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1、英语句子成分的认识和划分句子是由一个个不同类别的词构成的,所以,首先得认识英语的词类,见下表: 分 类汉语名称英语缩写定 义例 词实 词(有实义)1. 名词n.表示人、事物和抽象概念等的词。girl, Tom, milk, health2. 代词pron.代替名词或起名词作用的短语和句子的词。I, it, her, my, yours, myself, this, who, something, everybody3. 形容词adj.用来描写或修饰名词(代词)的词。good, interesting, hard-working,4. 数词num.表示数目多少或顺序先后的词。one, two,

2、first, second5. 动词v.表示动作和状态的词。like, know, am, is1)及物动词 vt.可以带宾语的实义动词。open, eat2)不及物动词vi.不可以带宾语的实义动词。walk, stop3)连系动词link v.表示谓语关系的动词,后须接表语。be, are, look, sound, seem, become, get4)助动词aux v.本身无意义,不能单独做谓语的词。do, be, have, shall, will, did, would5)情态动词modal v. 词义不完全,不能单独作谓语,只能与实义动词一起构成谓语。should, can may

3、, must, could, might, need, have to6)不定式形式为“to do”的动词。to study, to be7)动名词由实义动词变来,形式为“doing”,相当于名词的词。swimming , cooking8)分 词由实义动词变来,表示动作进行或完成或被动意义的词。coming, left, broken现在分词由实义动词变来,表示动作正在进行,形式为“doing”的词。watching, running过去分词由实义动词变来,表示动作已经完成或被动意义的词。worked, forgotten9)短语动词是一种固定词组,由动词加副词或介词等构成。take off

4、, care for6. 副词adv.用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词以及全句的词,表示时间、地点程方式等概念。fortunately, here, away, just, well, back虚 词(没有实义)7. 冠词art.置于名词之前、说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词,不能单独存在。a, an, the8. 介词prep.是一种虚词,一般置于名词之前,表示它后面的名词或词组与其它句子成分的关系。In, after, for, from, except, with9. 连词conj.连接单词、短语或句子的一种虚词,不但独作句子成分,一般不重读。and, or, but, for, whe

5、ther, if, although because, however10. 感叹词int.表示喜怒哀乐等感情或情绪的一种虚词,没有一定实义。ah, oh, alas(啊呀), aha(啊哈)wow(哇)认识句子的成分为了掌握句子构成的规律,把句子(这里指简单句)中的一个词或一群词,按照其功能的不同,而分解为不同的层次,就是句子的成分。一般有八种成分:Li Lei, my best friend, found the book very interesting. 主语 同位语 谓语 宾语 状语 补语The colorful flowers are beautiful. 定语 表语快速记忆:主、

6、谓、表、宾,补、定、同、状各句子成分的概念以及充当词一、主语 subject概念:表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。充当词:1. 名词充当主语:A clock has three hands. 时钟有三根指针。2. 代词充当主语:She often goes to the movies. 她常去看电影。3. 数词充当主语:Three is enough. 三个就够了。4. 名词化的形容词充当主语:Old and young watched TV together. 老少一起看电视。5. 副词充当主语:Now is the time. 现在是时候了。6. 名词化的介词作主语:The up

7、s and downs of life may happen to everyone. 人人都可能经历人生之沉浮。7. 不定式作主语:To see him again was nice. / It was nice to see him again. 能再次见到他,很愉快。8. 动名词作主语:Smoking is bad for your health. 吸烟有害健康。9. 名词化的过去分词作主语:The disabled need our help. 残疾人需要我们的帮助。10. 介词短语作主语:To Beijing is not very far. 到北京不很远。11. 从句作主语,即主语

8、从句: What he says sounds interesting. 他说的话听起来有趣。 Whenever you are ready will be fine. 你无论什么时候准备好都行。二、谓语 predicate概念:说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。充当词:1. 单个动词充当谓语:He works hard everyday day. 他每天辛苦地工作。2. 短语动词充当谓语:The plane took off at ten oclock. 飞机是十点钟起飞的。3. 动词短语(助动词或情态动词 + 主要动词)充当谓语:1)I am reading. 我在看书。(由助

9、动词am和现在分词reading构成) 2)I dont know. 我不知道。(由助动词do的否定式和动词原形know构成) 3)He can speak three languages. 他会讲三种语言。(由情态动词can和动词原形speak构成) 4) He has been skating for three hours. 他已经滑冰三个小时了。(由助动词has been和现在分词skating构成) 5)We were beaten by their team. 我们被他们队打败了。(由助动词were和过去分词beaten构成) 6)Take a look at that! 看看那个

