国际贸易实务英汉双语课件_第4章transport

1、International trade practice主讲：刘伟良主讲：刘伟良TelTel：1392243943713922439437QQQQ：10472051221047205122Chapter 4 Transport1. Ocean Transport2. Air Transport3. Rail Transport4. Road Transport1/705. Containerization6. Palletization7. Pipelines8. International Multimodal Transport9. General Considerations in Ca

2、rgo TransportP57-Ocean TransportOther modes of transport2/70TransportP57-AdvantagesThe easy passageLarge capacityLow unit distribution cost1. Good adaptability to cargoesDisadvantagesSlow passageVulnerable 易受伤 to bad weather1. Less punctual3/701. Ocean Transport1) Advantages and disadvantagesP57-4/7

3、02) Major types of cargo vesselsn A general or packed cargo vesseln An OBO (ore/bulk/oil) carriern A refrigerated shipn A timber ship n An oil tankern A container vesseln Role on/Role off (RO-RO) vesseln LASH (Lighter Aboard Ship)n 普通货轮n 矿石/散货/油轮n 冷藏船n 木材船n 油轮n 集装箱轮n 滚装船n 载驳货船P57-5/70An Ore Carrier

4、矿沙船矿沙船P57-6/70A Refrigerated ShipP57-7/70A Timber Ship 木材木材P57-8/70An Oil TankerP57-9/70A RO-RO ShipP57-10/70A Lighter Aboard ShipP58-11/703) CLASSIFICATION OF MERCHANT VESSELSMerchant vessels LINERSTRAMPS流浪VOYAGE CHARTER程租船TIME CHARTER定期租船Single voyage航行 charter Round voyage charter Consecutive voy

5、age charterVoyage charter on time basis Contract of affreightment包运合同P58-12/70A linera passenger or cargo vessel that operates over a regular route according to an advertised time-table.Characteristicsn Fixed route, ports, schedule and relatively fixed freight;n Loading and unloading charges include

6、d in freight;n Good service;n Simple procedures;n Ideal for cargo of small quantity.【A】Liners (定期班轮)P59-A tramp a cargo ship not operating on regular routes and schedules, and picking up cargo from almost any port only when it is chartered (hired). Tramps can be divided into Voyage Charter and Time

7、Charter.Characteristicsn No fixed route, ports or schedule but direct trip;n Freight determined by market to be competitive;n Ideal for cargo of a complete shipload, such as cargo of low value and huge quantity.【B】Tramps (不定期货轮)P59-14/70nAlso known as charter party, is a written contract between the

8、 ship-operator and the charterer (shipper发货人), normally including the ports, the freight rate and the time involved in the voyages.nUnder a charter party, the ship operator issues a charter party bill of lading, which is normally rejected by the banks in L/C negotiation.Charter Party Contract - (租船合

9、同租船合同)P59-15/70A voyage charter is the hire of a ship for a particular trip that can be further divided into:nSingle voyage charternRound voyage charternConsecutive voyage charternVoyage charter on time basisnContract of affreightmentn单程航次租船 n来回航次租船 n连续航次租船n航次期租船 n包运合同租船Voyage Charter (定程租船定程租船)16/7

10、0Laytime (装卸时间)the total time (number of hours or days) allowed through an agreement between the ship-owner and the charterer for loading and/or unloading the cargo.Demurrage (滞港费)the charge the charterers pay to the ship-owner as compensation for the delay of a ship beyond its scheduled laytime. Di

11、spatch Money (速遣费)the reward the ship-owner pays to the charterers for the time saved in the loading or discharging operations (shorter than the contractually agreed laytime).Laytime, Demurrage & Dispatch TimeP59-17/70nRunning or consecutive days Each and every 24 hours are counted as one day.nW

12、orking days Non-working days such as Sundays and holidays are excluded.nWeather working days A day of good weather and working day is taken as part of the laytime.How to calculate the laytimeP60-18/70A time charter is the hire of a ship for a definite period of time from a few months up to 20 years.

