变速器设计外文翻译

1、汽车变速器设计(外文翻译)我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。 但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通 过变速器来解决。汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。 为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以 表示为 N = wT，其中 w 是转动的角速度，T 是扭距。当 N 固定的时候，w 与 T 是 成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭 的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动

2、比，以适应不同的运行状况。一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有 倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出 轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就 有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如日产 ZN6481W2G 型 SUV 车手动 变速器，它的传动比分别是：1 档 3.704:；2 档 2.202:1；3 档 1.414:1；4 档 1:1；5 档（超速档）0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择 1 档时，拨叉将 1/2 档同步器向后接合 1 档齿轮并将它 锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的

3、1 档齿轮，1 档齿轮带动输 出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上。典型 1 档变速齿轮传动比是 3:1,也就是说输入轴转 3 圈，输出轴转 1 圈。 当汽车增速司机选择 2 档时，拨叉将 1/2 档同步器与 1 档分离后接合 2 档齿 轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的 1 档齿轮换成 2 档齿轮带动输出轴。典型 2 档变速齿轮传动比是 2.2:1，输入轴转 2.2 圈，输出轴 转 1 圈，比 1 档转速增加，扭矩降低。当汽车加油增速司机选择 3 档时，拨叉使 1/2 档同步器回到空档位置，又使 3/4 档同步器移动直至将 3 档齿轮锁定在输出轴上，使动力可以从轴入轴中间

4、轴输出轴上的 3 档变速齿轮，通过 3 档变速齿轮带动输出轴。典型 3 档传动比 是 1.7:1，输入轴转 1.7 圈，输出轴转 1 圈，是进一步的增速。 当汽车加油增速司机选择 4 档时，拨叉将 3/4 档同步器脱离 3 档齿轮直接与 输入轴主动齿轮接合，动力直接从输入轴传递到输出轴，此时传动1:1，即输出轴与输入轴转速一样。由于动力不经中间轴，又称直接档，该档传动比的传动 效率最高。汽车多数运行时间都用直接档以达到最好的燃油经济性。换档时要先进入空档，变速器处于空档时变速齿轮没有锁定在输出轴上，它 们不能带动输出轴转动，没有动力输出。 一般汽车手动变速器传动比主要分上述 14 档， 通常设

5、计者首先确定最低 （1 档）与最高（4 档）传动比后，中间各档传动比一般按等比级数分配。另外，还 有倒档和超速档，超速档又称为 5 档。 当汽车要加速超过同向汽车时司机选择 5 档，典型 5 档传动比0.87:1，也就是用大齿轮带动小齿轮，当主动齿轮转 0.87 圈时，被动齿轮已经转完 1 圈了。倒档时输出轴要向相反方向旋转。如果一对齿轮啮合时大家反向旋转，中间 加上一个齿轮就会变成同向旋转。利用这个原理，倒档就要添加一个齿轮做“媒 介”，将轴的转动方向调转，因此就有了一根倒档轴。倒档轴独立装在变速器壳 内，与中间轴平行，当轴上齿轮分别与中间轴齿轮和输出轴齿轮啮合时，输出轴 转向会相反。 通常

6、倒档用的同步器也控制 5 档的接合，所以5档与倒档位置是在同一侧的。由于有中间齿轮，一般变速器倒档传动比大于 1 档传动比，增扭大，有些汽车遇 到陡坡用前进档上不去就用倒档开上去。从驾驶平顺性考虑，变速器档位越多越好，档位多相邻档间的传动比的比值 变化小，换档容易而且平顺。但档位多的缺点就是变速器构造复杂，体积大，现在轻型汽车变速器一般是 45 档。同时，变速器传动比都不是整数，而是都带小数点的，这是因为啮合齿轮的齿数不是整倍数所致，两齿轮齿数是整倍数就会导 致两齿轮啮合面磨损不均匀，使得轮齿表面质量产生较大的差异。手动变速器与同步器手动变速器是最常见的变速器，简称 MT。它的基本构造用一句话

