初中英语语法知识总结

1、英语作文常用谚语、俗语1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。 2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。 3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。 4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。 5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。 6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending.

2、不善始者不善终。 7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。 9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。 10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。 11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。 12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。 13、A good book

3、 is a good friend. 好书如挚友。 14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。 15、A mother's love never changes. 母爱永恒。 16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。 17、A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。 18、A year's plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。 19、A young idler, an old b

4、eggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 20、Better late than never. 不怕慢，单怕站。 21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实，22、Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。 23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。 24、Custom is a second nature. 习惯是后天养成的。 25、Custom makes all things easy. 有个好

5、习惯，事事皆不难。 26、Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。 27、Do nothing by halves. 凡事不可半途而废。 28、Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事，今日毕。 29、Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。 30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wis

6、e. 早睡早起身体好。 31、Easier said than done. 说得容易，做得难。32、Easy come, easy go. 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。 33、Eat to live, but not live to eat. 人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。 34、Every man has his faults. 金无足赤，人无完人。 35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune. 自己的命运自己掌握。 36、Every minute counts. 分秒必争。37、Each coin has two sides. 38、F

7、act speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 39、Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。 40、God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。41、Health is better than wealth. 健康胜过财富。 42、Honesty is the best policy. 做人诚信为本。 43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。 44、It is never too old to l

8、earn. 活到老，学到老。 45、Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量46、Like mother, like daughter. 有其母必有其女。 47、No pain， no gain.（不劳无获。）48、You never know till you have tried. 不尝试，不知晓。49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奋是成功之母。51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, w

9、ealthy and wise. 早睡早起，使人健康、富裕和聪颖。52、Experience is the best teacher.经验是最好的教师。53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set your mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。54、Where there's a will, there's a way. 有志者事竟成。55、Practice makes perfect （熟能生巧。）56、Pride goes before a fall（骄傲必败。）Superstar and IIts common

10、 that many students are crazy about those singers and actors. However, liyundi, a pianist, is the superstar in my heart. He is a man of few words and he even looks like the greatest pianistChopin. When listening to his music , I can get rid of everything noisy around. Whats more, I can feel his stro

11、ng love for music. Rome wasnt built in one day. He achieved the great success through huge effort. I can learn from him that we should never give up to realize our dreams.Superstar and IHer name first appeared as a joke then like a wonder. She is Susan Boyle, the superstar in my heart. Although shes

12、 not beautiful, her voice and spirit moved all the audience, including me. The song I dreamed a dream that she sang touched everyones heart who had a dream and wanted to realize it. She taught me how to go on my dreams as well as never to give up. She is like a sunshine that gives me hope. Where the

13、re is a will, there is a way.答：下面是初中英语语法总结，你可参考学习，或许有不全面的地方，欢迎你有不懂的问题再具体提问。另外，我个人认为猜题对于提高考试成绩没有多大作用和意义，并不可取，建议你进行全面复习，打下扎实的基础知识，以不变应万变。顺祝复习顺利!语法总复习第一节 名词与代词 名词可分为专有名词和普通名词两类。而普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。其中，个体名词和集体名词为可数名词，而物质名词和抽象名词为不可数名词。名词的复数构成通常是在其后加s；但以-s，-x，-ch，-sh和大部分以o结尾的名词后加-es；以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词

14、把“y”变成 “i”，再加-es。有些名词的复数构成是不规则的，有其特殊形式。有些名词在不同的情况下，属不同的名词词类，因此有时为可数，有时则为不可数： 名词的格可分为主格(作主语)，宾格(作宾语)和所有格(表示所有关系)。代词可分为人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，相互代词，不定代词，指示代词，关系代词，连接代词和疑问代词等九类。 名词的用法 可数名词除非前面有冠词或表示单数的限定词，否则要用其复数形式，例如：If a person disobeys the order，he will be punished severelyThe teacher firstly divided his stu