13、 A time charter party should include the following main clauses:nDescription of shipnTrade limit (cargo, area)nCharter periodnDelivery of vesselTime Charter (定期租船定期租船)nCharter hirenSuspension 暂停 of hirenRedelivery of vesselnSubletP61-19/704) Key trade terms used specifically in charter shippingn LIN

14、ER TERMS: The ship-operator is responsible for cargo loading and unloading;n FREE IN (FI): The ship-operator is not responsible for cargo loading;n FREE OUT (FO): The ship-operator is not responsible for cargo unloading;n FREE IN & OUT (FIO): The ship-operator is not responsible for cargo loadin

15、g and unloading.n FREE IN & OUT, STOWED & TRIMMED (FIOST): The ship-operator is not responsible for cargo loading, unloading, stowing and trimming.P61-20/705) General procedures of ocean transport by linersn Find out freight rates.n Select a shipping line and a particular vessel for reliable

16、 service and reasonable cost.n Book shipping space.n Register cargo on a shipping note (S/N), which describes the details of cargo, and send the shipping note to the shipping line.n Register details on the Customs 海关海关forms.n Arrange adequate packing, including shipping marks.n Receive calling forwa

17、rd notice (when to send in the cargo) from shipping line.n Send cargo to the port shipment with consignment 托运托运 note, which has the details of the shipment.n Pay freight bill.n Receive from the shipping line a bill of lading (B/L)n Send B/L via shipping line or directly to consignee 收货人收货人 or to a

18、bank acting as intermediary.P62-21/70Jobsn Booking shipping space.n Arranging shipping documentation.n Collecting cargo.n Dealing with customs entries and other formalities. (Possibly) n Arranging payment and insurance. (Possibly) n Grouping a number of consignments 货物.n Giving advice on markets, im

19、port/export regulations & export packing.6) Shipping and forwarding agentsP62-22/707) Freight rates (运费率运费率)n W (weight)n M (measurements)n W/Mn Ad Valoremn W/M or Ad Valoremn W/M plus Ad Valoremn Open rateFreight charged by (计费方法)n 重量法n 体积法n 重量或尺码从高计n 从价法（贵重物品）n 重量或尺码或价值从高计n 重量或尺码从高再加从价n 临时议定法（

20、大宗产品）P64-23/70n Port congestion surchargen Alteration of destination surchargen Deviation surchargen Heavy lift additionaln Over-length additionaln Hold and tank cleaning chargeLiners Surcharges (班轮附加费)港口拥挤附加费变更港口附加费绕航附加费超重附加费超长附加费洗舱附加费7) Freight rates (运费率运费率)24/70How to calculate the liners freigh

21、tF: Total FreightFb: Basic FreightS: All SurchargeTotal Freight = Basic Freight + All Surcharges25/70Steps to calculate the liners freight据货物英文名称查询货物等级表和计费标准；查出航线的费率表；查附加费率（额）表计算运费How to calculate the liners freight26/70Example广州运往伦敦港“闹钟”一批共计100箱，每箱体积为20cm30cm40cm，毛重为25公斤。假设当时燃油附加费率为30，伦敦港口拥挤附加费率为l0

22、。n请计算应付运费多少? How to calculate the liners freight27/70Name of CargoCharged byGradeAgricultural MachineW10BeansW5ClocksW/M8KitchenwareW/M8.Step 1 Check out the grade of the cargoHow to calculate the liners freight28/70Step 2 Check out the basic freight rate（GuangzhouLondon）货物等级基本费率（美元/运费吨）150510010200

23、850.50 How to calculate the liners freight29/70Step 3 Check out the surcharge rate/amount （略） 据货物名称，查货物等级表得知：n该商品计价标准： W/Mn该商品货物等级为：8级 据题目给定的航线和查到的货物等级，查航线费率表得知：n该商品基本运费率：50.50美元/吨How to calculate the liners freight26/70Example广州运往伦敦港“闹钟”一批共计100箱，每箱体积为20cm30cm40cm，毛重为25公斤。假设当时燃油附加费率为30，伦敦港口拥挤附加费率为l0

