中的传播速度都是光速；光在真空中的传播速度与光源（或观测者）的运动状态无关。in other words,The two principles of special relativity can also be expressed as,The first, th

6、e principle of relativity,In all inertial frames, the theorems of physics have the same mathematical form; in other words, all inertial frames are equivalent.Second, the principle of constant speed of lightIn all inertial systems, the speed of light in a vacuum is the speed of light; the speed of li

7、ght in a vacuum is independent of the state of motion of the light source (or observer).2，闵氏空间闵可夫斯基空间（闵氏空间）的平坦空间(假设没有重力，曲率为零的空间)的概念及表示为特殊距离量的几何学与狭义相对论的要求相一致。将时间（t）乘以一个因子（ic），光速（c）是一个具有速度量纲的常数；那么，ict就具有长度的量纲(数值是虚数)。显然，ict是与三维空间的三个坐标相并列的第四维度；然后，规定在坐标变换(就是从一个惯性系变换到另一个惯性系)时，变换矩阵必须是正交的（例如，洛仑兹变换）。值得注意的是，闵

8、可夫斯基空间不同于牛顿力学的平坦空间。在闵可夫斯基空间中，只具有信号速度，不存在相对速度。而在，牛顿力学的平坦空间，存在相对速度（与参考系有关）。2. Min's spaceThe concept of a flat space (a space with zero curvature, assuming no gravity) and a geometry expressed as a special distance quantity in Minkowski space (Min's space) are consistent with the requirements

9、of the special theory of relativity.Multiply time (t) by a factor (ic), the speed of light (c) is a constant with the dimension of velocity; then, ict has the dimension of length (the value is an imaginary number).Obviously, ict is the fourth dimension juxtaposed with the three coordinates of the th

10、ree-dimensional space; then, it is stipulated that when the coordinates are transformed (that is, from one inertial frame to another inertial frame), the transformation matrix must be orthogonal (for example, Luo Lenz transform).It is worth noting that Minkowski space is different from the flat spac

11、e of Newtonian mechanics. In Minkowski space, there is only signal velocity and no relative velocity. And in the flat space of Newtonian mechanics, there is relative velocity (related to the reference frame).3相对论的速度本质根据量子三维常数理论，第一条原理信号速度（荷的运动速度）与参考系无关，信号速度属于孤立量子体系的内禀属性。这意味着，光子相对于任何参考系，其信号速度都是光速。第二条原

12、理相对速度与参考系有关。第三条原理宏观物体的信号速度（内禀的一维空间速度）小于光速；或者说，宏观物体的空间荷的速度（内禀的一维空间速度）小于光速。值得注意的是，信号速度与相对速度是完全不同的概念。信号速度（内禀属性）与参考系无关；相对速度与参考系有关。According to the quantum three-dimensional constant theory,first principleThe signal speed (movement speed of the charge) has nothing to do with the reference frame, and the

13、signal speed belongs to the intrinsic property of the isolated quantum system. This means that the signal speed of a photon relative to any frame of reference is the speed of light.second principleRelative speed is related to the frame of reference.The third principleThe signal velocity (intrinsic o

14、ne-dimensional space velocity) of a macroscopic object is less than the speed of light; in other words, the speed of the space charge (intrinsic one-dimensional space velocity) of a macroscopic object is less than the speed of light.It is worth noting that signal speed and relative speed are complet

15、ely different concepts. Signal velocity (intrinsic property) is independent of the reference frame; relative velocity is relative to the reference frame.显然，根据量子三维常数理论，狭义相对论将信号速度误认为是相对速度。为了修正狭义相对论的缺陷；狭义相对论增加了一条假设，狭义相对论在闵氏空间才成立，广义相对论的时空也是在闵氏空间才成立。而在闵氏空间中，只存在有信号速度，而并不存在相对速度。在闵氏空间中，狭义相对论（广义相对论）才变得基本正确。O