15、dents into four groupsThe reference book can be used to answer questions，to solve problems or to obtain information on a particular topicThese courses are especially designed for senior students有些名词的复数构成是不规则的，如：child-children，foot-feet。goose-geese, mouse-mice, man-men, ox-oxen, tooth-teeth，woman-wom

16、en等。例如：Every fall geese f1y over the houseThe dentist told him that several teeth of his need to be filledMrs. Smith has three children，and Tonny is the youngest oneI think we've got mice in the kitchen有些名词的单复数形式是一样的，如：Chinese，Japanese，Burmese(缅甸)，Spanish (西班牙)，Lebanese (黎巴嫩)，Portuguese (葡萄牙)，Sw

17、iss(瑞士)sheep，deer，swine (猪)，fish，carp(鲤鱼)，salmon (鲑)，means，series，species，aircraft，spacecraft等。例如：The best fish are near the bottomWhen they got to the New World，Spanish constructed their houses with Moorish architectural featuresI saw a white sheep running down the roadJudging by his language，he mu

18、st be a Japanese在表示一类事物时，介词of后的名词要用复数形式。例如：Beethoven is of the greatest musicians in the worldThe Animal Art Festival is being held at Shanghai zoo, which is one of the most welcome festivals in the city.As one of the countries that bear responsibility for the incident, German Chancellor Schroeder h

19、olds that the organization should apologize to Chinese government unconditionally.She is one of the three martyrs who were killed in NATO's bombing on the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia. 大多数集体名词可作单数，也可作复数，如：army，audience，class，committee，crew(全体船员，乘务员)，crowd，faculty，family, government group orches

20、tra，public，team，union等。但有些虽然是单数形式，却用作复数，如：cattle（牡畜）mankind(人类)，militia(民兵)，people，police，poultry(家畜)，staff(全体职员)等。例如：The president said the Chinese Gowrnment is paying close attention to developments in this matter, and continues to reserve the right to take future action.The cattle, were grazing o

21、n the meadow near the farm.The audience were amused by his humorous stories.My family is far away from the school.有些名词只有复数形式，而且也只用作复数，如：clothes，glasses，spectacles，pants，arms(武器)，belongings(所有物)，customs(海关)，goods(货物)，suburbs(郊区)，papers(文件)等；而有些名词形式为复数，却用作单数，如：electronics(电子学)，mathematics(数学)，optics(光

22、学)，politics，statistics(统计学)等。例如：The shorts he wears are made of leather.Linguistics is a difficult subject to study.He used to study electronics which isnt his favorite sujectI love to live in the suburbs that are conclusive有些名词一般情况下以单数形式出现，表示总体。但如果表示若干、多次或几种时，则要用其复数。这类词有：hair，fruit，pollution，rain，d

23、ifficulty，success，wind，failure，favour等。例如：The barber had been cutting human hair for two years before he came to Los AngelesMother bought oranges，bananas and other fruits.These caves collapse easily in heavyrains, and great windsHes having financial difficulties有些名词一般只有单数形式，它们通常是表示物质和抽象概念的不可数名词，像：ad

24、vice，baggage，bread，corn，clothing，equipment，education，fun，furniture，food，fruit，garbage，grass，happiness，homework，housework，humanity，information，knowledge，landscape，1aughter，machinery，mankind，merchandise，money，music，nonsense，nature，population，progress，scenery，smoke，sweat，strength，traffic，thunder，ink，je

25、wellery，damage，mail，work，soap，sugar，gold，chalk，cloth，anger，applause，cake，chocolate，poverty等。例如：I must seek the advice of a specialist in the matter of the transfer of property rightsHeadache is the most common disease of human.I really get a lot of fun from reading in leisure time.The population of

26、Shanghai is very big.有些名词单复数的含义不同，使用时要根据上下文的意思进行选择。这类词包括：communication(通讯)communications(通讯系统，通讯工具)，cloth(布)-clothes(衣服)，content(内容)-contents(目录)，convenience(便利)-conveniences(便利设备), humanity(人类)-humanities(人文科学)，necessity(需要)-necessities(必需品)，wood(木材)-woods(树林)，pain(疼痛)pains(辛劳)，ruin(毁灭)-ruins(废墟，遗迹