24、。n请计算应付运费多少? How to calculate the liners freight30/70按重量吨：W = 0.025（公吨）按尺码吨：M= 0.2*0.3*0.4 =0.024（M3）WM，所以W/M 取WFb=100*0.025*50.50 = 126.25（美元）S=126.25*（10%+30%）= 50.5（美元）F=Fb+S=126.25+50.5=176.75（美元）How to calculate the liners freightP64-31/70“Bill of lading” (海运提单) means a document which evidences

25、 a contract of carriage by sea and the taking over or loading of the goods by the carrier, and by which the carrier undertakes to deliver the goods against surrender of the document. (Hamberg Rules )“海运提单”是指一份用以证明海上运输合同和货物由承运人接管或装船，以及承运人据以保证交付货物的文件。8) OCEAN BILL OF LADING (B/L)P64-32/70FUNCTIONS OF

26、B/Ln Evidence of Receipt of Cargoit is a receipt signed by the carrier confirming the goods have been received from the shipper in good order and condition apparently. n Document of Title to Cargoit is a document of title, creating ownership of the goods shipped.n Evidence of a Contract of Carriagei

27、t is evidence that a valid contract of carriage exists between the carrier and the shipper, and it may incorporate the full terms of the contract between them.33/701 1、它是承运人签发给托运人的货物收据它是承运人签发给托运人的货物收据n表明承运人已按提单所列内容收到货物。n除提单上订有有效的“不知条款”外(如：STC)，提单是承运人按所载内容收到货物的绝对证据。2 2、它是代表货物所有权的凭证、它是代表货物所有权的凭证n承运人的责

28、任是把提单项下货物交给提单持有人。若承运人把货物交给非提单持有人，则要自负风险。n承运人凭正本提单一份交货，其他几份则失效，不能再转让。3 3、它是承运人与托运人订立的运输合同的证明、它是承运人与托运人订立的运输合同的证明n对提单受让人来说，现实中，除了提单，少有运输协议存在。n作为提单受让人的货物买方与承运人之间的权利和义务以提单为准。因此，提单起着运输合同的作用。海运提单的作用海运提单的作用34/70Contents of B/LHague Rules - 海牙规则（多数提单采用）Visby Rules - 维斯比规则Hamberg Rules - 汉堡规则FrontBackCarrier

29、; B/L No.; Shipper; Consignee; Notify Party; Vessel; Voyage No.; Port of Loading/Discharge; Commodity; Marks & Number; Gross Weight; Measurement; Freight & Charges; Place & Date of Issue; Number of Original B/L; Signature of Carrier or its agents; and etc.P65-nSamples:B/L 1B/L 235/704类共1

30、7种情况n 因不可抗力免责；n 因非船方本身过失免责；n 因特殊情况免责；n 因无过失免责。海牙规则海牙规则免责事项免责事项P65-36/70Types OF B/Ln Shipped/On Board B/Ln Received for Shipment B/Ln Clean B/Ln Dirty B/Ln Straight B/Ln Order B/Ln Bearer B/Ln Direct B/Ln Transshipment B/Ln Combined Transport Documentn Short Form B/Ln Long Form B/Ln On Deck B/Ln Sta

31、le B/Ln Groupage B/L & House B/Ln Ante-dated B/Ln Advanced B/Ln Freight Prepaid B/Ln Freight Collect B/Ln Minimum B/Ln Separate B/Ln Switch B/LP65-37/70Shipped B/L or On Board B/L (已装船提单已装船提单)承运人在货物已经装上指定船舶后所签发的提单。Received for Shipment B/L (备运备运/收讫待运提单收讫待运提单)承运人已收到托运货物等待装运期间所签发的提单(承运人收到货，还没装船）。实

32、际业务中，买方一般都要求卖方提交已装船提单。Types OF B/LP66-38/70Clean B/L (清洁提单清洁提单)货物在装运时表面状况良好，承运人不加不良批注的提单。Dirty 、foul or Unclean B/L (不清洁提单）不清洁提单）货物在装运时表面有瑕疵，承运人在上面加带不良批注的提单。实际业务中，买方一般都要求卖方提交清洁提单。Types OF B/LP67-39/70Straight B/L (记名提单记名提单)收货人栏填明特定收货人的提单。实际业务中，使用最多的是指示提单。Bearer B/L (不记名提单不记名提单)收货人栏填明“To Bearer”（持有人）