10、!(take a look 代替了look) 7)I had a swim yesterday. 昨天我游了一次水。(has a swim代替了swam)三、表语 predicative概念:说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,之前须用连系动词。充当词:1. 名词充当表语:Tom is a student. He will become an engineer. 汤姆是一名学生。他将当一名工程师。2. 代词充当表语:Who is it? Its me. 哪位?是我。 This skirt is hers. 这条裙子是她的。 3. 数词充当表语:I am fourteen. 我14岁。4. 形容词

11、作表语:Are you busy? 你忙吗? My dream will come true. 我的梦想会实现。(come 这里做连系动词)He fell sick. 他病了。(fall, 过去式fell, 作连系动词,还常后接asleep, short, ill, silent)Food often goes bad in summer. 夏天食物常变质。 (go作为连系动词,后面常接mad, hungry, wrong, blind等) Keep fit. 保重。 (keep 作为连系动词,后面常接quiet, calm, cool, well, warm, silent, clean,

12、dry等)5. 副词用作表语:Are you there? 你听着吗?(电话用语) Li Lei isnt in. 李磊不在家。 Class is over. 上课结束了。6. 不定式作表语:My dream is to travel around the world. 我的理想是环游世界。 He seemed to be mad. 他好像疯了。 7. 动名词作表语:His favorite sport is swimming. 他最喜欢的运动是游泳。8. 分词作表语: The movie is exciting. 这部电影很令人兴奋。(exciting 是现在分词) We got so ex

13、cited when we heard the news. 我们听到这个消息兴奋不已。(excited 是过去分词)9. 介词短语作表语:She is in good health. 她很健康。 The show is from seven to ten. 演出时间为7点至10点。 We were at home last night. 昨晚我们在家。10. 从句用作表语,即表语从句: The good news is that my math teacher said I was hard-working. 好消息是,我的数学老师说我很勤奋。 Is that why you were ang

14、ry? 那就是你发怒的原因吗? That is what he means. 这就是他的意思。 This is where I first met her. 这就是我初次与她会面的地方。四、宾语 object概念:表示动作、行为的对象。及物动词、介词或有些形容词后面能够接宾语。充当词:1. 名词作宾语:Can I ask some questions? 我能问些问题吗?2. 代词作宾语:They wont hurt us. 他们不会伤害我们。 I am for you. 我支持你。(you 作介词for 的宾语)3. 数词作宾语:If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5

15、加5得10。4. 名词化的形容词作宾语:He often helps the poor. 他常常帮助穷人。5. 副词作宾语:He left there last week. 他上个星期离开那里。6. 不定式作宾语:Remember to lock the door. 记着锁门。 I am able to drive a car. 我会开车。(able是形容词) Its sure to rain. 肯定要下雨了。(sure 形容词。形容词的宾语多为不定式)7. 动名词作宾语:He stopped smoking last week. 他上星期戒烟了。8. 从句用作宾语,即宾语从句: He sai

16、d that he would go to college in the future. 他说他将来要上大学。 Do you understand what I mean? 你明白我的意思吗? I wondered how old he was. 我想知道他有多大年纪。 9. 句子用作宾语:He said, “Youre quite wrong.” 他说道,“你全错了。”双宾语:1. 英语中有些动词需要两个宾语直接宾语与间接宾语。直接宾语一般指作的承受者;间接宾语一般指动作所向的或所为的人或物(多指人)。My mother gave me some money. 我妈妈给了我一些钱。 间接宾语

17、 直接宾语 双 宾 语2. 由于种种原因,间接宾语可放在直接宾语之后,但其前面一般须用介词to 或者for。My mother gave some money to me. 直接宾语 间接宾语My mother bought me a coat. = My mother bought a coat for me. 间接宾语 直接宾语 直接宾语 间接宾语我妈妈给我买了一件外套。3. 如果两个宾语都是代词,间接宾语应放在直接宾语之后。 Give it to me. 把他给我。(不能说 Give me it.) 直接宾语 间接宾语五、补语 complement概念:补充说明主语和宾语的意义的句子成分

18、主语补足语与宾语补足语。一)主语补足语充当词:1. 形容词作主语补足语:Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困,就去睡了。(补足语放在主语I 之前) The man, tall and strong, is Toms father. 那个人又高又壮,是汤姆的父亲。 (补足语放在主语The man 之后) He was found dead. ( 在被动句中,补足语放在谓语之后)2. 名词作主语补足语:She was called Lucy. 她名叫路露西。3. 不定式短语:He was seen to go upstairs. 有人看见他上楼去了。(被动句

