北美港口与船舶排放清单和前沿问题

1、北美港口与船舶排放清单和前沿问题Port and shipping emission inventoryand emerging issues in North America!2010 Car and Truck Sales (in millionunits)!国际清洁交通委员会The International Council on Clean Transportation2 18.06!15.11!11.77!4.96!3.52!3.04!2.02!1.58!1.56!1.04!0.85!0!4!2!6!12!10!8!16!14!20!18!China! EU - 27!U.S.!Ja

2、pan!Brazil!India!Korea!Russia! Canada! South Australia!Mexico!2012 Summit: Brazil, China, Europe, India, Korea, Mexico, Russia, US大纲Outline!?北美船舶和港口概述北美船舶和港口概述#Overview of port and shipping activities and regulations inNorth America#港口和船舶排放清港口和船舶排放清单#Emission inventory from ports and shipping#?方法、方法

3、、结果和果和趋势#Methodology, results, and trends#前沿前沿问题#Emerging issues#?结论#Conclusion#政策必须考量复杂的行业结构Ports and shipping have a complicated industrystructure!4 船长/船员!管理公司!船用油提供商!其他服务!保险!货方!ShipBrokers!资金提供!股东!船旗国!港口国!船级社!设备制造商!交易方!工业：制造业，开采业等!货代!托运人!最终消费者!需求船舶组织管理者联合国!IMO!其他国际组织!成员国!非政府!船东!租船方!港口!船坞!Port Con

4、tainer Traffice in 2012 (Thousand TEU)!AngelesLoN!ewngYoBearkch/N!ewJersey!SavannahVa!ncouver !OakHlaamndpt!onRoads!Houston!Seattle!Tacoma !Char e lston!SanJuan!Montreal !Honolulu !Los- !2,000 !4,000 !6,000 !8,000 !10,000 !TEU!北美集装箱吞吐量Container throughput in North America!Data Source: American Assoc

5、iation of Port Authorities? 北美集装箱吞吐量超过一百万标箱的港口有14个，2个在加拿大，12个在美国? 14 container ports with annual throughput higher than 1million TEU; 2 in Canada, 12 in North America2011年全球船舶运行2011 Ship activity based on AIS dataCourtesy of Dr Martin Austwick at CASA in University of College London港口和船只排放清单Emission

6、 inventory from ports and ships#方法Methodology!? 活活动分析法数据收集和采分析法数据收集和采样#? Activity-based approach + Complete datasurvey#?功率和活功率和活动：港口，采：港口，采样，数据交，数据交换#Power and Activity: port, survey, marine exchange#负载系数：由速度决定系数：由速度决定#Load factor: determined by speed#排放因子，控制系数和油品排放因子，控制系数和油品调整系数：系整系数：系统化数据化数据#Emiss

7、ion factors, control factors, and Fuel adjustment factors:standardized input#港口减排项目Emission reduction programs in ports!? 大多数港口大多数港口检测并治理常并治理常规污染物染物#? Most ports monitor and reduce conventional pollutants#100%!80%!60%!40%!20%!0%!NOx!Ports!SOx!Terminals!PM!vessels!CO2!harbor craft!CHE!Energy!trucks!t

8、hrougput!rail!Emissions in tons!12000!8000!4000!0!NOx!SOx!CO!HC!趋势Trend!? 港口港口 排成果排成果显著著#? Significant improvement in port emissionreduction#20000!16000!2005!2011!Data source from POLB inventory, 2012EconIncreasedmarketabi t liy !th!growomicTradepromotion !Communi y trelationship !Enhancedreputat o

9、in !DevelopmentofbestprastAccecticbeprsst !orppsut y rusIndSharingofes!act c itoesfun!dingOther!港口减排的原因Incentives to reduce port emissions!? 港口港口 排排给港口港口带来名誉和来名誉和经济上的利益上的利益#? Reducing emissions give ports both reputational andeconomic benefits#0%!20%!40%!60%!80%!100%!Fuel%consump,on%(Million%Gallons

10、)%3,0002,5002,0001,5001,000500012345679Census%Division%Domes1cForeign(Dry)Foreign(Wet)远洋船数据清单的编制和方法Methodology and inventory on OGVs!? 2004年船舶排放清年船舶排放清单，方法与，方法与结果果#? Shipping inventory in 2004, by census district#ICF (2009) Non-highway freight model, final report to EIAFuel%Consump,on%(Million%Gallo

