高中英语语法之动词时态和语态_英语

1、2009年高考英语第二轮热点专题复习动词的时态和语态内容解读1高考考查的八种动词时态是：一般现在时；一般过去时；一般将来时；现在进行时；过去进行时；现在完成时；过去完成时；过去将来时。2容易混淆的三组动词时态是：一般过去时和现在完成时；一般过去时和过去完成时；过去完成时与现在完成时。3各种时态及含情态动词的被动形式和应用。能力解读1了解动词时态的时、体概念；2了解常考八种时态的基本用法并能够在真实的情景中恰当使用八种时态进行交际；3能够区别容易混淆的时态的用法；4掌握各种时态及含情态动词的被动语态的形式和应用；分清动词的词性，熟悉并掌握常见的不及物动词happen, take place, o

2、ccur, exist 等，它们不能用被动语态； 分清主语与谓语之间的关系； 变被动语态的动词一般为及物动词，但有些不及物动词与介词所形成的短语动词也可有被动形式，此时，变被动语态后介词不能丢； 熟悉并掌握主动形式表被动意义的情况。规律方法1试题的立意由简单直接的“结构立意”（如状语从句、宾语从句等）转向了“情景立意”。试题创设的语境明确，交际情景（对话形式占有一定比例）多是发生在学生学习或日常生活中的真实情况。这样的情景设置实质上是对语法知识、语义理解和语言交际能力的综合考查，体现了高考试题由“知识立意”向“能力立意”转变人命题原则。2题干中的有效信息由“外显的”转向“隐藏的”。3试题的设问

3、多以中学生普遍感到难以把握的几组时态来相互干扰。命题趋势毫无疑问，对于动词时态的考查仍交进高考的测试重点。试题将继续呈现“情景立意”和“能力立意”的原则，即在考查固定句式中的时态和语态的同时，注重在上下文中考查时态和语态，注重在语境中考查时态和语态。突破方法1学习动词的时态和语态时，切不可脱离实际运用的语言，一味死记硬背语法规则的条条框框。了解了八种时态的一些常见规则之后，要留心以英语为母语者在实际生活中是如何使用各种时态的语态的。其实，教材中每单元第一课的情景对话，是领司时态用法真谛的最佳语言材料。2答题时，研读题干，搜索出尽可能多的“时间参照信息”，尤其是动词冗余信息中的时间信息。如第10

4、题目中的havent said, Do, Im, sooner, think, its 等，这些表达中都含有时间信息，发现和有效利用这些信息是解决问题的关键。3解决时态和语态问题，要遵循如下解题思路： 这个动作可能发生在什么时间？题干句中可参照的时间信息有哪些？ 这个动作处于什么状态，是进行中，还是已结束（完成）？限制或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些？（第4题中的rapidly 是个很关键的信息词） 这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题的答案，试题的正确答案也就水落石出了。知识清单清单一 动词的时态一、时态的概念时态是一种动词形式，它是“时”和“体”的组合。“时”有

5、现在、过去、将来、过去将来之分；“体”有一般、进行、完成、完成进行之别。动词的动作可发生于四种不同的时间，表现四种不同的“体”，每一种“时+体”就构成一种时态。所以英语动词共有（4×4）十六种时态，高中英语教学大纳中要求掌握的只有八种：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时，过去将来时。另外现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时和将来完成时也比较常用。二、一般体、进行体、完成体的含义一向指某动作既不正在进行又不确定完成与否的一种广泛意义上的方式。进行指一种持续性的、未完成的动作。动词的进行时还伴有其他一些意义，如：有限度的延续性、感情色彩、同时性、

6、描述的生动性、强调性等。完成则表示动作发生在某个时间以前，但动作发生的时间总是未经明确指出的。通过例句体会它们的含义差别：The teacher writes his own notes. （现在习续性动作）The teacher is writing his notes now. （暂时的还在进行的动作）The teacher has already written his notes. （现在已经完成的动作）Xiao Wang comes late often. （现在经常性的动作）Xiao Wang is always coming late. （带有不满的色彩）I read a boo