27、)，sand(沙子)-sands(沙滩)，work(工作)-works(工厂，著作)等。例如：“Hometown” is one of Lu Xuns most famous worksThe insurance company paid $98，700 in damages for the accidentMy child enjoys playing on the sandsNo pains，no gains有些名词只有复数形式。如：fundamentals(基本原则), goods(货物), means(方法) ,shorts(短裤)， sweets(欢乐), valuables(贵重物

28、品)等。The fundamentals are made to guarantee the social stabilityDont take any valuables there for the sake of safety.The goods were purchased from him arent expensive.I think our problem can be solved by means of negotiation. 名词做定语时，不能用作复数。例如：Please check your examination paper carefully after finish

29、ing。The China's Central Television Station supplies weather report everyday，You'd better inform my family members before leaving for BeijingThe United States and Germany are two member states of NATO.复合名词的复数只把其中所包含的主体名词变成复数。如：looker(s)-on，runner(s)-up，son(s)-in-law，editor(s)-in-chief，passer(

30、s)-by，grand-child(ren)，armyman(armymen)，room-number(s)，shoe lace(s)，dinner plate(s)，blood type(s)等。如果没有主体名词，就在最后一个词上加复数词尾。如：go-between(s)，drawback(s)等。注意以man，woman构成的复合名词，全部变成复数。如：man-servantmen-servants, woman-soldierwomen-soldiers。例如：Would you bring me some dinner plates?We had a wonderful talk wi

31、th some women-soldiers Dont regard yourselves as passers-by under such circumstancesWe are of different blood types名词的所有格一般在词尾加 s，已有复数词尾-s的，只加。例如：We must work hard to fulfil the countrys plansThe school is within a stones throwNearby are her relatives housesCould you tell me the Smithss addres?名词所有格

32、有时还可以和of构成短语，有以下两种情况：1)它所修饰的词前面有一个表示数量的词，如：a，two，several，some，any，no，few等。 2)它所修饰的词前面有+个指示代词，使句子表示某种情绪。例如：Several students of Lao Yangs acted in the playWe saw a play Guo Moro's.At birth，the head of a baby is extremely large in relation to the rest of the body。I have some records of NaYing's

33、.2代词的用法 1)人称代词有主格人称代词，在句中充当主语：I，you，he，she，it, we，you，they和宾格人称代词，在句中充当宾语：me，you，him，her，it, us，you；them。例如：We haven't seen each other for a long time since he went abroadLet you and me have an appointment for the next weekend.Have you got any idea about this issue? Tell us whatever you've h

34、eard.2)物主代词可在句中作定语，有指人的：my，our，your，his，her和their；有指物的:it，his或her(指国家或轮船)。名词性物主代词作表语、主语、宾语，与of连用可作定语：yours，ours，theirs，mine，her，his，its。例如：Tonny is an old friend of mineMy dormitory is next to yours，and Mary's is on the third floorTitanic sank with her several thousand passengersNext time it'

35、;s on my treat3)反身代词亦称自身代词，可作宾语、表语，作主语或宾语的同位语，还与某些动词连用，与介词连用构成成语。有：myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves。例如：These children are too young to take care of themselvesDon't worry，he will be himself again soonAlthough Uncle George is a bad-tempered man，I think he is a

36、 kind man in himselfYou should be responsible for yourself4)相互代词表示相互关系，有：each other(两者之间)和one another(多者之间)。例如：I met Miss Scott this morning，and we greeted each otherWe should learn from one another and make progress together，5)指示代词在句中充当主语、宾语和定语，有：this，that，these，those。Such也是指示代词，可作定语、主语和表语，修饰可数名词时要