7、概括，就是 两轴一中轴，即指输入轴、轴出轴和中间轴，它们构成了变速器的主体，当然还 有一根倒档轴。 手动变速器又称手动齿轮式变速器， 含有可以在轴向滑动的齿轮， 通过不同齿轮的啮合达到变速变扭目的。典型的手动变速器结构及原理如下。输入轴也称第一轴，它的前端花键直接与离合器从动盘的花键套配合，从而 传递由发动机过来的扭矩。第一轴上的齿轮与中间轴齿轮常啮合，只要轴入轴一 转，中间轴及其上的齿轮也随之转动。中间轴也称副轴，轴上固连多个大小不等 的齿轮。输出轴又称第二轴，轴上套有各前进档齿轮，可随时在操纵装置的作用 下与中间轴的对应齿轮啮合，从而改变本身的转速及扭矩。输出轴的尾端有花键 与传动轴相联，

8、通过传动轴将扭矩传送到驱动桥减速器。由此可知，变速器前进档位的驱动路径是：输入轴常啮齿轮中间轴常啮齿轮中间轴对应齿轮第二轴对应齿轮。 倒车轴上的齿轮也可以由操纵装置拨动，在轴上移动，与中间轴齿轮和输出轴齿轮啮合,以相反的旋转方向输出。多数汽车都有 5 个前进档和一个倒档，每个档位有一定的传动比，多数档位 传动比大于 1，第 4 档传动比为 1，称为直接档，而传动比小于 1 的第 5 档称为加 速档。空档时输出轴的齿轮处于非啮合位置，无法接受动力传输。由于变速器输入轴与输出轴以各自的速度旋转，变换档位时合存在一个同步 问题。两个旋转速度不一样齿轮强行啮合必然会发生冲击碰撞，损坏齿轮。因此，旧式变

9、速器的换档要采用两脚离合的方式，升档在空档位置停留片刻，减档要在空档位置加油门，以减少齿轮的转速差。但这个操作比较复杂，难以掌握精确。因此设计师创造出同步器，通过同步器使将要啮合的齿轮达到一致的转速而顺利啮合。目前全同步式变速器上采用的是惯性同步器，它主要由接合套、同步锁环等 组成，它的特点是依靠摩擦作用实现同步。接合套、同步锁环和待接合齿轮的齿 圈上均有倒角（锁止角），同步锁环的内锥面与待接合齿轮齿圈外锥面接触产生 摩擦。锁止角与锥面在设计时已作了适当选择，锥面摩擦使得待啮合的齿套与齿 圈迅速同步，同时又会产生一种锁止作用，防止齿轮在同步前进行啮合。当同步 锁环内锥面与待接合齿轮齿圈外锥面接

10、触后，在摩擦力矩的作用下齿轮转速迅速 降低（或升高）到与同步锁环转速相等，两者同步旋转，齿轮相对于同步锁环的 转速为零，因而惯性力矩也同时消失，这时在作用力的推动下，接合套不受阻碍 地与同步锁环齿圈接合，并进一步与待接合齿轮的齿圈接合而完成换档过程。自动变速器自动变速器的选挡杆相当于手动变速器的变速杆， 一般有以下几个挡位： P(停 车)、R(倒挡)、N(空挡)、D(前进)、S(or2，即为 2 速挡)、L(or1，即为 1 速挡)。 这几个挡位的正确使用对于驾驶自动变速器汽车的人来说尤其重要，下面就让我 们一起来熟悉一下自动变速器各挡位的使用要领。P(停车挡)的使用 发动机运转时只要选挡杆在

11、行驶位置上，自动变速器汽车就很容易地行走。 而停放时，选挡杆必须扳入 P 位，从而通过变速器内部的停车制动装置将输出轴 锁住，并拉紧手制动，防止汽车移动。 R(倒挡)的使用 R 位为倒挡，使用中要切记，自动变速器汽车不像手动变速器汽车那样能够 使用半联动，故在倒车时要特别注意加速踏板的控制。N(空挡)的使用 N 位相当于空挡，可在起动时或拖车时使用。在等待信号或堵车时常常将选 挡杆保持在 D 位，同时踩下制动。若时间很短，这样做是允许的，但若停止时间 长时最好换入 N 位，并拉紧手制动。因为选挡杆在行驶位置上，自动变速器汽车 一般都有微弱的行驶趋势，长时间踩住制动等于强行制止这种趋势，使得变速