19、中,不定式短语作主语补足语)4. 分词短语:He came home quite changed. 他回到家时已完全变了。(过去分词短语作主语补足语)5. 介词短语:Even as a young boy, he played the piano very well. 早在少年时代,他就弹得一手好钢琴。6. 从句作补语:People are just born what color they are. 人们的肤色是天生的。二)宾语补足语充当词:1. 名词作宾语补足语:They named the child Jimmy. 他们将孩子命名为吉米。2. 名词短语作宾语补足语:My mother l

20、ooks so young that you would think her my sister. 我的母亲面很嫩, 你会认为她说是我的姐姐。3. 形容词作宾语补足语:I found the book very interesting. 我发现那本书很有趣。4. 不定式作宾语补足语:My mother wants me to go to bed early. 我妈妈要我早睡觉。 Tom is ill. Let us go and see him. 汤姆病了,我们去看看吧。5. 动名词短语做宾语补足语:I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul. 我把这个叫做拆东

21、墙补西墙。6. 分词作宾语补足语:I have guests coming. 我有客人要来。(现在分词) I am going to have my hair cut. 我打算去理发。(过去分词) 7. 介词短语作宾语补足语:I found everything in good condition. 我发现一切情况都很好。六、定语 attribute概念:用来修饰名词或代词的句子成分。充当词:1. 形容词充当定语:Shes an excellent student. 她是名优秀的学生。(一般放前面) He must be the best violinist alive. 他一定是最好的在世的

22、小提琴手了。(有些表语性质的形容词,像alive , afraid等放后面) There is nothing wrong. 没有什么不对的。 He found something strange. 他发现了某种奇怪的东西。 (当被修饰的词是不定代词时,形容词须放在后面 或后置)2. 名词作定语:a baby girl 女婴 sports car 跑车 a woman teacher 女教师3. 代词作定语:Your hair needs cutting. 你该理发了。(形容词性物主代词) He is a friend of mine. 他是我的一个朋友。(of 加名词性物主代词构成属格)4.

23、 数词作定语:Peel three bananas. 削三个香蕉。(基数词) The second question is difficult. 第二个问题难。(序数词) 有时候基数词用作定语可后置:page 24 第24页 Room 201 201房间 the year 1949 1949年5. 副词作定语时常后置:the room above 楼上的房间 the world today 今日世界 the way out 出路 a day off 休息日6. 不定式(短语)作定语后置:I have lots of homework to finish. (不定式)我有很多家作要完成。 My

24、dream to travel around the world will come true. 我周游世界的梦想是会实现的。(不定式短语) Its time for us to go. 我们该走了。(不定式复合结构)7. 动名词作定语:a walking stick 手杖 learning method 学习方法8. 分词作定语:a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 (现在分词) a retired worker 一个退休工人 (过去分词)9. 介词短语作定语后置:This is a map of China. 这是一幅中国地图。 The man in the classroom

25、 is our teacher. 教室里的那位先生是我们老师。10. 从句作定语,即定语从句: There are many famous predictions that never came true. 有很多有名的预测,从来都没有变成现实。(限制性定语从句) The woman who is wearing a red coat is my mother. 穿红外套的妇女死我的妈妈。(限制性定语从句) This is the place where he was born. 这就是他出生的地方。(限制性定语从句) She said I was lazy, which isnt true.

26、 她说我很懒,事实上不是这样。 (非限制性定语从句) 特殊:含有of的量词短语放名词前面 He gave me a cup of tea.他给了我一杯茶。七、同位语 appositive概念:当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同一位置时,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同位语。这两个句子成分多由名词或代词担任。同位语通常放在其所说明的名词(代词)之后。充当词:1. 名词作同位语是大量的:We have two children, a boy and a girl. 我们有两个孩子,一男一女。 We, the Chinese people, are building C

27、hina a strong and rich country. 我们中国人民正将中国建成一个富强的国家。 My friend Wang Min is from Hunan. 我的朋友王敏是湖南人。2. 代词作同位语:They all wanted to see him. 他们都想见他。3. 数词作同位语:Are you two ready? 你们俩准备好了吗? They two went, we three stayed behind. 他们俩去了,我们仨留了下来。4. 不定式短语作同位语:Yang Liweis dream, to become an astronaut , has come

28、 true. 杨利伟当宇航员的理想,已经实现了。 5. 动名词短语作同位语:His wish, building a hope primary school, will come true soon. 他的愿望修建一所希望小学,很快就要实现了。6. of短语用作同位语:the city of Chongqing 重庆市 7. 从句作同位语,即同位语从句: The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不是真的。特殊:1. 同位语有时被其它词隔开:The tickets cost five dollars e