37、与a连用。例如：Nowadays TV programs are much more colorful than those Of the pastThe money spent on entertainment，according to some authorities，has exceeded that spent on public healthI want to know this：are you talking about the accident I encountered yesterday?His future is closely bound with that of the

38、 company。You shouldn't trust on such a person who never keeps his promise6)疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what which。who可作主语和表语；whom作宾语，whose，what，which可作主语、表语、宾语和定语，其中作主语时，要看所代表的人或物是单数还是复数，如果不清楚，则动词一般用单数。Who will see to this matter?Whom have you chosen to be responsible for the work?It is hard to decide w

39、hose is better.Whats on your schedule? Which university did he enter at last?7)关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which。which代表事物，that代表人或物；在非限制性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who(m)代表人，用which代表物，或代表主句所说的全部内容。在带有a11，something，nothing，anything，much等的句子中不能用which，而用that。例如：Our football team was defeated again，which shows our p

40、layers need much more effortThe factory now has over 1,000 workers，half of whom are womenHe promised to tell us all that he knewWhose turn to make presentation is bcyond me.8)连接代词有：what，who，whonl，whose，which，用来连接主语从句、宾语从句和表浯从句。Whoever，whomever，whichever，whatever为复合代词。例如：I didn't know what to do

41、at that very momentThe government sell public houses to whoever provides enough amount Of moneyWhomever I worry about is none of your businessTake whichever you like，please第二节形容词与副词 形容词和副词在语法结构上都有比较级和最高级，它们的构成方法基本上一样，都与音节多少有关，有些形容词和副词有特殊的比较级和最高级形式。二者基本分为同级比较、比较级和最高级三种形式。 1形容词与副词的用法形容词中有词形相近的，也有词义相近的

42、，应注意区别。如：1)behind(在后的)-hind(后部的)，considerate(周到的，体贴的)-considerable(应考虑的)，eminent(闻名的)-imminent(紧迫的)，gracious(亲切的)-graceful(优雅的)，like(有生命的)-alive(活的)，industrious(勤劳的)-industrial(工业的)，like(同样的)-alike(同样的，仅作表语)，opposite(相对的)-opposing(反对的)，perspective(透视的)-respective(各自的)，sensitive(伤感的)-sensible(明显的)，et

43、c，。例如：We did enjoy your staying in Beijing，and Mrs. Yan is really considerateProfessor Li has many world-famous inventions，and he is respectable to usAs any one knows that we use our front teeth for biting and our hind teeth for chewingIts a considerable success for him2)elemental(初步的)-fundamental(基

44、本的)，eligible(合格的)-capable(能干的)，flexible(灵活的)-changeable(可改变的)，initial(最初的)-preliminary(初步的，预备的)，slack(松弛的)-lazy(懒惰的)，valueless(无价值的)-priceless(无价的)，vivid(生动的)一living(活的)，etc。例如：Henrys speech was so vivid that his audience applauded againand again，It is easier to adapt to new situations if one has a

45、flexible attitudeWe have finished the preliminary examYour suggestion is priceless，and 1 will consider carefully3)有些词尾为-ly的并非副词，而是形容词，如：lovdy，likdy，deadly，earthly(现世的)，leisurdy(空闲的)，weekly，yearly，manly(丈夫气概的)，brotherly，friendly等。例如：What a lovely girl Jenny isShe is always ready to help othersChina D

46、aily is of course a daily newspaper but not a weekly oneHe is a very friendly young manAs he didn't have anyexperience，he was likely to have problems以下情况形容词常用于后置：1)形容词短语，即形容词+副词，介词短语或不定式。2) 一些表语性形容词要后置，如：present，available，involved，concerned，etc, 。3)形容词修饰不定代词something，anything，everything时要后置。例如：T

47、here was something nice about my feeling that she knew a11For this reason，as well as the additional cost involved，flow force compensation is generally not desirable I came across another question hard to answer thenI wondered if there was a room available副词的位置为：修饰哪个词就放在哪个词前面；放在系动词和助动词之后，行为动词和分词之前。例如

