英语虚拟语气_图文

1、高中英语语法词法知识详解 虚拟语气 一、动词的语气和种类 :语气 (mood 是一种动词的形式,用以表示讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的语气 (mood有三种, 分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。 【注】条件从句用动词的过去式 (be动词用 were, 主句用 should(第一人称 或 would(全部人称 +动词原形。可用情态动词 could, might代替 should, would表示情态。. 表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果 :eg. If I were you, I should( would , could, might tell him the truth. 要是

2、我是你,我就会告诉他真相了。 (事实上我不是你 If she had time, she would( could, might help me. 如果她有时间,她就会帮我了。 (事实上她没有时间 If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends. 明天要是星期天的话,我就去看望我的朋友。 If I were you, I should go and try.我要是你,我就去试试。 If wishes were horses, beggars might ride. 如果幻想能成为马匹,叫花子都有了坐骑 I would go i

3、f they treated me like a slave. 要是他们把我当奴隶对待,我就走。. 表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果 :eg. If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I should(would, could, might have telephoned you.如果昨天我知道了你的电话号码,我就会给你打电话了。 (事实上我昨天不知道你的电话号码。 If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt(couldnt have failed in the exam.如果你听了我的建议,你就不会考试

4、不及格。 (事实上你根本没听我的。 If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping. 今天早上要是没下雨 , 我就去买东西了。 The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs.倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库,洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。. 表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果 :表示在将来不太可能实现的条件从句有三种形式:(i were / did:eg. If he were

5、here tomorrow, I would speak to him. 明天如果他在这里的话,我就和他谈谈。 If you dropped the glass, it would break. 你要是把杯子掉下来,会打碎的。 If she had time, she could help me. 她要是有时间,就会帮我了。 -What would happen if I put the paper on the fire? -我若把只放在火上会怎么样 ? -It would burn. -纸会烧着。 (ii should do : 条件从句中不管什么人称都用 should do,可表示有偶然

6、实现的可能性。eg. If it should rain, the crops could be saved. 假如下雨 , 庄稼可能就有救了。 We would trust him if he should be honest. 如果他真是诚实的 , 那我们就相信他。(iii were to do: 条件从句用 were + to do。这种形式比较正式 , 常出现在书面语中 , 其假设成份很大 , 实现的可能性很小。 eg. If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way. 要是我做这项工作 , 我就会以不同的方式去做

7、。 If the headmaster were to come, what would we say to him 假如校长来了 , 我们对他说什么呢?对比:将来不太可能实现的三种非真实条件句中的虚拟语气对比eg. If it snowed tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天下雪的话,我就留在家里。 (常用形式 If it should snow tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天下雪的话,我就留在家里。 (可能性较小 If it were to snow tomorrow, I would stay at home

8、. 如果明天要下雪的话,我就留在家里。 (可能性最小 【注】 : 在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中 , were to + 动词原形比较正式 , 常用于书面语中。eg. If you were to go to Beijing, you would (could, might have a chance to visit Tian An Men Square.(2. 连词 if 省略 :在书面语中,非真实条件句中有 were, had, should时,可以省略 if ,而把 were, had, should放在主语前,用倒装结构。 eg. Were it necessary, I mi

9、ght go without delay. 如果需要的话,我可以立即去。 (= If it were necessary. Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.你要是听了我的建议 , 就不会考试不及格了。 (= If you had taken my advice. Should I have time, I would call on her. 要是有时间 , 我就去看她。 (= If I should have time.(3. 省略 if 条件句 :eg. You might stay her

10、e forever (if you wanted to. We would have succeeded (if we had kept trying. Your reputation would be ruined (if you should accept it. I would appreciate a little of your time (if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time. You could have done it yourself (if you had wanted to. (You didnt

11、do the work yourself because you didnt want to. I wouldn t smoke (if I were you. (You smoke often. I advise you not to smoke more.(4. 省略主句 :非真实的条件句如省去结果主句 , 则表示一种不可能实现的愿望。这种条件句常用 if only 来引导。If only.: If only位于句首引起的感叹句用虚拟语气,动词用一般过去时表示目前的愿望,用过去完成时表示过去的愿望, 用 would 或 could 表示将来。eg. If only he knew the

12、answer. 他要是知道答案就好了。 (用过去时表示现在 If only I could speak several foreign languages!我要是能讲几种外语就好了! (用 would / could表示将来 If only you had told me the truth before. 要是你以前告诉我真相就好了。 (用过去完成时表示过去 If only you would listen to reason. If only he were here. / If I had never married. If my old friend were with me. If