11、n)%123456789Census%Division%DirectcargomoversIndirectcargomoversFerriesandexcursionvesselsNoncargomovers港口和内河船排放清单Harbor craft and inland vessel inventory!?活活动分析法数据收集和采分析法数据收集和采样#Activity-based approach + Complete data survey#更多的不更多的不 定性定性#More uncertainties#20016012080400ICF (2009) Non-highway frei

12、ght model, final report to EIACO2(gram/Ton9mile(1050Product(tanker(Container(Dry(Bulk(使用AIS数据建立排放清单Using AIS data to compile shipping inventory!? 利用利用AIS数据提供的及数据提供的及时数据可以更好的估算船舶排放数据可以更好的估算船舶排放#? AIS is better equipped to calculate shipping inventory#2015China9Canada(China9USA(China9China(北美港口和船舶排放清单

13、的前沿问题Emerging Issues in port and shippinginventory#使用液化天然气作为船用油LNG as a marine fuel!? 液化天然气作为船用燃料降低运行成本并降低常规污染物排放? LNG as a marine fuel reduces cost and conventionalpollutantsLowell D., Wang, H., Lutsey, N (2013) “Assessment of fuel-cycle impact of LNG in international shipping,available at http:/ww

14、/assessment-fuel-cycle-impact-lng-international-shippingGHG intensity (gCO2e/MJ)!60!40!20!100!80!0!Pathway1!Pathway2!Pathway3!Pathway4!Pathway5!Pathway6!Pathway7!Pathway8!Existingpractice!Bestpractice!Dis$llate)and)residual)fuels)?液化天然气作为船用油的生命周期温室气体排放Lifecycle GHG emission from LNG as

15、a marine fuel!使用液化天然气作使用液化天然气作为船用油的生命周期温室气体排放取决于不同路船用油的生命周期温室气体排放取决于不同路径径 #Lifecycle GHG benefits from using LNG as marine fuel varies bypathways#Lowell D., Wang, H., Lutsey, N (2013) “Assessment of fuel-cycle impact of LNG in international shipping,available at /assessment-fuel

16、-cycle-impact-lng-international-shipping其他关于生命周期排放的分析Other Lifecycle analysis#?以岸以岸电为例：岸例：岸电的的发展也要考展也要考虑生命周期排放生命周期排放#Use shore power as an example: the development of shorepower also needs to consider lifecycle emissions#100%#80%#60%#40%#20%#0%#Belgium#Sweden#Germany#Norway#China#mainland# Hong#Kong

17、,#SAR#Coal#Oil#Gas#NuClear#Renewable#Black&Carbon&EmissioBlack&Carbon&Emissions&(Thousand&Tonne)&排放因子是影响黑炭排放清单的最重要因素Emission factor is the single most important variable050100250200150Buhaug&et&al&(2009)& Dalsren&et&al&(2008)& Dentener&

18、et&al&(2006)& Eyring&et&al&(2006)& Fuglestvedt&et&al&(2010)&34%190%193%27%52%unchanged19010050Buhaug&et&al&(2009)& Dalsren&et&al&(2008)& Dentener&et&al&(2006)& Eyring&et&al&(2006)& Fuglestvedt

19、&et&al&(20BCinoriginalstudyBCusingnewweightedEF27%193%in BC inventory 190%? 黑炭排放清单在使用重新衡量的排放因子后差别很大? The marine BC inventory estimates differ significantly when adifferent EF is used while keeping fuel consumption#Wang, H.,Minjares, R(2012) Globalemissions ofmarine blackcarbon: Criticalr

20、eview andrevisedassessment.Submitted to92ndTransportationResearch Board.?确定黑炭排放因子的船舶测试Ship testing to determine BCEF#元素元素 使用使用NIOSH方法相方法相较使用使用IMPROVE方法更高方法更高#The Elemental Carbon (EC) was higher for the NIOSH method ascompared to the IMPROVE method #?可吸入可吸入颗粒物粒物 成：成：45硫酸硫酸盐，45有机有机 和和10元素元素 #?The total PM composition is approximately 45% sulfate, 45%organic and a small fraction of EC (10%). #黑炭排放因子随功率降低而增加黑炭排放因子随功率降低而增加#BCEF increase as load decreases#美国环保局港口计划EPA Port Initiative#?与港口合作降低港口与港口合作降低港口污染染#Work with ports to reduce air emissions#协调和其他利益