自考英美文学选读(00604)

1、自考英美文学选读1(00604)汉语言文学专业应用必背单元Chapter 1 The Ren aissa nee Period2Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period6Chapter3 The Romantic Period.9Chapter 4 The Victorian Period14Chapter 5 The Modern Period18Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period1. 文艺复兴的主要作家及其作品1) Edmund Spenser: The Faerie Queene2) Christopher Marlowe: Dr

2、Faustus Tamburlaine3) William Shakespeare: Henry IV; The Merchant of Venice; Hamlet; Othello;King Lear; Macbeth; Romeo and Juliet.4) John Donne: The Songs and Sonnets; The Sun Rising;Death, Be Not Proud5) John Milton: Paradise Lost; Paradise Regained; Samson Agonisttes2. 文艺复兴The Renaissanceis a hist

3、orical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman C

4、atholic Church.3. 人文主义Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissanceon its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such

5、 a conception that man is the measure of all things. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders

6、.4. 玄学诗The term “metaphysical poetry”is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as c

7、ompared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poets beloved, with God, or with himself.5. 莎士比亚的诗歌的主题、意向Shakespeare, as a humanist of th

8、e time, is against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money. In his plays, he does not hesitate to describe the cruelty and anti-natural character of the civil wars, but he did not go all the way against the feudal rule

9、. Shakespeare is against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money.Shakespeare has accepted the Renaissance views on literature. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should

10、reflect nature and reality.A. Shakespeares views on literature:Shakespeare has accepted the Renaissance views on literature. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality. Shakespearealso states that literary works which have tr

11、uly reflected nature and reality can reach immortality.B. The characteristics of Shakespearse characters:Shakespeares major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones; they are individuals representing certain types. Each character has his or her own personalities; meanwhile, they m

12、ay share features with others.C. The characteristics of Shakespearse plot:Shakespeares plays are well-known for their adroit plot construction. Shakespeare seldom invents his own plots; instead, he borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.D. The charact

13、eristics of Shakespearse language:It is necessary to study the subtlest of his instruments the language. Shakespearecan write skillfully in different poetic form, like the sonnet, the blank verse, and the rhymed couplet. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. His coinage of new words and

14、distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.3. 莎士比亚的四大悲剧：Shakespeares greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught

15、 in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole action. Each hero has his weakness of nature. With the concentration on the tragic hero, we see the sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society, which shows that Shakespeare is a gre

16、at realist in the true sense. Hamlet the melancholic scholar; Othello s inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old King Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.4. 邓恩诗歌的主题、意向. Love i

17、s the basic theme. Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body. The perfection of human lovers will not be made with souls alone. This thought is quite contrary to the medieval love idea which merely put stress on spiritual love. Donnes interest lies in dramatizing and illustra

18、ting the state of being in love.5. 戏剧威尼斯商人的主题和主要人物的性格分析In his romantic comedies, Shakespearetakes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play. The most important play among the comedies is The Merchant of Venice. The sophistication derives in pa

19、rt from the play between high, outgoing romance and dark forces of negativity and hate. The traditional theme of this play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of t

20、he Jew.Compared with the idealism of other plays, The Merchant of Venice takes a step forward in its realistic presentation of human nature and human conflict. Though there is a ridiculous touch on the part of the characters restrained by their limitations, Shakespeares youthful Renaissance spirit o

21、f jollity can be fully seen in contrast to the medieval emphasis on future life in the next world.6. 哈姆雷特的性格分析Hamlet has none of the single-minded blood lust of the earlier revenger. It is not because he is incapable of action, but because the cast of his mind is so speculative, so questioning, and

22、so contemplative that action, when it finally comes, seems almost like defeat, diminishing rather than adding to the stature of the here. Trapped in a night mare world of spying, testing and plotting, and apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his fathers death, Hamlet is o

23、bliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspendedbetween fact and fiction, language and action. His life is one of constant role-playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility, for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger.The

24、hero Hamlet in Shakespeares play Hamlet is noted for his hesitation to take his revenge, his melancholy nature of action only to deny possibilities to do anything. He came to know that his father was murdered by his uncle who became king. He hated him so deeply that he wanted to kill him. But he lov

25、ed his widowed mother who later married his uncle, and he was afraid to hurt his mother. And also, when everything was ready for him to kill his uncle, he forgave him for his uncle was praying to God for his crime. Thus he lost the good chance. Hamlet represented humanism of his time.7. 诗歌失乐园的结构、人物性

26、格、语言特点的分析Working through the tradition of a Christian humanism, Milton wrote Paradise Lost, intending to expose the ways of Satan and to“justify the ways of God to men.”At the center of the conflict between human love and spiritual duty lies Milton s fundamental concern with freedom and choice; the

27、freedom to submit to Gods prohibition on eating the apple and the choice of disobedience made for love.Eve, seduced by Satans rhetoric and her own confused ambition-as well as the mere prompting of hunger- falls into sin through innocent credulity. Adam falls by consciously choosing human love rathe

28、r than obeying God. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity. But mans fall is the sequel to another and more stupendous tragedy, the fall of the angels.The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton s creed. His poem attempts to convince us that the unquestionable truth of Biblical r