13、you had seen the wonderful film.注意:if only和 wish 的用法相同,表示的意愿也基本相同。eg. If only it would rain. 但愿天能下点儿雨! = How I wish it would rain. If only I had known her earlier! 要是我早点儿认识她就好了! = I wish I had known her earlier.(5. If it were not for (对现在的虚拟 这是两个特殊的虚拟结构 , 表示一种特殊的情况改变了一切。If it hadn t been for (对过去的虚拟

14、 常译成“要不是有了就”。eg. If it were not for the Party, we couldn t live such a happy life. If it hadn t been for the captain, they would have died. If it wasn t for me, you d have taken the wrong path a time ago. Were it not for the teacher, we couldnt learn so much knowledge.【 注意 】 (1 在当代英语中 , 在很多情况下尤其在口语中

15、 , 我们也可以用 was 来代替当主语是第一人称或第三人称单数时的虚拟式 were 。 eg. If I were here tomorrow. 也可以说成:If he was here tomorrow. I wish I were a bird. 也可以说成:I wish I was a bird.(2 但在正式文体中仍须用 were, 如须说 : if I were in your position,又如 as it were与 were it not for you中的 were 亦不可代以 was 。(3 倒装句型中的 were 不可被 was 来替换。 eg. Were I in

16、 your position, I would not do it.如果我处在你的位置,我是不会干这件事的。 (6. 混合型虚拟语气 :虚拟条件句中的主句和从句涉及的动作发生的时间不一致 , 这时主句和从句的谓语形式应按照各自动作发生的实际时间来表达。eg. If you hadn't watched TV yesterday, you wouldn't be so sleepy now.如果你昨天不看电视,你现在也就不会这么困了。 (从句 yesterday 说明过去,主句 now 说明现在 If they had left home early this morning,

17、they would arrive in half an hour.如果他们今天一早就离开家的话,再过半小时他们就该到了。 (从句说明过去,主句说明将来。 If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future. 如果你此刻犹豫不决,你将来会吃苦头的。 (从句说明现在,主句说明将来 If you had studied hard last year, you would become a college student now. If she hadn t trained so hard, she wouldn t be abl

18、e to run so fast. You would speak English well enough if you had practiced reading and speaking it every day. If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now. You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. If father hadn t sent me, I should be here. If he knew this, it would

19、 have had to be by accident. 【注意】 : 如果条件从句用 if I were , 结果主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式。eg. If I were not busy, I would have come.(were表过去 If I were you, I would go. (were表现在 (7. 含蓄型虚拟语气 :有时候,虚拟条件不是通过 if 引导的条件句来表示,而是暗含在上下文中 (i 用 but for 、 without(如果没有等来代替条件从句;eg. Without electricity human life would be quite diff

20、erent. =If there were no electricity, human life would be quite different. (ii 用 otherwise 、 or(or else,even though等表示与上文的情况相反 , 从而引出虚拟语气 ;eg. I lost your address. Otherwise, I would have visited you long before.=I lost your address. If I hadn't lost your address, I would have visited you long b

21、efore.(iii 虚拟条件通过 but 暗示出来 ;eg. He would have given you more help, but he was too busy. 他本来会给你更多的帮助 , 但是他太忙了。(也就是说,如果那时他不忙,他可以给你更多的帮助。句中 but he was too busy实际上暗示了一个虚拟条件 如果那时他不忙 He would lose weight, but he eats too much 他本来可以减肥的,但是他吃的太多了。(也就是说,如果他吃得不多的话,他是可以减肥的。句中的 but he eats too much实际上暗示了一个虚拟条件 如

22、果他吃得不多。 (8. unless 条件句 : eg. Unless I were well, I wouldn t be at school.(9. 用 suppose /supposing / providing等词表示 if 条件句的虚拟 :eg. Suppose you were in my shoes, what would you do 假若你站在我的立场上,你会怎么办? Suppose/Supposing it rains, what shall we do? Its a good idea, but suppose your mother were to find out?

23、Suppose you were given a chance to study in America, would you accept?(10. 用 on condition that的条件句的虚拟:eg. He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow.(11. 条件可根据上下文推理出 :eg. It would do you no good. 这可能会对你没好处。 (条件可能是 if you should give up the job 如果你放弃这项工作的话 They could have w

24、on.他们本来是会赢的。 (条件可能是 if they had been patient 如果他们有耐心的话 Such mistakes could have been avoided. 这种错误完全能避免。 (条件可能是 if you had been more careful 如果你更加小心一点的话 Why didn't you tell me about it ? I should have helped you.为什么你不告诉我?我会帮助你的。 (条件可能是 if you had told me about it 如果你当时告诉我的话 Did you go to see him

25、 yesterday?你昨天去看他了吗? I would have, but someone dropped over to my house for a visit. 原想去的,但有人到我家来玩了。(条件是 if no one had dropped over to my house for a visit 如果没人到我家来玩的话 (12.条件用其他形式来表示 :eg. To talk with her, you would know she could not hear well. 如果你同她交谈,你就会知道她的听力不好。 (动词不定式带有假设的意思,相当于 If you should t

26、alk with her. Left to himself, he could not have finished the work. 要是放任他的话,他是不可能完成工作的。(动词的 -ed 形式表示条件 If he had been left to himself.提示 : 在很多情况下,虚拟式已变成习惯说法,很难找出其暗含的条件。eg. You wouldn't know.你不会知道。 I would like to go with you.我愿意和你一起去。【 典题练习 】1. If she had worked harder, she _.A. would succeed B.

