应用化学专业外语第六单元第二节U06L02

1、 Editors: Editors:盛凯丽盛凯丽 王琪王琪 张朵张朵ContentsSummaryNote thatThe Preparatory PhaseThe Pay off Phase Solved problems12345summary Glycolysis ,which literally means splitting of a sugar ,is a process whereby a glucose molecule is split in two in order to generate ATP（adenosine triphosphate ) . 糖酵解，它的字面意思是

2、糖分解的过程，即：葡萄糖分子被一分为二，生成ATP（三磷酸腺苷）。非限制性定语从句 This is the simplest form of metabolism in the cell ,which takes place in the absence of oxygen and is utilized under at least some conditions by all the type of cells. 这是细胞中最简单的代谢形式，它发生在缺氧的情况下，在一定条件下，能够被所有类型的细胞所利用。 Moreover ,glycolysis converts one molecule

3、 of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate which can then be used to generate more ATP in aerobic organisms. 此外，在好氧生物中，糖酵解一分子的葡萄糖为2分子丙酮酸，然后产生更多的ATP。o. 把把.转换为转换为. be used to 被用来被用来. A glucose molecule ,shown in Figure 6-2-1,contains 6 carbon atoms ;a molecule of pyruvate ,shown in Figure 6-2

4、-2,has 3 carbon atoms. Pyruvate can be oxidized in the citric aid cycle。 如图6-2-1所示，一个葡萄糖分子(含有6个碳原子)；如图6-2-2所示，一分子丙酮酸(有3个碳原子)。在柠檬酸的作用下，丙酮酸可以循环氧化。4321O56HOHOOHOHOHOHOOFigure 6-2-1,A glucose molecule 6 carbon atoms.In glycolysis ,it will be cleaved into two 3 carbon atom molecules.图6-2-1，一个葡萄糖分子的6个碳原子的

5、。在糖酵解，它会裂解成3个碳原子的分子。 Figure 6-2-2 The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate .a molecule with 3 carbon atoms.图6-2-2，糖酵解的最终产品是丙酮酸（一个具有3个碳原子的分子）。 The release of energy from a glucose molecule using glycolysis is probably of very ancient origin .We know this because 葡萄糖分子利用糖酵解释放能量可能是非常古老的起源。我们知道这是因为 It

6、is an anaerobic process ,that is ,no oxygen is required. 它是一种厌氧过程，即，不需要氧。 It occurs even in very simple cells. 它可以发生在非常简单的细胞中 。 After glycolysis more “advenced ”aerobic organisms use oxygen to generate addition energy。 糖酵解后，一些更“高级”的好氧生物利用氧会产生额外的能量。use.to. 用.来做. The chemical formula of pyruvate is C3

7、H4O3 . 丙酮酸的化学分子式是 C3H4O3。 Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and it requires a total of 10 enzymes along with the investment of 2 ATP molecules. These 2 ATP molecules are used in the following ways : 糖酵解发生在细胞质中，整个过程需要1010种酶种酶和和2 2个个ATPATP分子分子.这2个ATP分子被用做以下两个方面： An ATP molecule donates a phosphate gr

8、oup to glucose giving glucose phosphate. 一个ATP分子将带有磷酸基团的葡萄糖转化为葡萄糖磷酸。 The second ATP molecule donates a phosphate turning fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. 第二个ATP分子是利用磷酸将果糖-6-磷酸转化为果糖1,6-二磷酸 。donate.to. 将.贡献给.此处结合上下文翻译为“将.转化为. The reasons for these ATP investments will become clear be

9、low . The overall reactions ,which requires the production of 9 intermediate molecules ,is: 整个反应过程会产生9个中间分子，具体反应方程式如下：2C3H4O3+2NADH+2H+2H2OC6H12O6+2ADP+2NAD+2Pi Glycolysis yields 2 NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) molecules and 2 protons.In the back of your mind ,make a note that the

10、 cell requires NAD+ to generate more ATP. 糖酵解产生糖酵解产生2 2个个NADHNADH（烟酰胺腺嘌呤酸二核苷酸）分子和分子和2 2个个质子质子。在你的脑海里，要注意细胞需要NAD+产生更多的ATP。 In cells that can use aerobic metabolism ,pyruvate can be used to synthesize more ATP in the citric acid cycle . 在细胞中，可以利用丙酮酸的有氧代谢，在柠檬酸柠檬酸循环循环中来合成更多的ATP。 Glycolysis occurs in two

11、 phase we call the preparatory phase and the pay off phase .In the preparatory phase an investment of ATP molecules is required. In the pay off phase energy is liberated. 糖酵解糖酵解的的发生发生有有两个阶段，我们称之为两个阶段，我们称之为准备准备阶段阶段和和获益阶段获益阶段。在准备阶段需要投入进去ATP分子。在获益阶段能量被释放。 Note that The metabolism of glucose into two mo

