2011北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析

1、一、单项选择题（本类题共20题，每小题1分，共20分Part Two： Structure and Written Expression。)Directions For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11. Whether the extension of consciousness is good

2、 thing' for human being is a question thata wide solution.A. admits of B. requires of C. needs of D. seeks for12. In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock tobe reminded that the medium is the message.A. accustomed to split and dividedB. accu

3、stomed to splitting and dividingC. accustomed to split and dividingD. accustomed to splitting and divided13. Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itself B. as itself C. on itself D. in itself14. us earlier,your request to the full.A. You have co

4、ntacted - we could comply withB. Had you contacted - - we could have complied withC. You had contacte d could we have complied withD. Have you contacted- - we could comply with15. The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discard B. discreet

5、 C. discord D. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphereof slave, he became infected the unconscious their psychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. onbyatB. byforinC. from。in on D. through。withfrom17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears

6、 to createA. bore B. bored C. boredom D. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lacked B. lacking C. for lack of D. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that

7、have to B. have to C. having to D. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worse B. none the betterC. never worse D. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out forcried out for B. cry out forcry out forC

8、. had cried out for-cried out for D. had cried out for cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. trigger B. meager C. vigor D. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are de

9、tribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can but B. cannot only C. cannot but D. can only but25. In the 1930 s, when millions of comic books were t

10、he young with fighting and killing, nobodyseemed to notice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundating B. imitating C. immolating D. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only will IB. Only” willC. Only if will ID. Only if I will27.

11、 It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simply when better transportation per

12、mits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolved B. absolved C. dissolved D. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to work longer, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in for upB. for on outC. byin on D. onfor out30.

13、 The country s deficit that year to a record 169 8 billion dollarsA. soared B. soured C. sored D. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and chooONEbest word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2009 was the worst year for the rec

14、ord labels in a decad31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have beer32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe thas because illegal downloads are so easy. People have beenintellectual property for centu

15、ries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate marked34 copies. These days, high-quality copies ar§5.According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I'd like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, tha

16、t this practicetwonmuch harm. But even a 如e heard over the past decade that things wern 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each years numbers have been worse. Maybesitime to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with c

17、reators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property do e snways 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abs

18、tract /(The nature of intellectual property, he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic40_ that keep(s) us from taking each oth&rthings：'31. A. As B. SameC. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. decliningC. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbingC. stealing D. pirating34

19、. A. upgraded B. inferiorC. ineffectiveD. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. soB. this C. thatD. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. co

20、nstraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions:Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best

21、answi each question. Mark your choices on tAnswer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over tin of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant enc

22、 and you have cancer the crab so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a cr abclaw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. Th

23、e ancient Egyptians knew about man tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignan ones (carcinos). In the second century A. , Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melanchol or black bile, one of the body four “humors： b

24、rought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 C. concluded: "There is no treatment.The experience of cancer has always be

25、en terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexie§ (what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and,most notably in t

26、he nineteenth century, " consumption (tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind-as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,and t

27、hat Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.At one time, it was thought that cancer was adisease of civilization,belonging to much页脚内容29“ neurasthenia ”and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness toebie brought about by the stress of modernlife and the latter a condition produced

28、 by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, som physiciansattributed cancer notably of the breast and the ovaries to psychologicaland behavioral causes. William Buchans wildly popular eighteenth-century te xtDomestic Medicinejudged that cancers might be caused by “excessi

29、ve fear, grief, religious melancholy. In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a“cancer personality/: and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, canc was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Vi

30、ctorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the (sio rt.seems unimaginable, Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient EgyptiansA. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign

31、tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear

32、 cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that ones own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be calledthe modern disease ?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC.

33、 People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44. “Neurasthenia and diabetes are mentioned becauseA. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to b e“ disease of civilizationC. people dread them very muchD.they are brought

34、 by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never

35、 changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who m; a forceful case tha

36、t the U S economy had become “very distorted. In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experiencedignificant recovery; the rest of the economy, by contrasncluding small businesses an d a very significant amount of the labor

37、force was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather "fundamentally two separate types of economi y,increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention tothe divide between the wea

38、lthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea'owo Americas was a central theme of John Edwardss 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was bein offered by none other than the former five-term Federal ReserveChair

39、manAlan Greenspaniconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the natio is foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economicinequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This w

40、idening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised ththte World is dividing into two blo csthe Plutonomy and the restIn a plutonomy there is no such animal aShe U S. consumer or “the UK consumer, or i

41、ndeed “the Russian consumer . There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumptionthey take. There are the rest, the “non-rich” , the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession

42、, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondroi inventions of the modern economy Google,Amazon,the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inven

43、tions particularly the explosion of subprime credit helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion- dollar bailout and Wall Streeh swift, subsequent reinstatement

44、of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit. And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political inf

45、luence, narrowly self interested motives,and a casualindifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the IS. economy.A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial

46、economies47. Which of the following statement about tod sysuper-elite would the passage support?A. Todays plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Todays super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the so

47、cial and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benef

48、ited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and

49、 non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to.A. present the financial imbalance in the US.B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the US.Passage ThreeCharles Darwiis “On the Origin of Species is c

50、redited with sparking evolutios revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding th e ideaificance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretsmew director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of O

51、rganism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum directo Jan. 1, has studied Darwin writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is wide credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said th e historical sketch that Darwin attached to later printings of h

52、is masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Mond ayjanntil, by the6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 a

53、uthors ha beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwis grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedmans talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin Evolutionist Ancestors, took place at

54、 the arboreturs Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Direct or Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he w a snithout originality. Friedman said that Darwin s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently

55、Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwrning of “On the Origin of Species.Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was publi

56、shed, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating“ On the Origin of Species occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallaces ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wa ffeaideas galvanized Da

57、rwin into writin g“On the Origin of Species as an “ abstract, of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those w fdotread s

58、imilar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discoveryrequires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of th earlier authors clearly did not have such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selectionin the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discoverydemandsthe ability to convinceothers of the correctness of an idea. Darwin, through “On the Orig