27、 had succeed C. should succeed D. would have succeeded2. If my lawyer _here last night, he _me from going.A. had been, would have prevented B. had been; would preventC. were; would prevent D. were; would have prevented3. If he _, he _that food. Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.A. was

28、warned; would not take B. had been warned; wouldn t have takenC. would be warned; hadn t taken D. would have been warned; hadn t taken4. You didn t let me drive. If we _in turn, you _so tired.A. drove; didn t get B. drove; wouldn t get C. were driving; wouldnt getD. had driven; wouldnt have got5. If

29、 it _fine tomorrow, I ll go swimming. A. were B. was C. is D. will be6. If it _to snow tomorrow, they wouldnt go out.A. was B. were C. is D. would be7. You would have finished the work in time _.A. did you work harderB. have you worked harderC. had you worked harderD. do you work harder8. All the pa

30、ssengers would have died _for the captain.A. had it not been B. were it not C. it hadn t been D. it were not9. If you _the meeting yesterday, you _how to do the work now.A. came; will know B. had come; would have knownC. should some; would knowD. had come; would know10. What would you have done if y

31、ou _the first class. A. will miss B. would miss C. had missed D. missed11. If it _rain, we _get wet.A. is to; should B. were to; would C. were going to; would D. was going to; should 12. If he _to the teacher attentively, he _the answer to the problem now.A. had listened; would have knownB. listened

32、; would know C . listened; would have knownD. had listened; would know 13. I thought you would come back tomorrow. I would if I _to attend a meeting.A. don t have B. didn t have C. will not have D. would not have14. “ Did you catch the first bus this morning?” “ No, I didn t. ” “ If you _earlier, yo

33、u _the bus.”A. got up; would catch B. should get up; would catchC. had got up; would have caughtD. had got up; would catch 15. Had I known her name, _.A. I will invite her to lunchB. she will come here C. she would come here D. I would have invited her to lunch 16. If I _out of ink, I would have fin

34、ished writing the paper.A. didn t run B. shouldn t run C. haven t run D. hadn t run17. “ Did you remind him of the meeting?” “ No. If I _at home, I could have.”A. was B. had been C. were D. should be18. If Henry had not pulled his cap low, he _by the police.A. might be recognizedB. might have been r

35、ecognizedC. would have recognized D. was to have been recognized 19. If we had known that she had planned to arrive today, we _her at the bus station.A. may have met B. might met C. may met D. might have met20. _today, he would get there on Friday.A. Was he leaving B. If he leaves C. Were he to leav

36、e D. If he is leaving21. Were it not for the debts, we _all right. A. would be B. would have been C. were D. are 22. If he _tomorrow, I should give him the dictionary he needs.A. comes B. should come C. would come D. will come23. _, we should be glad. A. Were they to arrive tomorrow B. They were to

37、arrive tomorrow C. They would arrive tomorrow D. They arrive tomorrow24. Had electronic computer not been invented, many problems of space flight _.A. could not have been savedB. could not be solved C. can not be solved D. could not have solved25. We _our lives had it not been for the policeman.A. w

38、ould have lost B. should lose C. might lose D. could have lost26. I didn t see your sister at the meeting. If she _, she would have met my brother.A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come27. Had you listened to the doctor, you _all right now. A. areB. wereC. would beD. would have been 28. _I be f

39、ree tomorrow, I could go with you. A. CouldB. ShouldC. Might D. Must29. _to do the work, I should do it some other way. A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I30. _your letter, I would have written back two days ago.A. If I received B. Should I received C. Had I received D. If I could have receive

40、d31. _today, he would get there by Friday.A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leave32. If it were not for the fact that you _ill, I would ask you to do this right now.A. were B. had been C. are D. be33. Should it rain, the crops _.A. would be saved B. would have been sav

41、edC. will be saved D. had been saved34. If I _you, I would try again. A. am B. was C. were D. be35. _, all the students would hear.A. If the teacher had spoken louder B. If the teacher will speak louderC. Had the teacher spoken louder D. If the teacher spoke louder 36. What should we do if it _tomor