12、lecules of pyruvate yields a net gain of 2 ATP molecules .We invest 2ATP molecules up front ,and 4 ATP molecules are liberated during the cycle .This net gain in ATP provides a vital energy source that can be utilized in cellular processes. 葡萄糖葡萄糖代谢代谢成两个分子的丙酮酸净收益为成两个分子的丙酮酸净收益为2 2个个ATPATP分子分子。我们在之前投入

13、进去2ATP分子，在整个循环过程中又有4个ATP分子被释放出来。净收益ATP提供了一个重要的能量来源，可以用在细胞过程。The Preparatory Phase准备阶段准备阶段 The preparatory phase of glycolysis requires five steps that prepare the glucose molecule so that it can liberate energy in the form of new ATP molecules . 糖酵解的准备阶段需要五个步骤，葡萄糖分子以新产生的ATP分子的形式释放出能量。 Remember that

14、glycolysis takes place within the cytoplasm .The important input and output of the preparatory phase are 记住,糖酵解作用糖酵解作用发生发生在细胞质中在细胞质中。重要的输入和输出的准备阶段是 Input :One glucose ,2 ATP ,5 enzymes. 输入：一个葡萄糖分子，一个葡萄糖分子，2 2个个ATPATP，5 5种种酶酶。 Output:Two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. 输出：两个两个3-3-磷酸甘油醛磷酸甘油醛分

15、子分子 STEP 1:The Hexokinase Reaction. 步骤1：己糖激酶反应。 STEP 2:The Formation of Fructose 6-Phosphate. 步骤2：果糖-6-磷酸的形成。 STEP 3:Formation of Fructose 1,6-Diphosphate.步骤3：1,6-二磷酸果糖的形成. STEP 4: Cleavage of Fructose 6-Phosphate into Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate and Dihydroxyacetone. 步骤4：1,6-二磷酸果糖裂解为3-磷酸甘油醛和二羟基丙酮。 S

16、TEP 5:Conversion of Dihydroxyacetone into Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate . 步骤5：二羟丙酮转化为3 -磷酸甘油醛。The pay off Phase 获益阶段获益阶段 The second half of glycolysis is known as the pay off phase ,characterised by a net gain of the energy-rich molecules ATP and NADH. 糖酵解的后半部分称为获益阶段，其特征是净其特征是净获富含能量的获富含能量的ATPATP和和NADHN

17、ADH分子。分子。 Since glucose leads to two triose sugars in the preparatory phase, each reaction in the pay-off phase occurs twice per glucose molecule. 葡萄糖在准备阶段，两个丙糖发生两次反应，每次反应一个葡萄糖分子。 This yields 2 NADH molecules and 4 ATP molecules,leading to a net gain of 2 NADH molecules and 2 ATP molecules from the

18、glycolytic pathway per glucose. 这将产生这将产生2 2个个NADHNADH分子和分子和4 4个个ATPATP分子分子，导致每个葡萄糖分子糖酵解的净增益为2个NADH分子和2个ATP分子。 The pay-off phase is characterized by the following input and output: 获益阶段的特点是后续的输入和输出： Input:Two glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate molecules from the preparatory phase of the reaction .In addtion

19、 ,the required input includes 2 NAD+ molecules,2 Pi and 5 enzymes. 输入：准备阶段的两个3-3-磷酸甘油醛磷酸甘油醛分子的反应。此外，所需的输入还包括2 NAD2 NAD+ +分子，分子，2 2个磷酸和个磷酸和5 5种酶。种酶。 Output:Two Pyruvate molecules and 4 ATP. 输出：两个丙酮酸和两个丙酮酸和4 4个个ATPATP分子分子。 The steps in the pay-off phase are as follows,where we designate the steps 6-10

20、 to follow step 5 of the preparatory phase. 获益阶段的步骤如下，我们将继续准备阶段的5个步骤做6-10的步骤。 STEP6:Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate 第六步：3-磷酸甘油醛的氧化 STEP7：Substrate Level Phosphorylation 第7步：底物水平磷酸化 STEP8:Mutase Reaction 第8步：变位酶反应 STEP9:Enolase-Mediated Step 第9步：烯醇化酶介导的步骤 STEP10:Synthesis of Pyruvate 第10步：合成丙

21、酮酸合成丙酮酸New Words and Expressions glycolysis （糖）酵解 glucose 葡萄糖 triose 丙糖；三碳糖 fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1,6-二磷酸果糖 diphosphate 二磷酸盐 biphosphate 磷酸氢盐 glucose phosphate 葡萄糖磷酸 fructose-6-phosphate 果糖-6-磷酸 phosphorylation 磷酸化attentionn.(名词)词源：1, French 法语 2. from Greek gleukos sweet wine 源自希腊语中的gleukos 甜酒

