英语句子成分及结构

1、句句 子子 成成 分分Members of a Sentence* *句子成分由词或词组充当句子成分由词或词组充当英语的基本成分有七种：英语的基本成分有七种：_和和_主语主语(subject)、谓语谓语(predicate)、表语表语(predicative)、 宾语宾语(object)、定语定语(attribute)、状语状语(adverbial)补语补语(complement)句子成分句子成分英语句子八呀八大块， 主谓宾表真呀真实在； 补语跟着宾语表语跑， 定语同位（语）专把名词踹。 状语的位置它自由自在， 忽右忽左随心所欲摆。 浑身的毛病真呀真不少， 前后乱窜它还会加塞1. I met

2、my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语主语（主语（subject）句子说明的人或事物句子说明的人或事物 Jane is good at playing the piano. She went out in a hurry. Four plus four is eight. To see is to believe. Smoking is bad for health. The young should respect the old. What he has said is true. （名词

3、）（名词） （代词）（代词） （数词）（数词）（不定式）（不定式） （动名词）（动名词） （名词化的形容词）（名词化的形容词） （句子）（句子）找出句中主语找出句中主语The sun rises in the east. Twenty years is a short time in history. The poor are now living in the shelter. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. He likes dancing. What he needs is a book.It is very clear that t

4、he elephant is round and tall like a tree.（名词）（名词） （代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（动名词）（动名词） （不定式）（不定式） （句子）（句子）(名词化的形容词）名词化的形容词）（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）谓语谓语说明主语的动作、状态和特征说明主语的动作、状态和特征 简单谓语简单谓语:由由动词动词或或动词词组动词词组组成组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill. He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语复合谓语 由由情态动词或助动词情态动词或

5、助动词+动词动词; He can speak English well. She doesnt seem to like dancing Show your passport, please. She didnt say anything. How many do you want? - I want two. They sent the injured to hospital. I dont know how to use it. I enjoy working with you. Did you write down what he said? （名词（名词 ）( 代词）代词）(数词数词)

6、(名词化的形容词名词化的形容词)(三三)宾语宾语动作的对象或承受者动作的对象或承受者及物动词或介词的宾语及物动词或介词的宾语（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（句子）（句子） 宾语分为宾语分为直接宾语直接宾语和和间接宾语间接宾语.直接宾语指直接宾语指物或事物或事,间接宾语指人或动物间接宾语指人或动物. He gave me some books.间接间接宾语宾语直接直接宾语宾语please pass me the book.He bought his girlfriend some flowers.（四）表语（四）表语在在系动词系动词后的部分就是表语后的部分就是表语常见的系动词有常见的系

7、动词有:be(am,is,are,were,was)状态：状态：seem, appear, prove -感官：感官：smell, feel, taste, sound, look变化：变化：become, get, turn, go, come, grow持续：持续：remain, stay, keep, 在系动词后的部分就是表语在系动词后的部分就是表语1.The war was over.2.They seem to know the truth.3.Time is precious.4.Im not quite myself today.5.That remains a puzzle.6

8、.I dont feel at ease. （五）定语（五）定语修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句 He is a clever boy. His father works in a steel work. There are 54students in our class. Do you know Bettys sister? There is a sleeping baby in bed. His spoken language is good.(形容词形容词)(名词名词)(数词数词)(名词的所有格名词的所有格)(现在分词现在分词)(过去分词过去分词)

9、定语后置：定语后置：如果定语是由如果定语是由一个单词一个单词表示时，通常要前置。表示时，通常要前置。而由而由一个词组或一个句子一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置表示时，通常则后置The girl in red is his sister.We have a lot of work to do.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.Do you know the man who spoke just now?（六）（六）. 状语状语(adverbial modifier)：修饰动词、形容词、副词或修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明

10、动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。 1) Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）（副词及副词性词组）2) He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）（介词短语）3) He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）4) He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）（分词短语）5) Wait a mi

11、nute.（名词）（名词）6) Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）（状语从句）状语有如下状语有如下10种：种： 1) How about meeting again at six?（时间）（时间）2) Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因）（原因）3) I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件）（条件）4) Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点）（地点）5) She put the

12、 eggs into the basket with great care.（方式）（方式）6) She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随）（伴随）7)In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. （目的）（目的）8) He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果）（结果）9) She works very hard though she is old.（让步）（让步）10) I am taller than he i

13、s.（比较）（比较） I found the book interesting. Do you smell something burning? He made himself known to them. （六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语有些有些及物动词及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有 ：make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get,

14、 have, let. She asked me to lend her a hand.(七七)同位语同位语 位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况 We young people should respect the old.He himself will do the experiment.He is the oldest among them four.He told me the news that our team won the game.名词名词代词代词数词数词从句从句英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句