7、k yesterday evening. （在过去时间的动作）I was reading a book yesterday evening. （过去时间未完成的持续动作）I have read the book. （现在已经读完那本书了）She is always finding fault with others. 她总是挑剔别人的毛病。He is constantly leaving things about. 他总是丢三拉四。I am hoping you can come and have supper with us. 我正希望您能来和我们一起吃晚饭。（比如I hope语气更委婉）S

8、he has been saying that twenty times. 这话她已经说了20遍。三、一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别1一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连。它所表示的事情纯属过去与现在情况没有联系。现在完成时表示的事情发生在不能具体指出的现在以前的过去产某个或某段时间。它所表示的事情与现在情况有关系，是过去事情在现在产生的结果或对现在的影响。2一般过去时常用的状语有yesterday, last night, two days (months, weeks) ago, at that time 等；现在完成时常用的状语有already, j

9、ust (刚刚), yet, never, before 等；表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间状语有：today, now, lately, recently, in the last / past few days / years (在过去的这几天/年里)。since then, up to now, so far (至今)等。3比较下面几组句子，体会两种时态的不同：He served in the army from 1952 to 1954. （这是过去的一件事）He has served in the army for 5 years. （现在他仍在军中服役，他是个军人）H

10、e wrote many plays when he was at college. 他上大学的时候，写了许多剧本。（写剧本是他过去的事）He has written many plays. 他写了许多部剧本。（这意味着他是剧作家）I saw Hero last year. 去年我看了英雄这部电影。（看英雄的时间是去年，与现在时间无关）I have seen Hero before. 我以前看过英雄这部电影。（强调现在还知道这部电影的内容。以前看过，但“以前”是表示一个与现在有联系的过去时间，而不是一个确定的与现在无关的过去时间。）四、一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别1一般过去时是对现在说话时

11、刻而言的，过去完成时则是对过去某一时刻而言。两种时态建立的时间参照点不同，对过去完成时来说，这一个时间参照点十分重要，它是过去完成概念赖以建立的基础，也是和一般过去时相区别的重要标准。2过去完成时的时间状语常用by 和before 引导的短语表示，如by that time, by the end of, before 2000, by the time +句子等。五、过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别1两种时态都常与一段时间和状语连用，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作（句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语），而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的劝作（句中有表

12、示过去特定时间的状语）。2比较下面的说法She had been ill for a week before she came back. 她在回来之前就生病一个星期了。（回来发生在过去某一时间，发病发生在过去的过去）She has been ill for a week. 她生病一个星期了。（现在仍在生病）六、动词时态的一些典型用法1在if, unless, even if 引导的条件状语从句中，在when, before, until (till), as soon as, the moment, once 引导的时间状语从句中，在no matter what /who / which /

13、 when / where / how 或whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however 引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句是将来时（往往出现will / shall / can / must ）或主句是祈使句，从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时。如： Ill go with you as soon as I finish my work. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she arrives. Can I join your clu

14、b, Dad ? You can when you get a bit older. If city noises are not kept from increasing, people will have to shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.2would 与used to would 与used to 都可用来表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作，常常可以换用。如：When we were boys w

15、e used to / would go swimming every summer. 小时候，每天夏天我们都要去游泳。He used to . would spend every penny he earned on books. 过去他通常把挣来的钱全花在买书了。 would 之后要接表示动作的动词，不接表示认识或状态的动词，而used to 则无此限制。如：I used to like football when I was at middle school. He used to be nervous in the exam. would 表示反复发生的动作。如果某一动作没有反复性，就

16、不能用would, 只能用used to。如：And from that day on, as soon as the table was cleared and the dishes were gone, Mother would disappear into he sewing room to practice. 从那天起，只要碗盘撤掉、饭桌清理干净，妈妈就马上躲进做针线活的房间练习起来。（具有反复性）I used to live in Beijing. 我过去住在北京。（没有反复性） used to 表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态，现在已经结束（含有较强的“今非昔比”的意思），wou

17、ld 则只表示说话者对过去一种回想心情，有可能再发生。如：People used to believe that the earth was flat. 过去，人们总以为地球是扁平的。（现在已不再这样认为）He would go to the park as soon as he was free.过去他一有空就去公园。（现在有可能再去）3be +动词不定式 表示按计划或安排要做的事。例如：When are you to leave for two days to New York ?你什么时候去纽约？She is to get married next month. 她下个月结婚。这种结构也

