四级辅导资料

1、北京农学院大学英语四级辅导班英译汉辅导材料一英译汉概述英译汉是大学英语四级考试近年来新推出的题型之一。从1996年1月的全国大学英语四级考试开始，陆续采用各种新题型。在1996年1月的四级考试中，首次选用了“英译汉”这种新题型。它着重考查学生理解英语书面材料并将其翻译成汉语的能力。英译汉考试时间为15分钟，试题均摘自阅读理解部分的四篇文章，一般由四到五道题组成，每题22.5分，满分为10分。考试时，考生可以参阅阅读理解部分的有关文章，以便了解上下文。二. 评分原则及标准1 对译文的要求是“正确”和“表达清楚”，对汉语不作过高要求；2 每题划分为34个给分段，按意群给分，分段的分值为0.51分，

2、凡分值为0.5分者不再细化；3 添加不必要的词语时，如不影响语义不扣分；如影响语义，扣0.51分；4 如果译文与原文的句义相反，即使局部译对，全句也不给分；5 一题二译时，只按照第一个译文评分。实例分析： But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory (CET-4 2000.6)分析：此句的主干为：The fact is a hu

3、ge victory。That从句是修饰fact的，而从句中包含一个比较结构as well as (和一样好)。此外句中的it指的是government, in itself 指的是这件事本身。因此全句译为：但在许多人看来，穷人能不靠政府救济养活自己，而且几乎和过去依靠政府救济时生活的一样好，这件事本身就是一个巨大的胜利。评分标准：2.5分但在许多人看来，穷人能不靠政府救济养活自己，而且几乎和过去依靠政府救 0.5 0.5 1 济时生活的一样好，这件事本身就是一个巨大的胜利。0. 5（其中第一部分如译成：“但对大多数人”、“但对于很多穷人”、“要不是很多人”、“但在许多方面”均不得分）2分但对

4、大多数人来说，穷人们没有了政府补助后仍然能够维持他们自己的生活，像他们以前依赖政府补助时一样好，这个事实在它本身来说就是一个很大的胜利。1.5分但在很多事实中，穷人们能够靠自己的力量使自己生活得和由政府资助的一样好。这对他们来说是一个巨大的胜利。1分但对许多人来说，穷人在没有政府的资助下和以前一样能够自力更生的事实是一个有力的证据。0.5分但对许多穷人来说，事实上他们几乎可以提供自己的生活而不依靠政府的支援，这对他们来说是一种胜利。0分要不是许多人，事实上那些穷人通过自己的工作而没有政府援助能够养活他们自己是很少的。三试题分析1 句子结构较为复杂：所选的句子一般为并列句或主从复合结构的句子，主

5、要是定于从句，名词性从句及状语从句的翻译。2 对某些特殊句型或结构的测试。如倒装句。3 对某些短语的考察。4 词类转化的测试：如形容词短语译成动词短语。四翻译标准及步骤正确理解原文正确理解原文是做好翻译的第一步。由于英译汉的句子都选自于阅读理解，因此首先我们应该根据句尾的标注在阅读理解中找到相应的句段，把句子放到具体的语境中理解。切忌不顾上下文，断章取义，是译文与作者所要表达的意思相差甚远。然后理清要求翻译的句子与文章所在段落中其他句子之间的逻辑关系，弄清句中代词所指之物，进行语法结构分析。一般来说，英译汉的句子都较长，以复杂句居多。因此语法结构上应注意以下几个方面：1 确定全句的主，谓，宾，

6、从整体上把握句义。2 找出句中所有的修饰和限定成分，如：定语，状语，从句等，并逐一分析其修饰和限定的内容，注意插入语。3 明确句中词汇，习惯用语和固定搭配的具体含义，注意词的引申义和一词多义，一词多性现象，选择正确的词义。根据以上原则就比较容易理解句义了。如：Long after the 1998 Word Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing (裁判) decision that denied victory to their team.（四级2000年6月）首先确定句子的主干是：f