33、的提单。Order B/L (指示提单指示提单)收货人栏填写“To order”（需背书）或“To order of XXX”（由XXX背书）字样的提单。Types OF B/L3. 3.根据收货人抬头根据收货人抬头（1 1）记名提单）记名提单 straight B/Lstraight B/Ll收货人栏内填写特定收货人名称收货人栏内填写特定收货人名称l不能流通转让不能流通转让n（2 2）不记名提单）不记名提单 bearer B/Lbearer B/Ll收货人栏内不填写收货人名称收货人栏内不填写收货人名称无需背书即可转让无需背书即可转让3. 3.根据收货人抬头根据收货人抬头（3 3）指示提单）指

34、示提单 order B/Lorder B/Ll收货人栏内填写：收货人栏内填写：l “ “TO ORDER” (TO ORDER” (即不记名指示，空白抬即不记名指示，空白抬头头) ) “TO THE ORDER OF “TO THE ORDER OF * * *”（即记名指示）（即记名指示）这种提单经这种提单经指示人指示人背书后可以转让给其他人背书后可以转让给其他人。the Shipper /the the Shipper /the Consignee /the Bank Consignee /the Bank 一般视为一般视为Shipper指示，指示，只有当只有当Shipper作出背书作出背

35、书后才可转让给其他人后才可转让给其他人n关于背书关于背书 endorsementl背书有背书有和和 空白背书是背书人在提单背面签名或盖章；空白背书是背书人在提单背面签名或盖章；记名背书是除在提单背面签名外，还列明被记名背书是除在提单背面签名外，还列明被背书人名称背书人名称。提单经过背书可以转让，实际业务中使用提单经过背书可以转让，实际业务中使用最多的是最多的是“空白抬头空白抬头( (即即To order)To order)，空白，空白背书背书”提单，因为可以实现多次转让。提单，因为可以实现多次转让。P68-40/70Transshipment B/L（转船提单）（转船提单）提单项下货物在运输途

36、中，转卸入另一船，再驶往目的港卸货。Through B/L (联运提单联运提单)提单项下货物以海运和其他运输方式联合运输。Direct B/L（直运提单）（直运提单）提单项下货物在装运港装上货轮后，直接（不转船）驶往目的港卸货。Types OF B/LP69-41/70Long form B/L (全式提单全式提单/繁式提单繁式提单)既在正面列明内容，也在背面列明承运人何托运人权利和义务的提单。（班轮提单通常属此）Short Form B/L (略式提单简式提单略式提单简式提单)只提单正面列明必须记载的事项，背面空白的提单。（租船提单往往属此）Combined Transport Docume

37、nt CTD (多式联运单据多式联运单据)指能证明多式联运合同和多式联运人接收货物并负责按照合同交付货物的单据。Types OF B/LP70-42/70Stale B/L (过期提单过期提单)签发后超过信用证期限才交到银行的提单。On Deck B/L (甲板提单舱面提单甲板提单舱面提单)表明货物装于船舶甲板的提单，银行一般不接受。Groupage B/L (并装提单并装提单)：货代将不同货主的货物组成一批交船公司运输，由此船方签发给货代的提单。House B/L (货代提单货代提单) ：货代公司签发的提单。 Types OF B/LP71-43/70Ante-dated B/L (倒签提单

38、倒签提单)提单显示的签发日非签发当天，而是已过去的某天（据托运人要求）的提单。Advanced B/L (预借提单预借提单)货物尚未装船或尚未装船完毕的情况下，船方提前签发的已装船清洁提单（即托运人为了能及时结汇而从承运人那里借用的已装船清洁提单）。船方印发以上2种提单均属“欺诈”违法行为。Types OF B/LP72-44/70Freight to be collected B/L (运费到付提单运费到付提单)注明运费向收货人收取（Freight to be collected）支付的提单。nFOB条件下，卖方提交运费到付提单。nCFR、CIF条件下，卖方提交运费已付提单。Freight