16、bviously, according to the quantum three-dimensional constant theory,Special relativity mistook signal velocity for relative velocity. In order to correct the defects of the special theory of relativity; the special theory of relativity has added a hypothesis, the special theory of relativity is onl

17、y established in Min's space, and the space-time of general relativity is also established in Min's space.In Min's space, there is only signal velocity, but no relative velocity.In Min's space, the special theory of relativity (general relativity) becomes basically correct.这意味着， 对于光子

18、来说，质能公式可表达为：this means, For photons, the mass-energy formula can be expressed as: E=mC2=(Vpf)C2；其中，C ，光子的信号速度（最大的信号速度），量纲，>L(1)T(-1)<。in,C ， the signal speed of photon (maximum signal speed), dimension, >L(1)T(-1)<.对于由N个基本粒子组成的孤立量子体系来说，质能公式可表达为：For an isolated quantum system composed of

19、N elementary particles, the mass-energy formula can be expressed as: En=mnVn(2)=(Vnfn) Vn(2);其中，Vn，该孤立量子体系的信号速度（小于光速），量纲，>L(1)T(-1)<。in,Vn， the signal speed of the isolated quantum system (less than the speed of light), dimension, >L(1)T(-1)<.4 洛伦兹变换与信号速度根据量子三维常数理论，信号速度是物体的内禀属性，体现为信号速度不变

20、原理；这意味着，物体的信号速度与任何参照系无关，信号速度总是具有相同的数值。对于物质来说，空间及时间并不相互独立，而是一个统一的时空整体；在不同惯性参照系之间的变换关系式类似于洛伦兹变换。4 Lorentz Transform and Signal VelocityAccording to the quantum three-dimensional constant theory, the signal speed is the intrinsic property of the object (matter), which is reflected in the principle of c

21、onstant signal speed; this means that the signal speed of the object (matter) has nothing to do with any reference frame, and the signal speed always has the same numerical value.For matter, space and time are not independent of each other, but a unified space-time whole; the transformation relation

22、ship between different inertial reference systems is similar to the Lorentz transformation.可表达为：It can be expressed as: x=xvt11v(2)Vn(2) ;y=y;z=z;t=tv/Vn(2)x1v(2)Vn(2);其中，x,y,z,t,分别是惯性坐标系（）下的坐标及时间；x,y,z,t,分别是惯性坐标系（）的坐标及时间；v，是惯性坐标系（）相对于惯性坐标系（）的运动速度，方向沿x轴；Vn,该物体（物质）的内禀的信号速度，信号速度是该物体的内禀属性，体现为信号速度不变原理。i

23、n,x,y,z,t, are the coordinates and time in the inertial coordinate system () respectively;x,y,z,t, are the coordinates and time of the inertial coordinate system (), respectively;v， is the movement speed of the inertial coordinate system () relative to the inertial coordinate system (), and the dire

24、ction is along the x-axis;Vn, the intrinsic signal speed of the object (substance), the signal speed is the intrinsic property of the object, which is reflected in the principle of constant signal speed.值得一提的是，对于该物体来说，由于，VnVn(3)=NVpC3；因此，VnC。It is worth mentioning that for this object,Because, VnVn(

25、3)=NVpC3;Therefore, VnC.洛伦兹变换的原理，揭示了运动的物体在不同惯性参照系之间进行时空坐标变换的规律。值得注意的是，相对论以光速（最大的信号速度）来校准时钟。而从理论上来看，任何信号速度都能用来校准时钟。The principle of Lorentz transformation reveals the law of space-time coordinate transformation of moving objects between different inertial reference systems.It's worth noting that

26、the theory of relativity calibrates clocks at the speed of light (the maximum signal speed). In theory, any signal speed can be used to calibrate the clock.物体的固有时间（内禀属性）等价于该物体质量密度的倒数；物体的相对时间（相对属性）等价于该物体耦合质量密度的倒数。一个物体的质量密度属于该物体的内禀属性；一个物体的耦合质量密度（相对属性）与背景空间有关（例如，另一个物体）。这意味着，一个物体的质量密度与该物体的耦合质量密度是完全不同的概念