12、器 油温升高，油液容易变质。尤其在空调器工作、发动机怠速较高的情况下更为不 利。有些驾驶员为了节油，在高速行驶或下坡时将选挡杆扳到 N 位滑行，这很容 易烧坏变速器，因为这时变速器输出轴转速很高，而发动机却在怠速运转，油泵 供油不足，润滑状况恶化，易烧坏变速器。 D(前进挡)的使用 正常行驶时将选挡杆放在 D 位，汽车可在 14 挡(或 3 挡)之间自动换挡。D 位是最常用的行驶位置。需要掌握的是：由于自动变速器是根据油门大小与车速 高低来确定挡位的，所以加速踏板操作方法不同，换挡时的车速也不相同。如果 起步时迅速将加速踏板踩下，升挡晚，加速能力强，到一定车速后，再将加速踏 板很快松开，汽车就

13、能立即升挡，这样发动机噪声小，舒适性好。D 位的另一个特点是强制低挡，便于高速时超车，在 D 位行驶中迅速将加速 踏板踩到底，接通强制低挡开关就能自动减挡，汽车很快加速，超车之后松开加 速踏板又可自动升挡。 S、L 位低挡的使用 自动变速器在 S 位或 L 位上处于低挡范围，可以在坡道等情况下使用。下坡 时换入 S 位或 L 位能充分利用发动机制动，避免车轮制动器过热，导致制动效能 下降。但是从 D 位换入 S 位或 L 位时，车速不能高于相应的升挡车速，否则发动 机会强烈振动，使变速器油温急剧上升，甚至会损坏变速器。另外在雨雾天气时，若路面附着条件差，可以换入 S 位或 L 位，固定在某一

14、低挡行驶，不要使用能自动换挡的位置，以免汽车打滑。同时必须牢记，打滑时可将选挡杆推入 N 位，切断发动机的动力，以保证行车安全。原文： 原文：Transmission design As we all know,automobile engine to a certain speed can be achieved under the best conditions, when compared issued by the power, fuel economy is relatively good. Therefore, we hope that the engine is always i

15、n the best of conditions to work under. However, the use of motor vehicles need to have different speeds, thus creating a conflict. Transmission through this conflict to resolve. Automotive Transmission role sum up in one sentence, called variable speed twisting, twisting or slow down the growth rat

16、e by increasing torsional. Why can slow down by twisting, and the growth rate but also by twisting? For the same engine power output, power can be expressed as N = wT, where w is the angular velocity of rotation, and T is the torque. When N fixed, w and T is inversely proportional to the. Therefore,

17、 the growth rate will reduce twisting, twisting slowdown will increase. Automotive Transmission speed gear based on the principle of variable twisted into various stalls of different transmission ratio corresponding to adapt to different operational conditions. General to set up a manual gearbox inp

18、ut shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft, also known as the three-axis, as well as the reverse gear shaft. Three-axis is the main transmission structure, input shaft speed is the speed of the engine, the output shaft speed is the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing between differen

19、t from the speed. Different gears are different transmission ratio, and will have a different speed. For example, the Nissan ZN6481W2G SUV car manual transmission, its transmission ratio are: 1 File 3.704:1; 2 stalls 2.202:1;3 stalls 1.414:1; 4 stalls 1:1; 5 stalls (speeding file) 0.802: 1. When dri

20、vers choose a launch vehicle stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2 file synchronization engagement with a back stall gear and output shaft lock it, the power input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft gear of a stall, a stall the output shaft gear driven, and the output shaft power will be transmitte

21、d to the drive shaft . 1 shifting speed gear transmission ratio is 3:1, that is to say three laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle. When the growth rate of car drivers choose two stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2-file synchronization and file a joint separation after 2 stall and lock the

22、 output shaft gear, power transmission line similar, the difference is that the output shaft gear of a stall 2 stall replaced by the output shaft gear driven. Band 2 speed gear transmission ratio is 2.2 :1, 2.2 laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle than a stall speed increase, lower t