39、Prepaid B/L (运费已付提单运费已付提单)注明运费已预先支付（Freight Prepaid）的提单。Types OF B/LSeparate B/L (分提单分提单)一批货物，即同一装货单的货物，据托运人要求分列2套或2套以上的提单。（一批货，两套单）Minimum B/L (最低运费提单最低运费提单 )运费未到运价本规定的最低额，而按规定的最低运费计收的提单。Switch B/L (交换提单交换提单)直达运输中，凭在启运港签发的提单另换发一套以中途港为启运港的提单。Types OF B/LnDocuments not presented in full set as requir

40、ed.nAlteration not authenticated by shipping company or its agent.nUnacceptable type of B/L, e.g., on deck, dirty, charter party, and etc.nNot endorsed “On Board” when so required, “On Board” not signed and dated or dated after the latest shipment date on credit.nB/L not blank endorsed.Common discre

41、pancies 不符点不符点 found in B/Ln Failure to indicate if freight prepaid or freight collected.n Inconsistency between B/L and other documents (e.g. L/C, invoice, etc) in port of shipment, port of destination, description of goods, weight, measurement, shipping mark, and etc.n Documents dated later than t

42、he shipping date in L/C.n Late presentation for L/C negotiation beyond the earlier date of the L/C date of expiry and the L/C date of presentation (maximum 21 days after B/L issuance).Common discrepancies 不符点不符点 found in B/LP73-47/70n Time of shipmentn Port of shipmentn Port of destination n Advice

43、of shipmentn Partial shipmentn Transshipment9) Clause of shipmentn 装运期n 装运港n 目的港n 装船通知n 分批装运n 转运About time of shipmentP73-规定在某一时期内装运，例如：n Shipment during May 2009规定在某一时间点前装运，例如：n Shipment on or before (not later than) the end of July 2009规定在收到信用证后若干日内装运，例如：n Shipment within 45 days after receipt / i

44、ssue of the L/C避免采用如下装运期规定：n Prompt shipment / Immediate shipment / Shipment ASAP(模糊日期）n Shipment on 8 August 2009 （具体日期）n 保证货物到达目的港（地）时间。48/70About port of shipment规定在某一具体港口装运，例如：n Port of Shipment: Shanghai规定在某几个港口任选一个装运(较灵活)，例如：n Port of Shipment: Shanghai / Qingdao / Dalian规定在我国任何一个港口装运，例如：n Por

45、t of Shipment: China port; Chinese Main Port (CMP)n 装运港原则上应靠近货源地、交通便捷、费用低廉、储存条件等完备；n 若由买方租船运输，应规定卖方在装运前一段时间内告知具体港口。About port of destination规定某一具体目的港，例如：n Port of Destination: London规定某几个目的港口，例如：n Port of Destination: London / Liverpool / Manchester规定某几个目的港口任选一个，例如：n Port of Destination: London / Li

46、verpool / Manchester, optionaln 配合我国外交政策的实施。n 港口国家政局的稳定性。对客户的选港要求，原则上港口越少越好（一般不超过3个），并由客户支付选港费，同时考虑以下问题：n 港口的基础设施情况。n 港口的航班情况。About partial shipmentsP75-允许分批装运，但不规定分批的具体时间、批次和数量。允许分批装运，并具体订明每批装运的时间和数量。n 按UCP600，若L/C不禁止分批装运，即，卖方可以分批装运。n 按UCP600，几张提单中若每张提单显示同一运输工具、同一航次、同一目的地，即不视作分批装运。（即使装货港和装运日期不同）n 若

47、一分批装运合同订明每批装运时间和数量，卖方只要任何一批不按期、按量装运，即可视作合同违约。51/70About transshipmentP75-n 按UCP600，转运是指从发运接受监管或装运地至最后目的地的运输过程中从一运输工具卸下，再装上另一运输工具（不论是否为不同运输方式）的行为。n 按UCP600，即使信用证禁止转运， 只要采用多式联运提单（含多种方式运输）注明将发生或可能发生转运，即不视作转运。n 若进口商想禁止任何方式的转运，即在信用证上明确表示禁止转运，并规定不接受多式联运提单。52/7010) More or less clause - 溢短装条款溢短装条款P76-53/70