27、。The intrinsic time (intrinsic property) of an object is equivalent to the reciprocal of the mass density of the object; the relative time (relative property) of an object is equivalent to the reciprocal of the coupled mass density of the object.The mass density of an object is an intrinsic property

28、 of that object; the coupled mass density (relative property) of an object is related to the background space (eg, another object). This means that the mass density of an object and the coupled mass density of that object are completely different concepts.例如，对于材料完全相同，形状都是球形的两个铁球来说。假如，一个是大铁球（质量很大），另一

29、个是小铁球（质量较小）。如果，这两个铁球构成一个质点系，则，这两个铁球的质量密度（内禀属性）是一样的；但是，这两个铁球的耦合质量密度是不一样的。大铁球的耦合质量密度更大，小铁球耦合质量密度更小。随着，该两个铁球之间的距离逐渐增大，该两个铁球的耦合质量密度逐渐变小。值得一提的是，小铁球的耦合质量密度降低的速度更快。For example, for two iron balls with the same material and spherical shape.Suppose, one is a large iron ball (with a large mass) and the other

30、is a small iron ball (with a smaller mass).If these two iron balls form a particle system, the mass density (intrinsic property) of the two iron balls is the same; however, the coupled mass density of the two iron balls is different.The coupling mass density of the large iron ball is larger, and the

31、 coupling mass density of the small iron ball is smaller.As the distance between the two iron balls gradually increases, the coupled mass density of the two iron balls gradually decreases.It is worth mentioning that the coupled mass density of the small iron ball decreases faster.两个铁球的耦合质量密度与该质心系（两个

32、铁球的组成的质点系）的质点（O）与两个铁球的距离有关。耦合质量密度的概念可解释，在宇宙中，可观测到大量基本粒子（或小物体）的原因。很多人，在没有学习量子三维常数理论之前，对物理学都是一知半解（靠死记硬背），感觉物理学很难。而学了量子三维常数理论之后，就发现物理学其它很简约，逻辑也很清晰，更不用死记硬背了。The coupled mass density of the two iron balls is related to the distance between the mass point (O) of the mass center system (the mass point syst

33、em composed of the two iron balls) and the two iron balls.The concept of coupled mass density explains why a large number of elementary particles (or small objects) are observed in the universe.Many people, before learning the theory of quantum three-dimensional constants, know little about physics

34、(by rote) and feel that physics is difficult. After learning the quantum three-dimensional constant theory, I found that the rest of physics is very simple and the logic is very clear, not to mention rote memorization.5声速的逻辑假如，在水的表面有一个声源（A）及一个观测者（B）；声源（A）垂直于水的表面上下振动（周期性）；则在水的表面形成声波（横波属性）。显然，该声波（横波属性

35、）的速度(V)仅仅与水的属性有关（声速是一个常数）。该声波（横波属性）的频率(f)，就是声源（A）垂直于水的表面上下振动（周期性）的频率。Suppose, there is a sound source (A) and an observer (B) on the water surface; the sound source (A) vibrates up and down perpendicular to the water surface (periodic); then a sound wave is formed on the water surface (shear wave pr

36、operty).Obviously, the velocity (V) of this sound wave (property of shear wave) is only related to the property of water (speed of sound is a constant).The frequency (f) of this sound wave (a shear wave property) is the frequency at which the sound source (A) vibrates (periodically) up and down perp

37、endicular to the surface of the water.第一种情况，声源（A）相对于水面保持静止；而仅，垂直于水的表面上下振动；观测者（B）相对于声源（A）保持静止；则，观测者（B）可发现声波的声速（V）保持不变；声速的频率(f)也保持不变。假如，观测者（B）相对于声源（A）进行圆周运动（声源处于圆点位置）；则，观测者（B）也可发现声速（V）保持不变；声波的频率(f)也依然保持不变。In the first case, the sound source (A) remains stationary relative to the water surface; and onl