23、orque. When refueling vehicle drivers growth stalls option 3, Plectrum to 1 / 2 back to the free file-synchronization position, and also allows the 3 / 4 file synchronization Mobile stall until 3 in the output shaft gear lock, power can be into the shaft axis intermediate shaft - the output shaft of

24、 the three stalls speed gear, led through three stalls speed gear output shaft. 3 stalls typical transmission ratio is 1.7:1, 1.7 laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle is further growth. When car drivers Option 4 refueling growth stalls, Plectrum will be 3 / 4 from the 3-file synchron

25、ization stall gear directly with the input shaft gear joint initiative, and power transmission directly from the input shaft to the output shaft, the transmission ratio at 1:1, that the input shaft and output shaft speed the same. The driving force without intermediate shaft, also known as direct fi

26、le, the file transmission than the maximum transmission efficiency. Most cars run-time files are used directly to achieve the best fuel economy. Shift into the first interval when, in a free transmission when the speed gear output shaft is not locked in, they can not rotate the output shaft driven,

27、not power output. General automotive manual transmission than the main 1-4 stalls, usually the first designers to determine the minimum (one stall) and maximum (4 files) transmission ratio, the middle stall drive by geometric progression than the general distribution. In addition, Also have a revers

28、e and overdrive, overdrive is also known as the five stalls. When the car to accelerate to more than car drivers with the choice of five stalls, and a typical five-transmission ratio is 0.87:1, which is driven by a pinion gear, the gear when the initiative to 0.87 zone, passive gear have been transf

29、erred to a circle of the End. When the reverse gear output shaft to rotate in opposite directions. If one pair of meshing gears when we reverse rotation, with a middle gear, it will become the same to the rotation. Use of this principle, reverse will add a gear do media interface, modulate the axis

30、rotation direction, therefore there is a bone in the reverse gear shaft.Independent in the reverse gear shaft gearbox, parallel to the intermediate shaft, when the shaft gear respectively with intermediate shaft gear and the output shaft gear meshing, the output shaft will turn to instead. The rever

31、se usually used for the synchronization control also joins five stalls, reverse and 5 position in the same side. As a middle gear, general transmission shifting gear ratio is greater than 1 transmission ratio, increasing twist, some car encounter to the steep slope with the forward couldnt get on wi

32、th the reverse open up. Ride from the driver of the considerations, better transmission stall, stall adjacent stall more than the transmission changes the ratio of small, and easy to shift smoothly. However, the shortcomings of the stalls is more transmission structure is complicated, bulky, light v

33、ehicle transmission is generally 4-5 stalls. At the same time, transmission ratio is not integral, but with all of the decimal point, it is because of the gear teeth meshing is not caused by the whole multiples of two gear teeth can lead to the whole multiples of two meshing gears of uneven wear, ma

34、king the tooth surface quality have a greater difference. Manual transmission and synchronizer Manual transmission is the most common transmission, or MT. Its basic structure sum up in one sentence, is a two-axle shaft, where input shaft, the shaft axis and intermediate shaft, which constitute the m

35、ain body of the transmission and, Of course also have a reverse axis. Manual transmission known as manual gear transmission, which can be in the axial sliding gears, the gears meshing different variable speed reached twisting purpose. Typical manual transmission structure and principles are as follo

36、ws. Input shaft also said that the first axis, and its front-end Spline driven directly with the clutch disc sets with the Spline, by the transfer of torque from the engine. The first axis of the intermediate shaft and gears meshing gears often, as long as the shaft axis to a turn, the intermediate

37、shaft and gear also will be rotating. Vice also said intermediate shaft axis, the axis-even more than the size gear. Also known as the second output shaft axis, the axis of various sets of gear stall progress can be manipulated at any time in the role of the device and the corresponding intermediate

38、 shaft gear meshing, thus changing its speed and torque. With the end of the output shaft spline associated with the drive shaft through the drive shaft torque transmitted to the drive axle reducer. Thus, progress stalls drive transmission path is: input shaft gear often rodents often rodents interm

39、ediate shaft gear - corresponding intermediate shaft gear - the second axis corresponding gear. Reversing the gear shaft can be manipulated by the device pick in the axis movement, and the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing gears, to the contrary to the direction of rotation output. Mo

