英语发音规则与音标学习

1、The most important points in learning English A. Pronunciation. B. Grammar. C. VocabularyPronunciation Lets go over the international phonetic alphabet.Vowels a. Front vowels. /i:/ /i/ /e/ / b. Central vowels. / / /:/ c. Back vowels. /a:/ /:/ / /u:/ /u/Diphthongs /ei/ /ai/ /i/ /u/ /au/ /i/ / /u/ /ai

2、/音节的划分 开音节 相对开音节 cake name shake code 绝对开音节 she he me go hi 闭音节 bad bed bit dog cup egg R音节 car her bird corn burn 成音节 apple parden Lets practice! /i:/ beat wheat feet peel heat deep teen meal eel neat least sheep /i/ bit wit fit pill hit dip tin mill ill knit list ship Bring me the bill, please. Di

3、d you leave a tip? The machine in the corner needs cleaning. To keep fit, you need to see to it that you dont overeat. Drinking was seen as a sin. Beauty is only skin deep. The river is still being polluted by the steel factory. /e/ bet lend dead men merry guess beck then mess check send / bat land

4、dad man marry gas back than mass chat sand Well, lets get everything ready. All is well that ends well. Better to do well than to say well. The bank still has many bad debts. Mary married a man whose father was a banker. Dad says a soft bed is bad for his back. That man has taken my black jacket. /

5、shut bus rubber dull gun lung nut wonder duck cuff hut stuck colour one under Hes worried about his uncle. She looks much younger than her younger brother. Do you have enough money for lunch? You are a lucky dog, always having the lucky star above you. / banana worker litter flatter cupboard factor

6、breakfast nursery /:/ worm burn turn firm bird curl purse shirt first girl First come, first served. Its the early bird that catches the worm. / bond job lot shot pot swan not fox cock spot /:/ bored jaw lord short port sworn naught forks cork sport He forgot to lock the door. You ought to do what t

7、he doctor ordered. Theres a small shop called Potters round the corner. He bought it but lost it. She taught me, but I soon forgot. What we call common sense is not common. / bun hut cut fuss butler come guts must lust duck much tusk chuckle /a:/ barn heart cart farce partner calm guards master last

8、 dark march task charcoal A: Come on, Tom! Hurry up! Lunch is ready! We want to start! B: Im coming. A: What are you doing? B: Im in the bath, Mother. A: What a funny time for a bath! By the way, Margarets come. B: Did you say Margarets come, Mother? A: Tom! Put something on! You cant come the lunch

9、 in a towel! /u/ book could full good hook look pull took foot shook stood /u:/ boot cool fool goose whose loot pool tool food shoot stool He put his foot in his new boot and looked at it. The proof of the pudding is in the eating. The news is too good to be true. Only a fool would sit between two s

10、tools. /ei/ bay paint race fail tail lain stay caned /ai/ buy pint rice file tile line sty kind /i/ boy point Royce foil toil loin stoit coined Boys and girls come out to play. The moon is shining bright as day. Leave your supper and leave your sleep. And join your playfellows in the street. /au/ bo

11、uts town fowl found how howl loud noun now /u/ boats tone foal phoned hoe hole load known know There were no doubts about his progress. I really doubt if I can get a table for two near the window in this crowde restaurant. Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance. /i/ peer tear (n.) fear sh

12、eer mere sheer dear leer / pair tear (v.) fair share mare share dare lair /u/ poor tour fewer sure moor sure doer lure You can get your hair cut here. The doctor blew air into Tims left ear. The circus bear drank beer. We never have more than we can bear. The present hour we are always able to endur

13、e. / fair bare hair tear (v.) rare despair /ai/ fire buyer hire tyre roit inspire There is no fire without some smoke. The bear wants a tail, and cannot be a lion. A: Hey, there, you seem to be losing weight? Are you on a diet? B: Yes. Its great that you notice that without my telling you. I was so

14、scared when I looked at the scale last month that I made up my mind to go on a strict diet right then. Grammar Part Members of the Sentence A sentence is made up of different parts known as the members of the sentence. Generally, there are in a sentence two principal members: the subject and the pre

15、dicate, and some secondary members: the object, the predicative, the object complements, the attribute, the adverbial, the appositive and so on.advebialThe Subject The subject is a principle member of a sentence denoting the person or thing about which something is said. A noun, a pronoun, a numeral