22、di hydroxy acetone 二羟（基）丙酮 双的 hydroxyl 羟基 酮 mutase 变位酶 hexokinase 己激糖酶 enolase 烯醇酶 ene 烯的后缀 ，ol 醇的后缀，ase 酶的后缀缩写 acet，一种无色易挥发，极易燃的液体状酮体。词源：1、hydro（o)- 2、ox(ygen)3、-yln.（名词）词源;1、来自于Latin(拉丁语) mutate （to change, move）2、-ase pyruvate 丙酮酸；焦葡萄酸 metabolism 新陈代谢 aerobic organism 好氧菌anaerobic process 厌氧过程cit

23、ric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环cytoplasm 细胞质；细胞浆reducaed nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH 还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤酸二核苷酸 n.(名词）【生物学】词源：1. From Greek(希腊语) metabol change 2. from metaballein to change 3. meta- 前缀，表“改变” 4. ballein to throw 扔 cycle：n.（名词）v.（动词）1. from Middle English （中古英语） 2.from Late Latin（ 后期拉丁语 ） cyclus

24、3.from Greek（希腊语） kuklos circle Cori cycle Krebs cycle tricarboxylic acid cycle(TCA) fermentation hexokinase regulation phosphofructokinase regulation allosteric control pyruvate kinase regulation 可立式循环，乳酸循环 克氏循环三羧酸循环 发酵 己糖激酶调节 磷酸果糖激酶调节 别位调节 丙酮酸激酶调节from Latin(拉丁语) “fermentum”acetyl-CoA 乙酰辅酶Anucleoti

25、de base 核苷酸碱基cholesterol 胆固醇porphyrin 卟啉heme 亚铁血红素oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化作用hypoxia 组织缺氧lactic acid 乳酸hypoxia inducible transcription factor-i 缺氧诱导转录因子-iyeast cell 酵母细胞acetyl group 乙酰基dicarboxylic acid 二羧酸oxaloaccetate 草酸乙酸盐（酯）ketoglutarate 酮戊二酸盐（酯）succinate 琥珀酸盐（酯）eletron-transport 电子转移，电子传递

26、flavin adenine dinucleotide,FAD 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸Translate the following English into Chinese (1)Glycolysis (from glycose ,an older term for glucose +-lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose ,C6H12O6,into pyruvate ,C3H3O3-。 糖酵解（来自葡萄糖，一个古老的术语，葡萄糖+溶解降解）是将葡萄糖转换为丙酮酸的代谢途径。定语从句 在这个过程中释放的

27、能量被用来形成高能量物质，ATP（三磷酸腺苷）和NADH（还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸）。 The free energy released in this process is used to form the high energy compounds,ATP(adenosine triphosphate) and NADH(reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).被动语态的译法，此句中仍译为被动。译作“被用来，被当作” (2) The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the

28、oxidation of fuel molecules amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. (2)三羧酸循环是氧化燃料分子氨基酸、脂肪酸和碳水化合物最终的共同途径。Most fuel molecules enter the cycle as acetyl coenzyme A. 大多数燃料分子作为乙酰辅酶A进入周期。注意翻译次序 (3) Suprisingly, glycolysis is closely linked to cancer. (3)令人惊奇的是,糖酵解与癌症密切相关。In mammals, normal cells will

29、 not preferentially depend on glycolysis in the presence of oxygen 在哺乳动物哺乳动物中,正常细胞不会优先优先依赖有氧气存在的糖酵解过程，与.密切相关词的增译依赖，依靠 because although it generates ATP at a higher rate than oxidative phosphorylation, it only liberates 3% of the energy available in a glucose molecule. 因为尽管它生成ATP的水平高于氧化磷酸化,在一个葡萄糖分子中它

30、也只释放3%的可用能量。Translate the following Chinese into English (1)糖酵解是指是指细胞在细胞之中分解葡萄糖生成丙酮酸的过程，过程中伴有过程中伴有少量ATP的生成。 Glycolysis is refers to the process of cell decomposition of glucose to pyruvate in the cell,with generating a small amount of ATP. 这一过程是在细胞质中进行，不需要氧气不需要氧气，每一反应步骤基本都由特异的酶催化。 This process is ca

31、rried out in the cytoplasm, oxygen is not needed, each reaction step is catalyzed by the enzyme specificity. 翻译时刻当做插入语在缺氧条件下在缺氧条件下丙酮酸被还原为乳酸，有氧条件下丙酮酸可进一步氧化分解进一步氧化分解生成乙酰CoA进入三羧酸循环，生成生成CO2CO2和和H2OH2O。 Pyruvate is reduced to lactate under aerobic conditions, in hypoxic conditions,pyruvate can be further oxidized and decomposed to generate acetyl CoA to enter the citric