48、：I had only five-dollar bill with me when l boarded the townward trainThe old law were instituted to protect the long neglected rights of children.I can hardly believe that he is the murdererAlthough he has advantages，it is still too early to say that he is sure to win2比较级与最高级的基本形式和用法形容词的比较级和最高级的构成为

49、：单音节词一般在词尾加-er和-est。如果以-e结尾，仅加-r和-st；如末尾仅有一个辅音字母，须双写词尾冉加-er和-est；如果以y结尾的，把y变i，加-er，-est；多音节单词和双音节词(其中包括由分词和分词演变而来的形容词，如：known，worn，wounded，shocking，striking，interesting，ect, 则在其前加more和most；有些形容词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，如：good(well)-better-best，bad(ill)-worse-worst，many(much)-more-most，little-less-least，far-far

50、ther(further)-farthest(furthest)。有些形容词没有比较级形式，如：absolute，chief，entire，eternal，excellent，fatal，final，foremost，inevitable，infinite，main，naked，perfect，possible，primary，right，sufficient，supreme，universal，utter，vital，whole，wooden，etc，例如：Mary is the best student in the classFurther negotiation will be con

51、ducted next monthThe food we have is sufficient.Needless to say，he is stronger than his opponent一般副词的比较级和最高级与形容词一样，单音节的以在词尾加-er和-est构成，多音节的以加more和most的方法构成；有些比较特殊，如：wellbetter-best，badly-worse-worst，much-more-most，little-less-least。以-ly结尾的副词，在其前面加more，most, 例如：Tonny runs most quickly than any other

52、students in the classWhich do you like best，Thorn Birds，Gone With the Wind Or Great Expectation?I prefer less sugar in the milkShe gets more income every month than her husband 形容词和副词的原级比较由"as+形容词或副词(或后跟名词或短语)+as"构成，“asas前可加not，just，almost，nearly，quite，twice，several times等词修饰。否定式中not后面的as可

53、改为so。例如：Running for fifteen minutes will burn as many calories as walking for thirty minutesHenan province is several times as large as ShanghaiJimmy has as nervous a ways peaking as his fatherGetting rid of a bad habit isn't so simple as taking it up形容词和副词的比较级形式为：“形容词(副词)比较级+than+”，应注意than前后相比较

54、的人或物要一致。比较级前可以跟even，much，still等副词修饰比较级，表示强调。例如：Mother worried much more about my younger brother than she did about meSound travels faster through water than throughI airThe economic development in South China is faster than that in North ChinaMy books are much more than Li Ping's形容词和副词的最高级的形式分别

55、为：“the+形容词最高级十名词+范围表达”和“副词最高级+名词+范围表达”，副词的比较级和最高级不需要加the。例如：Our foreign exchange reserve didn't decline despite the worst flood in sixty yearsI finisbed the work more successfully than he had expected应注意以下表达式的含义：the sameas(和一样)，no less than(不少于)，not less than(只有)，had better(最好)，less than(不到)，mor

56、e or less(或多或少)，other than(除了)，rather than(而不是)，the morethe more/less(越就越)例如：I am sure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowedYou had better finisll your homework today for the teacher will collect it tomorrowWe have received ten doz

57、en of personal computers which are less than the amount we orderedThe visltors to the exhibition were not less than three hundred，which disappointed them very much 第三节 从句 从句分为定语从句，状语从句和名词从句三大类。定语从句又分为限定性和非限定性从句两种，由关系代词或关系副词引导，修饰主句的某个成分。状语从句分为时间、结果、让步、原因、条件及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句及there be句型。1定语从句 限定性定语从句中that可代表人和事，而which只代表事；二者在从句中作主语或宾语。that作宾语时常可省略，which则不能，而且其后的“不及物动词+介词中的介词不能省略。which作宾语时，先行词与which之间的介词不能省。例如：The first doll that could say“mama”was invented in 1830The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part，during which he sailed round the Cape Ho