29、ach. 这票每张5美元。2. 同位语有时放在其所说明的名词之前:Comrade Li 李同志 Professor Smith 史密斯教授 my friend Li Lei 我的朋友李磊八、状语 adverbial 概念:修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分,一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义。充当词:1. 副词最常用作状语,位置比较灵活:He studies English well. 他英语学得好。 I get up early. 我起得早。(置于句末) Fortunately, Yang Leis mother agreed with her decision. 幸

30、运的是,杨蕾的妈妈同意了她的决定。(置于句首) I always help her. 我总帮她。 She is often late. 她经常迟到。 (置于行为动词前,be动词后) They have already left here. 他们已经离开这里了 。(置于助动词与主要动词之间) This story is very interesting 这个故事很有趣。(副词作状语修饰形容词,前置) She did the work quite well. 那工作他做的相当好。 (副词作状语修饰另一副词,前置) 但副词enough作状语时须后置; Is the room big enough f

31、or a party? 这个房间容得下一个晚会吗?(enough 后置,修饰形容词big。) He didnt run quickly enough to catch the bus. 他跑得不够快,没赶上那班公交车。(enough后置,修饰副词quickly)2. 名词作状状语,多置于句末: Wait a moment. 等一会儿。 The Party teaches us to serve the people heart and soul. 党教导我们要全心全意为人民服务。3. 一些指示代词、不定代词可以作状语,置于被修饰词之前: I cant eat that much. 我可吃不了那

32、么多。There are some thirty people there. 那里大约由30人。4. 数词作状语,置后: I hate riding two on a bike. 我不喜欢两个人骑一辆自行车。5. 某些形容词有时可做状语,置前: white hot 白热化的 dead tired 累极6. 不定式作状语,多置于句末,强调时可置句首: After long walking, we stopped to have a rest. 走了很长的路后,我们停下来休息一下。(表目的的状语,在句末) To learn English well, he watches TV little. 为

33、了学好英语,他几乎不看电视。 (为了强调置于句首,表目的的状语)7. 分词短语作状语, 多置于句首或句末,有时也置于句中: Arriving at the station, we learned that the train had already gone. 到了车站,我们获悉火车已经开走了。 I began to get the shakes just thinking about the test. 我一想到考试,就心惊胆战。8. 介词短语作状语,多置于句末和句首,有时也置于句中: I skated for four hours. 我滑冰4小时。 At the moment hes ou

34、t of work. 目前他没有工作。 Where on earth is my watch? 我的表到底在哪儿呀?9. 从句作状语, 放句首或句末: We talked as we walked. 我们边走边谈。 If you work hard, youll get good grades. 如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩。 When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. 每逢下雨,我通常乘公共汽车上学。 状语的分类:一般状语和句子状语一、一般状语,修饰句中动词、形容词、副词等句子成分,有分: 1. 时间状语,多位于句末和句首,有时放句中。Sha

35、ll we do the shopping today or tomorrow? 我们是今天还是明天出去买东西呀?After school, he plays basketball. 放学后,他打篮球。He is now coking super. 他现正做饭。He usually leaves home before eight oclock. 他通常于8点钟前离家。 2. 地点状语,多位于句末,有时位于句首或句中:There are plenty of fish in the sea. 海里有许多鱼。Are you going to the station? 你要去火车站吗?Here we

36、 are. 我们到了。In China, many students like to wear jeans. 在中国,许多学生喜欢穿牛仔裤。Signs were everywhere numerous. 到处有许多招牌。 3. 方面状语,多置于句首或句尾:He is quick in action. 他行动敏捷。Are you sure about the arrival time? 你肯定知道到站的时间吗?So far as I am concerned, you can do what you like. 就我而论,你可以自行其事。 4. 原因状语,包括表示理由的状语,多置于句首,有时也可

37、置于句末:He did it out of curiosity. 他做此事处于好奇。She didnt come to school because of illness. 由于生病,他没来上学。Tom lost his job because he was ill. 或 Because he was ill, Tom lost his job. 汤姆由于生病而失去了工作。Nice to meet you. 见到你很高兴。The mother was very glad to see her child again. 这位母亲再次见到自己的孩子,非常高兴。 5. 结果状语,多由不定式、分词和从

38、句表示,常位于句末: The boy fell from the tree to break his leg. 那个男孩从树上掉下来,摔断了腿。 He talked loudly in class, influencing the lesson. 他在课堂大声讲话,影响了上课。 The box is so heavy that I cant move it. 这个箱子很重,我搬不动。 6. 目的状语,多由不定式、介词短语和从句表示,常位于句末,强调时位于句首:We are studying for the test. 我们正为考试复习。 My friend came to see me. 我的