40、st cars have a five forward gears and one reverse gear, a certain degree of each stall transmission ratio, the majority of stalls transmission ratio greater than 1, 4 file transmission ratio of 1, known as direct stalls, and transmission ratio is less than 1 No. 5 stall called accelerated stall. Fre

41、e at the output shaft gear in a position of non-engagement, unacceptable power transmission. The transmission input shaft and output shaft rotational speed to their own, transform a stall when there is a synchronous. Two different rotational speed gear meshing force will impact the collision occurre

42、d, damage gear. Therefore, the old transmission shift to a feet-off approach, or stall on the location of the free stay for a while by stalls in the free position refueling doors, in order to reduce the speed differential gear. However, this operation is relatively more complicated and difficult to

43、grasp accurate. So designers create a synchronized, and allows synchronization through the meshing of gears to be consistent speed and smooth meshing. At present Synchronous Transmission is based on the synchronization of inertia, mainly from joint sets, synchronous lock ring, and so on, it is chara

44、cterized by friction on the role of synchronization. Splice sets Genlock engagement ring gear and the ring gear when it had Chamfer (Lock angle), Genlock within the cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear contact friction. Lock and cone angle has been made in the design of an a

45、ppropriate choice to be made friction cone of the teeth meshing with the ring gear quickly sets pace at the same time will have a Lock role and to prevent the gears meshing in sync before. When synchronization lock cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear after contact in the ef

46、fects of friction torque gear speed quickly lower (or higher) with the same speed synchronous lock ring, the two synchronous rotation of the gear Genlock Central zero speed, thus moment of inertia also disappear, then in force under the impetus of engagement sets unhindered and synchronization lock

47、ring gear engagement, and further engagement with the question of gear engagement and the completion Gear Shift Process.The automatic gearbox The automatic gearbox chooses to block the pole the equal to moving the stick shift of the gearbox, having generally below several blocks:P( parking), R( pour

48、 to block), N( get empty to block), D( go forward), S( or2, namely for 2 block soon), L.( or1, namely for 1 block soon)This several an usage for blocking a right usages coming driver the automatic gearbox is automotive of person to say particularly important, underneath let us very much familiar wit

49、h once automatic gearbox eachly blockings main theme. The usage of the P ( the parking blocks) The launches the luck turns as long as choose to block the pole in driving the position, automatic gearbox car run about very easily.But park, choose to block the pole must pull into of P, from but pass th

50、e internal parking system in gearbox moves the device will output the stalk lock lives, combining to tense the hand system move, preventing the car ambulation. The usage of the R( pour to block) R a control for is pouring blocking, using inside wanting slicing recording, automatic gearbox car unlike

51、 moving gearbox car so can using half moving, so while reversing the car wanting special attention accelerating pedal. The usage of the N( get empty to block) The N is equal to get empty to block, can while starting or hour of trailer usage.At wait for the signal or block up the car will often often

52、 choose to block the pole keeps in the of D, trampling at the same time the next system move.If time is very short, do like this is an admission of, but if stop the time long time had better change into of N, combine to tense the hand system moves.Because choose to block the pole in driving the posi

53、tion, the automatic gearbox car has generally and all to drive the trend faintly, long hours trample the system move same as a deterrent this kind of trend, make gearbox oil gone up, the oil liquid changes in character easily.Particularly in the air condition machine work, launch the soon higher cir

54、cumstance in machine bottom more disadvantageous.Some pilots for the sake of stanza oil, at made good time or go down slope will choose to block the pole pull the of N skids, this burn the bad gearbox very easily, launching the machine to revolves soon in the however because the gearbox outputs at t

55、his time the stalk turns soon very high, the oil pump provides the oil shortage, lubricating the condition worsen, burn the bad gearbox easily. The usage of the D( go forward to block) Will choose to block when is normal to drive the pole put in the of D, car can at 1 4 block( or 3 block) its change to block automatically.The of D drives the position most in common usely.What demand control is:Because the automatic gearbox is soon high and low with car to come to make sure to block according to the accelerator size a, so accelerate the pedal operat