48、如，5000MT, with 5% more or less at sellers option;又如，About or Approximately 5000MT （“约”数条款）n 若货物数量非以包装单位或货物自身件数计算的，即，按L/C规则，货物数量允许有5%的增减幅度（只要总支取金额不超过L/C金额）。n 若货物的数量是以包装单位件数或货物自身件数计算的，即，按L/C规则，货物数量不允许有增减幅度。n 若在L/C中使用了“约”或“大约”，即解释为允许有关金额或数量或单价有不超过10%的增减幅度。（UCP600极力反对L/C使用“约”或“大约”等不明确的字眼。）P76-54/702. Ai

49、r Transportn Scheduled Airline (班机运输)n Charter Carriers (包机运输)n Consolidated Consignments (集中托运)P76-55/702. Air TransportAdvantagesn Faster delivery.n Better security.n Less packaging.n Lower insurance.n Faster settlement.n Better service.n Reduced stock.n Expanded trade & new markets.Disadvanta

50、gesn Limited capacity, dimension & weight restrictions.n Very high operating expenses & high transport cost.n Vulnerable to disruption when weather is bad.n Expensive handling cost because of consignments tend not to be consolidated.n Sparsely 稀缺稀缺 located facilities.Advantages & Disadva

51、ntagesP76-56/702. Air TransportAir Waybill (航空货运单)航空货运单（Air Waybill，AWB）是订立契约、接受货物和承运条件的证明，实际上是双方当事人所订立的国际货物航空运输合同。航空货运单的特点/作用n 航空货运单是承运人接受货物的证明及运输合同，可作为货物结算、报关、保险索赔等凭据。n 航空货运单不是物权凭证，发货人可行使“处置权”（right of disposal）,指示承运人中途停止运输，或转运给其他人，甚至要求回运货物。n 航空货运单也不是提货凭证，收货人只需凭身份证明文件提货。所以卖方必须注意买方的信用，确保安全收款。n 实际业务

52、中，航空货运单一般不可转让。P79-57/703. Rail TransportAdvantagesnHigh capacity form of transport.nRelatively high speed.nLess prone to interruption by poor weather.nRather Economical.Type of freight carsnShed car 棚车nOpen car 敞篷车nFlat car 平板车nTank car 油罐车nVentilation car 换气车P80-58/703. Rail TransportRail Waybill /

53、 Rail Consignment Note(国际铁路联运运单)n发货人提交货物和付清运费后，发站在运单正本和副本上盖发站日期戳记（证明货物已承运），则成为运输合同的凭证。n运单随同货物从发站至到站接运送全程附送，最后送收货人。运单既是铁路承运货物的凭证，也是铁路在终点站向收货人核收运杂费和点交货物的依据。n运单不是物权凭证，不能转让；运单副本不具有运单的效力，由发站加盖戳记后退给发货人，可贸易结算的文件。（以上根据国际货协规定） P81-59/704. Road TransportAdvantagesnDistributive ability of road vehicles.nFlexib

54、le in operation.nCompetitive in short distance transport.DisadvantagesnLimited capacity.nHigh operating costnRisk of pilferage and damage.nLegal limitations5. Containerization集装箱种类(常用种) 20英尺：1C型8*8*20）40英尺：1A型8*8*40; 1AA型8*8.6*40 5. Containerization运输货物交接整箱货 (Full container load-FCL) 装箱后运交集装箱堆场 (Con

55、tainer yard-CY)； 拼箱货 (Less than container load-LCL) 由承运人在集装箱货运站 (Container freight station-CFS) 拼箱后发运。 集装箱运输费用n 内陆运输费（Inland transport charge）n 拼箱服务费（LCL service charge）n 堆场服务费（Terminal handling charge-THC）n 集装箱及其他设备使用费用（Fee for using container & other equipment）FAK（freight for all kinds）包箱费率不分货物种类，也不计货量，只规定统一的每个集装箱收取的费率。 FCS（freight for class）包箱费率按不同货物等级的包箱费率。 FCB（freight for class