7、ans were still cursing the refereeing decision主 谓 宾句中有两个从句，一个时间状语从句：long after the 1998 World Cup was won;另一个是定于从句：that denied victory to their team, 用来修饰宾语的。此外，disappointed 修饰fans; disputed 修饰refereeing decisions,这样句子的结构就明了了。在这句话中还有两个词可能理解上会有困难。一是refereeing decisions, 根据上下文和已知的refereeing的意思可以判定此句中它

8、应为“裁定”；另一个是deny, deny有“否定，拒绝”的意思，但在这句话中，结合全句，应为“剥夺了球队获胜的机会”。这句话只有一个代词，即：their，结合上下文不难看出此处their team指的是球迷们所支持的球队。整句话的意思便一目了然。表述成相应的汉语1 直译和异议将自己对英语原文理解的内容用汉语重新表达出来是英译汉的第二阶段。理解的正确并不一定意味着表达的正确。许多考生在翻译中一味强调直译还是意译，其实他们并没有真正理解所谓的直译和意译。直译就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容又保持原文的形式。而意译是当原文的内容和译文的表达形式有矛盾并且用直译法无法确切表达出原文

9、内容的时候，应采用的译法。直译和意译只是翻译中的两种手段，没有实质的区别。直译不是死译，硬译；意译也不是胡译，乱译。两者的目的都是为了忠实表达原文的内容和风格，殊途同归，胡不排斥。因此，翻译中我们应该量体裁衣，灵活处理，善于把两者结合起来，用两条腿走路。但不可否认的是英语中大多数句子在汉语中都可以找到其相应的表达，因而英译汉中，我们主张能直译就直译，切忌随意的乱译。2 选择适当的语序英语和汉语在句法结构上存在着诸多差异，这不仅是四，六级测试中的难点，考点，也是我们翻译中应特别注意的。如英语多复杂句，无主句，句子逻辑性强；而汉语多短句，句子一般以人为主语，句子间逻辑关系也不明显。四级中英译汉对汉

10、语要求不高，但通顺流畅的语言不免给阅卷老师好的印象。以下就对中英文翻译中语序的问题作一简要概述。英语多后置定语，而汉语多前置定语。一般我们应该把较短的英语后置定语提前。如：Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. （四级2000年6月）此句中就包括两个后置定语people和based on their interpersonal ties,在翻译中如果前置处理就比较好。可译为：社会支持就是以人际关系为基础的人们之间的资源交换。状语的语序

11、：英语为：方式状语+地点状语+时间状语；而汉语为：时间状语+地点状语+方式状语 英语句子中心一般位于句首，而汉语句子的中心多位于句末。如：What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform. (四级2000年6月)此句开头就点名句子主要讨论的内容：what easier way is there, 其后跟有很长的限定成分。但汉语却不能这样翻译，只能把中心议题放在后面，译成：对于护士

12、，警察，理发师或是服务员来说，还有什么比脱下制服更容易的方法使人么看不出他们的职业身份呢？当然英汉语序的不同仅是一方面，此外英语的特殊句型如：倒装句，被动句，存在句等在翻译中都应引起注意。总之，要想做好翻译，要有扎实的英语功底和良好的汉语修养。通读译文，修改谬误由于时间的限制，许多考生在测试中译完句子后便不再检查。事实上，翻译后的修改，校对是不可忽视的一部分。校对阶段是理解和表达的进一步深化。我们在翻译中尽管很细心，但译文难免会有错漏或字句欠妥的地方。由于时间有限，考试中的校对着重于句子内容。考生可以抛开英文原文，通读译文，力求译文中没有冷僻罕见的词汇，句子通畅，没有产生歧义的词或表达。五重点

13、句式的翻译技巧被动语态的译法（不知动作的执行者或是没必要说出）The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.小时候留下的自卑感还没有彻底消除。The decision to attack was not taken lightly.进攻的决定不是轻易做出的。（根据情况加主语）Every possible means was done to conceal our movements from the enemy and to mislead him.我们采取了一切

14、可能的措施，隐瞒我们的行动，迷惑敌人。（译成汉语的被动句）Any time we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。（译成“把，使，由”字句）Most letters from his wife, are read to him by the nurse in the hospital.他妻子写给他的信件，大多数是由医院里的护士年给他听的。By evening the occupation was complete, and the people