38、y, the surface vibrates up and down perpendicular to the water surface; the observer (B) remains stationary relative to the sound source (A);Then, the observer (B) can find that the speed of sound (V) of the sound wave remains unchanged; the frequency (f) of the speed of sound also remains unchanged

39、.Suppose that the observer (B) moves in a circle relative to the sound source (A) (the sound source is at the dot position);Then, the observer (B) can also find that the speed of sound (V) remains unchanged; the frequency (f) of the sound wave also remains unchanged.第二种情况，声源（A）相对于水面保持静止；而仅，垂直于水的表面上下

40、振动；观测者（B）相对于声源（A）以均匀速度(VB)靠近；则，观测者（B）可发现声波的声速变大，可表达为，V+VB；但 ，声速的频率(f)保持不变。而，从声源（A）的角度来看，声速（V）总是保持不变的；而是，观测者（B）观测到的声波的频率(f/)变大了。显然，观测者（B）的观测效应与声源（A）的观测效应有所不同；但是，能量守恒定理总是成立的。值得一提的是，水表面上的声波具有横波属性；观测者（B）运动方向与声波的振动方向垂直。In the second case,The sound source (A) remains stationary relative to the water surfa

41、ce; and only, vibrates up and down perpendicular to the water surface; the observer (B) approaches the sound source (A) at a uniform velocity (VB);Then, the observer (B) can find that the speed of sound of the sound wave increases, which can be expressed as, V+VB; however, the frequency (f) of the s

42、peed of sound remains unchanged.However, from the point of view of the sound source (A), the speed of sound (V) always remains constant; instead, the frequency (f/) of the sound wave observed by the observer (B) becomes larger.Obviously, the observed effect of the observer (B) is different from that

43、 of the sound source (A); however, the law of conservation of energy always holds.It is worth mentioning that sound waves on the water surface have shear wave properties; the direction of movement of the observer (B) is perpendicular to the vibration direction of the sound waves.第三种情况，观测者（B）保持静止（相对于

44、水表面），声源（A）相对于观测者（B）以速度（VA）靠近观测者（B）；同时，声源（A）维持垂直于水的表面上下的振动。则，观测者（B）可发现声波的声速变大，可表达为，V+VA；而声速的频率(f)保持不变。而，从声源（A）的角度来看，声速（V）总是保持不变的；而是，观测者（B）观测到的声波的频率(f/)变大了。虽然，观测效应不同，但是，能量守恒定理总是成立。In the third case,The observer (B) remains stationary (relative to the water surface), and the sound source (A) approaches

45、 the observer (B) with a velocity (VA) relative to the observer (B); at the same time, the sound source (A) remains perpendicular to the water. Vibration above and below the surface.Then, the observer (B) can find that the sound speed of the sound wave increases, which can be expressed as, V+VA; whi

46、le the frequency (f) of the sound speed remains unchanged.However, from the point of view of the sound source (A), the speed of sound (V) always remains constant; instead, the frequency (f/) of the sound wave observed by the observer (B) becomes larger.Although the observed effects are different, th

47、e law of conservation of energy always holds.值得一提的是，水表面上的声波具有横波属性；声源（A）前进的运动方向与声波的振动方向垂直；而声源（A）振动方向与声波的振动方向保持一致。此外，声源（A）具有内禀的纵波属性。It is worth mentioning that,Sound waves on the water surface have shear wave properties; the sound source (A) moves forward in a direction perpendicular to the vibration

48、direction of the sound wave; and the sound source (A) vibration direction is consistent with the vibration direction of the sound wave. Furthermore, the sound source (A) has intrinsic longitudinal wave properties.从广义的角度来看，如果，将声源（A）放置在水里面，则与声源（A）振动方向保持垂直的平面，也能够形成声波（横波属性），这意味着，声波具有偏振性。利用声波偏振性，可探测海底的地形