29、evelation means that an all-knowing God was just in allowing Adam and Eve to be tempted and, of their free will, to choose sin and its inevitable punishment. And, thereby, it opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.Chapter 2 The

30、Neoclassical Period1. 新古典时期的作家及其作品1) John Bunyan ： 2) Alexander Pope： 3) Daniel Defoe：4) Jonathan Swift ： 5) Henry Fielding： 6) Samuel Johnson： 7) Richard Brinsley Sheridan：8) Thomas Gray ： 2. 启蒙运动The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept

31、 through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, l

32、ogic, restrained emotion and accuracy and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. They seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings. Thus a polite, elegant, witty, and intellectual art deve

33、loped.3. 新古典主义In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to neoclassical period, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek an

34、d Roman writers(Homer etc) and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.4. 英雄双行诗Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible;

35、 Poetry should be lyrical 抒 情的)，epical(叙事诗的,英雄的,有重大历史意义的)，didactic, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles; Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets(iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time,space and action should be strictly observe

36、d; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.5. 英国现实主义小说The modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. Thus the most sig

37、nificant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution and a symbol of the growing importance and strength of the English middle class.6. 天国历程中“名利场”的寓意The Pilgrims Progress is the most successful religio

38、us allegory in the English Ianguage. Its purpose is to urge people to abide（遵守，坚持）by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. It is not only about something spiritual but also bears much relevance to the time. Its pred

39、ominant metaphor（r寓意，隐喻）life as a journey is simple and familiar.7. 蒲伯的文学 （ 诗歌 ）批评观点及其诗歌特色An Essay on Criticism, the poem, as a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism, exert great influence upon Popes contemporary writers in advocating the classical rules and popularizing the neoc

40、lassicist tradition in England. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence and therefore makes easy reading. Pope satirized all sorts of false learning and pedantry in literature, philosophy, science and other branches of knowledge.8. 鲁滨逊漂流记的特点The all-powe

41、rful influence of material circumstances or social environment upon the thoughts and actions of the hero or the heroine is highlighted. The struggle of the poor unfortunate for mere existence, mixed with their desire for great wealth, comes into conflict with the social environment which prevents th

42、em from obtaining the goal under normal circumstances and thus forces them into criminal actions or bold adventures.In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.Robinson is here a real hero: a typical

43、eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype（n雏形，范例，原型）of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In desc

44、ribing Robinsons life on the island, Defoe glorifies（v 赞美，美化）human labor and the Puritan（W青教徒）fortitude（n 刚/坚毅，不屈不挠）,which save Robinson from despair and are a source of pride and happiness9. 格列佛游记的社会讽刺As a whole, the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all as

45、pects in the then English and European life-socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.The exaggerated smallness in Part1 works just as effectively as the exaggerated largeness in P

46、art 2. the similarities between human beings and the Lilliputians and the contrast between the Brobdingnagians and human beings both bear reference to the possibilities of human state. Part 3, though seemingly a bit random, furthers the criticism of the western civilization and deals with different

47、malpractices and false illusions about science philosophy, history and even immortality. The last part, where comparison is made through both similarities and differences, leads the reader to fundamental question: What on earth is a human bein、g10. 菲尔丁“散文体史诗Fielding was the first to set out, both in

48、 theory and practice, to write specifically a comic epic in prose. He adopted the thirdperson narration, in which the author becomes the all knowing God. He thinks the thought of all his characters, so he is able to present not only their external behaviours but also the internal workings of their m

49、inds. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.11. 格雷诗歌的主题与意象It is more or less或多或少）conn ected with the mela ncholy eve nt of death of Richard West, Grays intimat

50、e friend. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poet compares the common folk with the great ones, wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance. Here he reveals his sympathy

51、 for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc（n/v 破坏，混舌L ） on them.His poems, as a whole, are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present. His poems are characterized by an exquisite sense of form. His style is so

52、phisticated and allusive. His poems are often marked with the trait （n 特征，特点 ）of a highly artificial diction and a distorted word order.Chapter3 The Romantic Period1. 浪漫主义时期的作家及其作品1) William Blake: Songs of Experience Songs of Innocence2) Marriage of Heaven and Hell3) William Wordsworth: The Prelude

53、 Composed upon Westminster Bridge4) Lyrical BalladsI Wondered Lonely as a Cloud5) The Solitary Reaper6) Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Kubla Khan The Rime of the Ancient Mariner7) George Gordon Byron: Don Juan Childe Harold s Pilgrimage8) Song for the Ludites9) Percy Bysshe Shelley: To a SkylarkMen of Eng

54、land10) Ode to the West Wind11) John Keats: Ode to a NightingaleOde on a Grecian Urn12) Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice2. 浪漫主义Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essenceit designat

55、es a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes, and valuing its accurac

56、y in portraying the individual s experiences.3. 浪漫主义时期文学特点的分析A. In poetry writing, the romanticists employed new theories and innovated new techniques, for example, the preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school.B. The romanticists not only extol the

57、faculty off imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration.C. They regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominant subject.D. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.4. 浪漫主义(所选作品)的主题、意象分析A. To Wordsworth, nature acts as a substitute for imaginative and intellectual engagement with the development of embodied human beings in their diverse circumstances. Its nature that gives him“strength and knowledge full of peace.Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subjec