39、朋友来看我。 In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder. 为了考入一个好的学校,我必须更加用功。 He gets up very early every day in order that he can get to school in time. ( 结果从句) 他每天起床很早,目的是为了及时赶到学校。 7. 条件状语,多由短语和从句表示,常置于句首或句末: Well be lucky to get there before dark. 我们如能在天黑以前到那里就很幸运了。If it doesnt rain to

40、morrow, well go for a picnic. 如果明天不下雨,我们要去搞野餐。 8. 让步状语,常有短语和从句表示:They worked in the field in spite of rain. 尽管下雨,他们仍在地里劳动。Despite the difficulties, they finished the job. 尽管困难重重,他们还是完成了工作。He helped me although ( though ) he didnt know me. 他虽然并不认识我,但却帮助了我。 9. 程度状语,常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。单词多置于所修饰的句子成分之前,有时之后

41、;短语和从句一般都置于其所修饰的句子成分之后: The story was not very interesting. 这个故事不很有趣。 He isnt old enough to go to school. 他不到上学的年龄。 He likes reading very much. At that time pop singers were not known to the degree that they are today. 那时流行歌手并不像今天这样为人所知。 10. 方式状语,常由副词、短语、从句等表示。多位于句末,也可置于句首或句中。方式状语表示方式、手段、比较、使用工具等。 T

42、he students are listening to the teacher carefully. 学生们正认真地听老师讲课。 Dont look at me like that! 不要那样看人! We write with pens. 我们用钢笔写字。 You look as if you need a rest. 你看来好像要休息。 He is taller than me. 他个子比我高。 He worked carefully, as an expert works. 他干得很谨慎,就像一个专家一样。 11. 伴随情况状语,常由短语表示,多位于句末和句首。 My train sta

43、rts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten. 我的火车6时出发,10时到达芝加哥。 He stood there, looking around him. 他站在那里,往四周观望。 二、句子状语,是修饰或连接句子的状语,分两种:1. 说明或评说全句的;2. 连接句子的。 1. 说明或评说性状语多放在句首或句中,有时也放在句末,用逗号隔开。 Frankly, I don like it. 坦白地说,我不喜欢它。 Of course I remember you. 我当然记得你。 Can you simply show us and not try to expl

44、ain it? (放动词前) 你可以只给我们看看而不必进行解说吗? She is never angry. 她从不生气。 I hardly know him. 我几乎不认识他。 Who on earth took my book? 究竟是谁拿了我的书? What in the world happened? 到底出了什么事? 2. 连接性状语一般置于句首: He said he was certain. However he was wrong. 他说他很肯定。然而他错了。 Knowledge is power. So we should study hard. 知识就是力量。因此我们应当刻苦

45、学习。In that case some one else will come. 如是这样,会有人来的。She says we could use her car, and whats more, shell pay for the petrol. 她说我们可以用她的车,而且还愿付汽油费。简单句的五种基本句型 成分公式主语S谓语部分谓语动词 V表语 P宾语 O宾语补足语OC1. S + VWeexcercse.(不及物动词)2. S + V + OI like(及物动词)bananas.3. S + V + PTheyare(连系动词)students.4. S+V+INO+DOShegave

46、(及物动词)me a pen (间宾) (直宾)5.S+V+O+OCHemade (及物动词)the boy laugh. 跟着学划句子成分1. We work. We work. 主语 谓语2. We are working. We are working. 谓语3. She is a student. She is a student. 谓语4. Li lei is a student. Li lei is a student. 主语 连系动词 表语5. He gets bored. He gets bored. 连系动词 表语6. She became angry. He became

47、angry. 连系动词 表语7. My mother became angry. My mother became angry. 主语 谓语8. Is he sleeping? Is she sleeping? 谓语9. He will come soon. He will come soon. 谓语 状语10. She can speak five languages. She can speak five languages. 主语 谓语 定语 宾语11. To learn English well is difficult. To learn English well is diffic

48、ult. 主语12. It is difficult to learn English well. It is difficult to learn English well. 形式主语 真正主语13. It takes me half an hour to get to school on foot. It takes me half an hour to get to school on foot 形式主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 真正主语14. What he says sounds interesting. What he says sounds interesting. 主语从句

49、连系动词 表语15. My teacher is funny. He often makes us students laugh. My teacher is funny. He often makes us students laugh. 状语 谓语 宾语 同位语 宾语补足语 16. The mother let his son clean the house. The mother let his son clean the house. 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语17. My parents want me to get up early. My parents want me to get up early. 宾语 宾语补足语18. This can make

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