15、were chased off the streets by an eight oclock curfew.(宵禁). 到傍晚,占领已告完成,八点钟开始的宵禁把人们从街道上赶走.(it形式句)It is reported thatIt is said that It is supposed that(据推测)It must be pointed that(必须指出)It is generally considered that(人们普遍认为。)It is well known thatIt is hoped that （人们希望。）名词从句的翻译（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句按原文顺序翻译）W

16、hatever he saw and heard on his trip gave a very deep impression.他旅行中的所见，所闻给他留下深刻的印象。I told him that because of the last condition, Id have to turn it down.我告诉他由于最后一个条件，我不得不拒绝。What he emphasized over and over again was that, no matter how difficult it might be, they should never retreat even for an

17、inch. 他所再三强调的是不管多么困难，他们绝不应该后退寸步。（it作形式主语是情况而定）It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings. 真奇怪，她竟然没看到自己的缺点。It doesnt make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not. 他参不参加会议没多大关系。（同位语从句）He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit china again.他表示希望再来中国访

18、问。It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay.延迟应由他负责，这个事实是改变不了的。But considered realistically, we had to face the fact that out prospects were less than good.但是现实的考虑，我们不得不面对这一事实我们的前景不佳。（单词，短语作同位语的翻译）说明身份，称号的英语同位语往往放在专有名词后面，汉译时一般放在前面。Have you read the life of George Washin

19、gton, the first president of the U.S.A.?你有读过有关美国第一任总统乔治华盛顿的生平么？以namely, that is, that is to say, in other words, or, for short, for example, etc, i.e.等引导词所引出的同位语，翻译时，保持原顺序。There were only two girls present, namely, Mary and Elizabeth.当时只有两个女孩在场，他们是玛丽和伊丽莎白。（定于从句）前置 This is the soldier who just return

20、ed from the front. 这是刚从前线回来的战士。后置 He made the sound of sympathy which comes so readily from those who have independent income. (译成并列分句，重复先行词)He made the sound of sympathy which comes so readily from those who have independent income.他发出同情声，这种同情声使那些有独立收入的人最容易脱口而出的。省略现行词After dinner, the four key nego

21、tiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night. 晚饭后,四个主要谈判者继续他们的谈话,一直到深夜.融合法(适合限定性定于从句,尤其是there be结构)There are many people who want to see the film. 许多人想看电影.六真题及模拟试题Passage 1 Although the Olympic Charter, the official constitution of the Olympic movement, proclaims that the Olympic

22、s are contests among individuals and not among nations, the IOC assigns to the various NOCs the task of selecting national Olympic teams. In most cases the NOCs do this by holding Olympic trials or by choosing athletes on the basis of their previous performances. From the start of the modem Olympic

23、Games, male amateur athletes of every race, religion, and nationality have been qualified to participate. Although Coubertin opposed the participation of women in the Olympics and no women competed in 1896, a few female golfers and tennis players were allowed to participate in the 1900 Games. Female

24、 swimmers and divers were admitted to the 1912 Games, and female gymnasts and track-and-field athletes first competed at the 1928 Games. Womens Olympic sports have grown significantly since then, and currently women account for approximately half of the members of teams, except in teams from Islamic

25、 nations, where the level of female participation is generally lower. Coubertin and the IOC intended from the start for the Olympics to be open only to amateurs. Amateurism was determined by adherence to the amateur rule, which was originally devised in the 19th century to prevent working-class athl

26、etes from participating in sports such as rowing and tennis. Because the amateur role prevented athletes from earning any pay from activities in any way related to sports, working-class athletes could not afford both to make a living and train for competition. Olympic rules about amateurism, however

27、, have caused many controversies over the years. Such questions as whether an amateur could be paid for travel expenses, be compensated for time lost at work, or be employed to teach sports have been raised, but they have not always been satisfactorily resolved by the lOC, leading to confusion about

28、 the definition of professionalism in different sports. By 1983 a majority of lOC members acknowledged that most Olympic athletes compete professionally in the sense that sports are their main activity. The lOC then asked each International Sports Federation (ISF) to determine qualification in its o