16、, an infinitive, a gerund, a substantivized adjective or a clause can function as the subject, which usually appears at the beginning of a sentence. Lost time is never found again. ( a noun) We are strongly against the plan. ( a pronoun) There are thirty students in our class. Twenty are girls, and

17、ten are boys. ( two numerals) To see is to believe. ( an infinitive) Seeing is believing. ( a gerund) The poor are in great need of food. ( a substantivized adjective) What he says isnt the same as what he does. ( a clause)The Predicate The predicate is also a principal member of a sentence which sa

18、ys something about the person or thing denoted by the subject. The predicate usually comes after the subject. An intransitive verb, a transitive verb together with its object, or a link verb with a pre- dicative can serve as the predicate. The predicate falls into four kinds: a) simple predicate, wh

19、ich is formed by an intransitive verb or a transitive verb plus its object, b) compound nominal predicate, which is formed by a link verb plus a predicative, c) compound verbal predicate, which is formed by a modal verb plus an infinitive, d) double predicate, which is formed by a verb with full mea

20、ning plus a predicative. 双重谓语通常由一个不及物动词加一个形容词构成，有时也由一个不及物动词加一个名词构成，常用来构成双重谓语的不及物动词有rise, lie, die, stand, sit, marry, leave等。例如： 1. The sun rose red. (=When the sun rose, it was red.) 太阳升起红艳艳。 2. Tom lay sick. (=Tom was sick and he was lying.) 汤姆病倒了。 3. He died a beggar. (= He was a beggar when he d

21、ied.) 他死时是个乞丐。 4. Holding the note in his hand, he stood there dumbfounded. 他拿着票子，站在那里目瞪口呆。 5. That man stood quite still, except that his lips moved slightly.那个人除了嘴唇微微动着以外，站着一动也不动。 6. They sat silent. (=They were silent while they were sitting.)他们坐着一言不发。 7. Dont marry too young.(=Dont marry when yo

22、u are too young.) 不要早婚。 8. She left a child and came back a mother of three children. 她走时是一个孩子，回来时已是个有三个孩子的妈妈了。 The new school year begins on the 1st of September. (simple predicate) His wife is a worker. (compound nominal predicate) You should try to love her. (compound verbal predicate) He stood s

23、till. (double predicate)The Predicative The predicative is a member of a sentence denoting the state, quality or status of the subject. A noun, a pronoun, an adjective, a numeral, an adverb, a non-finite verb, a preposi- tional phrase, or a clause can function as the predicative, which usually comes

24、 immediately after a link verb. He is a student. (a noun) Its you. (a pronoun) He is always the first to get to the school. (a numeral) Her voice sounds sweet. (an adjective) We are worried about your safety. (a non-finite verb) Marry is out. (an adverb) The colour is in fashion this year. (a prepos

25、itional phrase) What I want to know is when he will come back. (a clause)The Object The object comes after a transitive verb, denoting the person or a thing that receives the action expressed by the predicate verb. The expression after a preposition is also called the object. the object falls roughl

26、y into three kinds: a) direct object, b) indirect object, and c) cognate object.1)The Direct object The direct object, usually coming after a transitive verb, denotes the person or thing that receives the action expressed by the transitive verb. A noun, a pronoun, a substantivized adjective, a numer

27、al, a gerund, an infinitive, or a clause can serve as the direct object. He broke the window. (a noun) They treated the poor very cruelly. (a substantivized adjective) I hate you very much. (a pronoun) -How many apples did tom eat? -tom ate three. (a numeral) I finished writing the letter. (a gerund

28、) She wanted to go there alone. (an infinitive) I think that you should finish the work as soon as possible. (a clause)2)The Indirect Object The indirect object, usually coming before the direct object, denotes the person towards whom the action of the predicate verb is directed. A noun or a pronoun

29、 denoting “person” can function as the indirect object. I gave Mike a book. (a noun) Mary told me a story. (a pronoun)3)The Cognate Object Some transitive verbs may sometimes take a noun which derives from their verb form, and the noun is similar in meaning to its corresponding transi- tive verb. Su