49、，也可探测潜艇的运动轨迹。From a broad point of view, if the sound source (A) is placed in water, the plane that is perpendicular to the vibration direction of the sound source (A) can also form sound waves (transverse wave properties),This means that sound waves are polarized. Using the polarization of sound wa

50、ves, the topography of the seabed can be detected, and the trajectory of the submarine can also be detected.6光速的逻辑对于光子来说，光速类似于声速，但是光子具有内禀的横波属性；可表达为：6 The logic of the speed of lightFor photons, the speed of light is similar to the speed of sound, but photons have inherent shear wave properties;It ca

51、n be expressed as: VpC3=Vp(Cf)(C)；值得注意的是，空间荷(Vp)就类似于声源，空间荷(Vp)的运动类似于声源的运动。但是，由于光子具有内禀的横波属性；因此，空间荷(Vp)总是以光速（C）向前运动。It is worth noting that the space charge (Vp) is similar to the sound source, and the motion of the space charge (Vp) is similar to that of the sound source. However, due to the inherent

52、 shear wave properties of photons; therefore, the space charge (Vp) always moves forward at the speed of light (C).此外，空间荷（Vp)的上下振动体现了光的偏振性（上下振动方向就是光的偏振方向）；空间荷（Vp)的上下振动方向垂直于光子的前进方向。空间荷（Vp)的上下振动的频率就是光子的频率。In addition, the up and down vibration of the space charge (Vp) reflects the polarization of ligh

53、t (the direction of up and down vibration is the polarization direction of light).The up and down vibration direction of the space charge (Vp) is perpendicular to the forward direction of the photon.The frequency of the up and down vibration of the space charge (Vp) is the frequency of the photon.7相

54、对横波属性与相对纵波属性由于，横波的运动方向与纵波的运动方向是相互垂直的，因此，横波的运动速度（信号速度）不受纵波的运动速度影响。这就是声速保持不变的原因；也是光速保持不变的原因。Since the motion direction of the shear wave and the motion direction of the longitudinal wave are perpendicular to each other, the motion speed of the shear wave is not affected by the motion speed of the long

55、itudinal wave. That's why the speed of sound stays the same; it's why the speed of light stays the same.光子（量子三维常数）具有内禀的横波属性，物体（例如，声源）具有内禀的纵波属性。值得注意的是，光子具有相对横波属性时，可表达为：Photons (quantum three-dimensional constants) have intrinsic shear-wave properties, and objects (eg, sound sources) have intr

56、insic longitudinal-wave properties.Notably,When photons have relative shear wave properties, they can be expressed as: VpC3=Vp（Cf)(C)；光子具有相对纵波属性时，可表达为：When photons have relative longitudinal wave properties, they can be expressed as: VpC3=(Vpf)C2=mC2；而物体具有相对横波属性时，可表达为：When the object has relative sh

57、ear wave properties, it can be expressed as: VnVn(3)=Vn(fnVn)(nVn)物体具有相对纵波属性时，可表达为：When an object has relative longitudinal wave properties, it can be expressed as: VnVn(3)=(Vnfn)Vn(2)n=mnVn(2)n;其中，Vn，表达孤立量子体系内禀的空间荷，量纲，<L(3)T(0)>；Vn，表达孤立量子体系内禀的一维空间速度（内禀的信号速度），量纲，>L(1)T(-1)<。in,Vn， expressing the intrinsic space charge of an isolated quantum system, dimension, <L(3)T(0)>Vn， expressing the intrinsic one-dimensional space velocity (intrinsic signal velocity) of the isolated quantum system,Dimensions, >L(1)T(-1)<.8,广义相对论的简约表达式对于由N个基本粒子组成的孤立量子体系（物体）来说，可表达为：8, the reduc