29、wn sport, and over the next decade nearly all the ISFs abolished the distinction between amateurs and professionals, accepting so-called open Games. One of the most visible examples of the policy change came in 1992, when professional players from the National Basketball Association (NBA) were permi

30、tted to play in the Summer Games in Barcelona, Spain.Passage 2 Identifying the different types of viruses, and knowing how they spread from one computer to another, will help you keep your PC infection-free. Types of viruses: File virus: A file virus infects program files. Once the affected program

31、is running, it can infect other programs on your hard drive or on a floppy disk (软磁盘) inserted in the A drive. Macro virus: A macro virus infects individual documents. It affects files created in programs that use macro programming language, such as Microsoft Offices Word and Excel programs. The mos

32、t common macro virus is known as Concept. Once the Concept virus infects your computer, it clings to the save operation, passing on the infection to each and every document you save. Boot and partition sector viruses: Boot and partition sector viruses infect the system software; that is, the special

33、 parts of the hard disk that enable your computer to start, or boot up. These viruses may prevent you from getting your computer working at all. They work by removing your PCs start-up instructions and replacing them with their own set of instructions. You may need expert help if your computer catch

34、es this type of virus. The ways viruses are spread: Floppy disk: Always be wary(机警的)of floppy disks as they are made to move files or programs between computers. The more machines that a disk is used on, the greater the chances of the disk picking up a virus and passing it on. E-mail: Despite rumors

35、 to the contrary, you cannot catch virus by simply opening and reading e-mail messages.However, be wary of opening a file attached to an e-mail as the file itself may carry a virus. As a general rule, do not open up files attached to unsolicited e-mail. CD-ROM: You are safe with a CD-ROM (except in

36、the extremely unlikely event that it was made with a virus).ROM stands for Read Only Memory, which means it will not accept viruses-or, indeed, any other kind of information. However, with recordable or rewritable CDs, you need to take the same precautions as with a floppy disk. Internet: Dont downl

37、oad software of dubious origin from the Internet. Use a reputable company, such as Microsoft.Passage 3 A friend of mine, in response to a conversation we were having about the injustices of life, asked me the question, Who said life was going to be fair, or that it was even meant to be fair? Her que

38、stion was a good one. It reminded me of something I was taught as a youngster: life isnt fair. Its a disappointment, but its absolutely true. One of the mistakes many of us make is that we feel sorry for ourselves, or for others, thinking that life should be fair, or that someday it will be. Its not

39、 and it wont. One of the nice things about surrendering to the fact that life isnt fair is that it keeps us from feeling sorry for ourselves by encouraging us to do the very best we can with what we have. We know its not lifes job to make everything perfect, its our own challenge. Surrendering to th

40、is fact also keeps us from feeling sorry for others because we are reminded that everyone is dealt a different hand (分到不同的牌); everyone has unique strengths and problems in the process of growing up, facing the reality and making decisions; and everyone has those times that they feel victimized or un

41、fairly treated. The fact that life isnt fair doesnt mean we shouldnt do everything in our power to improve our own lives or the world as a whole. To the contrary, it suggests that life isnt fair, we tend to feel pity for others and for ourselves. Pity, of course, is a self-defeating emotion that doe

42、s nothing for anyone, except to make everyone feel worse than they already do. When we do recognize that life isnt fair, however, we feel compassion for others and for ourselves. And compassion is a heartfelt emotion that delivers loving-kindness to everyone it touches. The next time you find yourse

43、lf thinking about the injustices of the world, try reminding yourself of this very basic: fact. You may be surprised that it can nudge you out of self-pity and into helpful action.Passage 4 The Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association has called wireless phones the greatest safety tool o

44、n the highway since the emergency 911 telephone number was introduced-as long as drivers use them sensibly. However, a survey released on Monday by a highway safety group showed that three out of four adults in the United States favor laws to curb the use of cell phones while driving. Though nearly

45、two out of three people surveyed report owning a cell2ohone, the Louise Harris poll found an unevenly balanced 76 percent backed restricting their use by drivers except in emergencies. In addition, cell phone use in vehicles topped the list of concerns that people wanted addressed, closely followed by drunk driving and improving safety at intersections. The poll of 1,001 adults was conducted between July 1 and 19 by Advocates for Highway an