30、ch a noun is called the cognate object. Most cognate objects have the same form as their verbs. He laughed a hearty laugh. She died a glorious death. He dreamed a wonderful dream last night. He slept a good sleep last night.Notice give, bring, teach, send show, buy, allow, fetch, hand, offer, owe, p

31、ass, refuse, tell, sing, sell, read and so on. He gave me a book. He gave a book to me./ He gave it to me. He bought me a book. He bought a book for me.5)The Object Complement Some transitive verbs, besides taking an object, still require an expression to make the sense of the predicate complete. Su

32、ch an expression is called the object complement, which usually comes after the object. A noun, an infinitive, a participle, an adjective, an adverb or a prepositional phrase can serve as the object comple- ment. We think his words a downright lie. (a noun) He saw a thief (to) walk stealthily into t

33、he room. (an infinitive) He will have his watch repaired. (participle) We must keep the classroom clean and tidy. (two adjectives) When we went to his room, we found the light off. (an adverb) Dont regard a man of few words as a fool. (a prepositional phrase)6)The Attribute The attribute is a word,

34、a phrase, or a clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun or even a sentence, generally, an adjective, an adverb, a participle, an infinitive, a gerund, a noun, a pronoun, a numeral, a prepositional phrase or a clause can function as the attribute. This is a nice watch. (an adjective) The student ther

35、e is Mike. (an adverb) The old lady, with a worried look, is standing at the corner of the street. (a participle) There is a stone bridge over the river. (a noun) There are many books on the desk. (a pronoun) He has three ball pens. (a numeral) I have a lot of work to do. (an infinitive) We are shor

36、t of drinking water. (a gerund) China is a country with a history of more than 5000 years. (a prepositional phrase) He who could climb the ladder must begin at the bottom. (a clause)Position of the Attribute Generally, a single word used as the attribute is placed before the modified word, while a p

37、hrase or a clause used as the attribute, after the modified word. A good student must be hardworking. (a single word) He is a student of twenty years old. (a phrase) He is a student who is twenty years old. (a clause)But there are exceptions: (1) adverbs such as here, there downstairs, upstairs, out

38、, home and abroad, when used as the attribute, should be placed after the modified word. (2)when the words in a phrase or a clause used attributively are hyphenated, the phrase or clause is placed before the modified word. a thirty-year-old man (3)Predicative adjectives beginning with the letter “a”

39、, when used as the attribute, should be placed after the modified word. Tom alone didnt come to the meeting. The people alive should work hard. (4)Attibutes modifying compound indefinite pronouns such as something, everything, anything, nothing and somebody should be placed after the modified word.

40、I have something important to tell you.Word Order of the Premodifier 两栋旧的灰色小石屋 two small old grey stone housesThe Appositive The appositive is an element which, coming after a noun or a pronoun and denoting the same person or thing as the preceding noun or pronoun does, defines or supplements the an

41、tecedent. Generally, the appositive may be expressed by a noun, a pronoun, a numeral or a clause. Beijing, the capital of China, has a large population. (a noun) You students should study hard. (a noun) You two mustnt play football in the street. (a numeral) Word came yesterday that our team had won

42、 the game. (a clause)The Adverbial The adverbial is an element which modifies a verb, an adjective, an adverb or even a whole sentence. Generally, an adverb, an adjective, a prepositional phrase, a nominative absolute construction or a clause may function as the adverbial. He is very rich. (an adver

43、b)Classification of the Adverbial The adverbial falls, according to the meaning, into the following eleven kinds, i.e, adverbials of time, place, manner, condition, degree, frequency, cause, comparison, purpose, result and concession.Position of the Adverbial (1) Adverbials of degree are usually pla

44、ced before the modified word (except “enough”） He did his work very well. He is old enough to join the army. (2) adverbials of frequency are placed: a) after a link-verb; b) before a notional verb; c) between an auxiliary or modal verb and a notional verb. Tom is late for class.( always) I have hear

45、d of the news. (never) (3) adverbials of manner are usually placed after the modified verb. If the verb takes an object, they must be placed after the object. Adverbials of time and place are usually placed at the end or beginning of a sentence. If the adverbials of manner, time and place are used together, they are usually arranged in the order of “ manner+place+time”. But invitation is an exception. In Celebration of the 80th Anniversary of the Founding of the Chinese peoples libe