42、row? A. should snowB. would snowC. snowD. will snow 37. If only I _my watch! A. hadn t lost B. havent lost C. didnt loseD. dont lose38. You _such a serious mistake if you followed his advice.A. may not make B. might have not made C. shouldn t have made D. might not have made 39. If only I _as young

43、as you are! A. being B. am C. be D. were 40. If you _at school, you _a college student now.A. had studied hard; would have been B. should have studied hard; should have beenC. had studied hard; would be D. would study hard; must have beenB .让步状语从句的虚拟 :让步状语从句指事实时,从句谓语动词用陈述语气。若从句内容表示现在和将来的假设情况,从句谓语动词用

44、虚拟语气。(1 even if和 even though意为 “即使” , 有假设之意主从谓语可用直接陈述语气也可用虚拟语气。用虚拟语气时,主从时态呼应与 if 条件句相同。eg. I won t lose heart even though I ve failed ten times. (直接陈述 Even if I had failed ten times, I wouldn t lose heart. (虚拟语气 The boy couldn t have been saved even if he had been tended without delay.即使当时那个男孩得到及时照护

45、 , 他的生命也未被挽救。 I wouldn t be angry with her even if I tried. 我即使想生她的气,也做不到。 I should say the same thing even if he were here. 即使他在这里,我还是要这么说。(2 though, whether or, however, no matter 等的让步状语从句eg. Though he (should fail, there would still be hope. 即使他失败了,仍有一线希望。 Whether he (should succeed or fail, we s

46、hall have to do our part.不管他成功还是失败,我们还是要做好自己的事。 However hard it might rain rains, we shall go there together. 不管雨下得多么大,今晚我们还是要去那里。 No matter what his social position (might be, a man is equal in the eye of the law.一个人不论其社会地位如何,在法律面前都是平等的。【 典题练习 】41. They all went out to look for the lost child even

47、if it _very dark outside. A. is B. would be C. was D. had been42. The patient couldn t have been saved even if he _on time.A. was operated B. had operated C. had been operated D. operated on43. I _to see the film even if I had had time then.A. wouldn t go B. couldn t go C. wouldn t have gone D. must

48、n t have gone 44. It _matter even though she refused. A. didn t B. wouldn t C. doesn t D. don t 45. He _you more help even though he were very busy.A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give46. If (Even if the sun _to rise in the west, I would not break my word. A. was B. rose C

49、. raised D. were C . as if/though方式状语从句的虚拟 :由 as if 或 as though引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况,也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况。(i 如果从句的动作与主句谓语动词同时发生 , 表示与现在事实不相符 , 从句用一般过去时;eg. The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child.这位老师对待这位学生就像自己的亲生孩子一样。 (这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子 She treated the child as if he were her o

50、wn child.(ii 如果从句的动作先于主句而完成 , 表示与过去事实不相符 , 从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。eg. I felt as though we had known each other for years. 我感觉我们好像认识多年了。 (其实并没有认识多年 He passed the poles as if they didn t exist. His hair looked as though it had been electrified.(iii 如果从句的动作后于主句而发生 , 表示与将来事实不相符,用 would / might / could + do sth.e

51、g. It looks as if it might rain. 天看上去好像要下雨。 (不大可能下雨 对比:eg. He looks as if he is young. 看样子他好像很年轻。 (他就是年轻 He looks as if he were young. 看样子他好像很年轻。 (实际上他不年轻 【典题练习】47. The woman treated the girl as though she _her own daughter. A. isB. had been C. has been D. were48. The old man looked as though he _ou

52、t of my story book.A. stepped B. would step C. had stepped D. would have stepped49. The little child talked as if he _to the Atlantic Ocean. A. is B. has been C. would be D. had been50. It looks as if it _.A. was rained B. were going to rain C. would rain D. were to rain51. When a pencil is put in a

53、 glass of water, it looks as if it _.A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken52. Xiao Liu spoke English so well as if he _English in England.A. studied B. has studied C. had studied D. studied53. She looked as if she _ill. A. is B. was C. had been D. were54. The two strangers talked

54、 as if they _friends for years.A. were B. would be C. have been D. had been55. It seems as if it _rain. A. will B. is going to C. is to D. were going to56. He is talking so much about America as if he _there. A. had been B. had been C. was D. been57. He smiled as if he _my thought. A. read B. was re

55、ading C. had read D. had read D. 目的状语从句的虚拟 :(1 case, for fear that, lest引导的目的状语从句,动词用 “should + 动词原形 ” 结构, 表示忧虑或目的。eg. Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I (should forget. 请你明天再提醒我这件事,以免我忘记。 She emphasized it again and again, lest he (should forget. 她一再强调这一点免得他忘记。 We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face for fear that there should be any misunderstanding.我们开了一个会,面对面谈了这件事,以免发生任何误会。 In case I (should forget, please remind me of my promise. Take your coat in case it rain/(just in case it should rain.