15、型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型掌握这五种基本句型, 是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一一: (主谓主谓)二二: (主系表主系表)三三: (主谓宾主谓宾)四四: (主谓间宾直宾主谓间宾直宾)五五: (主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补)基本句型基本句型 一一: :( (主谓主谓) )主语主语: 可以作主语的成分有名词可以作主语的成分有名词, 主格代词主格代词, 动词不定式动词不定式, 动名词等等。主语一般在句首。动名词等等。主语一般在句首。谓语谓语: 谓语由动词构成谓语由动词构成, 是英语时态、语态是英语时态、语态变化的主角变化

16、的主角, 一般在主语之后。不及物动词一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语没有宾语, 形成主谓结构。形成主谓结构。如如: We come.( (不及物动词不及物动词) )1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一个此句型的句子有一个共同特点共同特点, 即句子的谓语即句子的谓语动词动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面

17、可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。基本句型二基本句型二: :( (主系表主系表) )此句型的句子有一个共同的特点此句型的句子有一个共同的特点: 句子句子谓语谓语动词动词都不能表达一个完整的意思都不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须加上必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。这类才能表达完整的意思。这类动词动词叫做叫做连系动词。连系动词。系动词系动词分两类分两类: be, look, keep, seem等等, 表情况表情况; get, grow, become, turn等属另一类等属另一类

18、, 表变化。表变化。be 本身没有什么意义本身没有什么意义, 只起连系主语和表语的只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词感官动词多可用作连系动词多可用作连系动词: look well/面色好面色好, sound nice/听起来不错听起来不错, feel good/感觉好感觉好, smell bad/难闻难闻 ( (是系动词是系动词) ) ( (表语表语) ) 1. Thisisan English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinnersmellsgood. 3. Hefellin love. 4. Eve

19、rythinglooksdifferent. 5. Our wellhas gonedry. 6. His faceturnedred. *There be 结构结构: There be 表示表示存在有存在有。这里的这里的there没有实际意义没有实际意义, 不可与副词不可与副词there那里那里混淆。混淆。 此结构后跟名词此结构后跟名词, 表示表示“(存在存在)有某事物有某事物”。试比较试比较: There is a boy there. (那儿有一个男孩那儿有一个男孩)前一个前一个there无实意无实意, 后一个后一个there为副词为副词那里那里。基本句型基本句型 三三: : ( (主谓

20、宾主谓宾) )此句型句子的此句型句子的共同特点共同特点是：谓语动词是：谓语动词都都具有实义具有实义, 都是主语产生的动作都是主语产生的动作, 但不能但不能表达完整的意思表达完整的意思, 必须跟有一个宾语必须跟有一个宾语, 即动作的承受者即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。这类动词叫做及物动词。( (及物动词及物动词)( (宾语宾语) )1. Whoknowsthe answer? 2. He has refusedto help them. 3. Heenjoysreading. 4. Hesaid“Good morning.”5. Headmitsthat

21、 he was mistaken. 基本句型基本句型 四四: : ( (主谓间宾直宾主谓间宾直宾) )有些及物动词可以有两个宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语, e.g. give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个这两个宾语通常一个指人指人(间接宾语间接宾语); 一个指物一个指物(直接宾语直接宾语)。-Give me a cup of tea please.-Show this house to Mr. Smith.-Bring it to me, please. ( (及物及物)( (多指人多指人)( (多指物多指物) )1.Sheorderedherselfa new dre

22、ss. 2. Hebroughtyoua dictionary. 3. Ishowedhimmy pictures. 4. Itoldhimthat the bus was late. 5. Heshowedmehow to run the machine. 基本句型基本句型 五五: (主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补)此句型的句子的此句型的句子的共同特点共同特点是是: 动词虽然是及物动词动词虽然是及物动词, 但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思, 必须加上必须加上一个一个补充成分补充成分来补足宾语来补足宾语, 才能使意思完整。才能使意思完整。宾语补足语宾语补足语: 位

23、于位于宾语之后宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作可以用作宾语补足语的有名词宾语补足语的有名词, 形容词形容词, 不定式不定式,动名词动名词, 分词分词, 介词短语等。介词短语等。The war made him a soldier.New methods make the job easy.I often find him at work.The teacher ask the students to close the windows.I saw a cat running across the road.名词名词/代词宾格代词宾格 + n./adj./ 介词短语介

24、词短语/动词不定式动词不定式/分词分词 (及物及物) (宾语宾语) (宾补宾补) 1. Theypaintedthe doorgreen. 2. Thissetthem thinking. 3. Theyfoundthe housedeserted. 4. Heaskedmeto come back soon. 5. I sawthemgetting on the bus. a. b. c. d. e. 1. Pleas tell us a story. _2. She smiled. _3. I have a lot work to do. _4. His job is to train s

25、wimmers. _5. He noticed a man enter the room. _6. Please look at the picture. _daebec四、独立成分：四、独立成分：与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分。独立成分。感叹词感叹词: oh, hello, aha, ah,等。等。肯定词肯定词: yes否定词否定词: no称呼语称呼语: 称呼人的用语。称呼人的用语。插入语插入语: 一些句中插入的一些句中插入的 I think, I believe,等。等。如如: The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信我相信, 这个故事