18、可用于过去。was / were to do sth. 表示曾经计划要做某事，但不表明计划是否被执行，或表示“命运（即使中注定要发生的事）”，而非计划；was / were to have done sth. 表示未曾实现的计划。例如：I felt excited because I was soon to leave home for the first time. 我感到很激动，因为我很快就要首次离开家了。We were to have told you, but you were not in. 我们本来想告诉你的，但是你不在家。 表示“指令”，相当于should, ought to,

19、must, have to。例如：You are to report to the police. 你应该报警。What is to be done ? 应该怎么办呢？This medicine is to be taken three times a day. 这种药一天要服三次。The books in this room are not to be taken outside. (The books in this room mustnt be taken outside.) 这个室内的书籍不得带出室外。 表示“想，打算”，相当于intend, want。例如：If we are to

20、be there before ten, well have to go now. 如果我们想在十点前到，我们现在就得走。 用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求对方意见。例如：Am I to go on with the work ? 要我继续这项工作吗？What are we to do next ? 我们下一步该怎么办？ 在与be 连用的结构中，see, find, congratulate 的不定式被动式有特殊的用法。例如：The news is to be found in the evening paper. 这条消息可以在晚报上见到。He is nowhere to be seen. 在哪

21、里也见不到他。You are to be congratulated. 应当向您表示祝贺。4瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词，还叫终止性动词。瞬间动词可以有现在完成时态，但不可以接一段时间，若要接一段时间，须要做一些相应的变换。瞬间动词在完成时态中的否定式可以接一段时间。× He has come to Beijing since last year. He has lived in Beijing since last year. × He has joined the army for 3 years. He has served in the army for 3 years

22、. He joined the army 3 years ago. He has been a soldier for 3 years. It is 3 years since he joined the army. He has joined the army. 他已参军了。常见的瞬间动词有：come, go, get to / reach / arrive at, leave, buy, sell, open, close, get up, join /take part in, begin /start, return / give, borrow / lend, become / tu

23、rn, bring /take, give, die, finish /end, receive /hear from, marry, break, lose, jump 等。5语境中的过去时，往往表示“刚才，刚刚”之意，暗示现在已“不再这样”。如： Come on in, Peter. I want to show you something. Oh, how nice of you ! I never thought you were going to bring me a gift. Your phone number again ? I didnt quite catch it. Na

24、ncy is not coming tonight. But she promised !6表示愿望、打算一类的词，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, think, suppose, want 等，其过去完成时表示过去未增实现的愿望或意图。如：I had hoped to see more of ShangHai. 我本希望在上海多看看。（但未能如愿）I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment. 我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙了。I had thought you would come

25、tomorrow. 我愿以来你明天才来呢。7某些固定句式中的动词时态是固定的、约定俗成的。 This / It is the first / secondtime + that 从句。that 从句一般用现在完成时，如果把前边的is 改为was，则that 从句用过去完成时。如：This is the first time I have come here.It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake. It is / has been + 一段时间 + since 从句。since 从句中用过去完成时。如：It was t

26、en years since we had had such a wonderful time. be about to dowhen意为“即将（这时）突然”。如：I was about to go out when the telephone rang. be (was /were) + doing when 意为“正在干（这时）突然”。如They were reading when Tom shouted in pain. Hardly haddonewhen ; No sooner haddonethanwhen 和than 从句里用一般过去时，表示“刚刚就”。如：Hardly (No

27、sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down. 我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。 It + be + 一段时间 + before 从句这个句式分两种情况：如果主句用将来时，则从句用一般现在时表将来时，意为多长时间以后即将发生某事；如果主句用过去时，从句也用过去时，意为多长时间后发生了某事。如：It wont be long before he succeeds. ( = He will succeed soom.)It was ten years before they met again. ( = They met again ten

28、 years later. )8高考对于进行体的常考点 一个长动作作为背景，被一个短动作打断，长动作往往用进行体，短动作用一般体。如：My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office. Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking. As she was reading

29、the newspaper, Granny fell asleep. The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it. 表示动作的未完性、暂时性。如： Have you moved into the new house ? Not yet. The rooms are being painted. I dont really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives. Shirley was writing a

30、 book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it. Selecting a mobile phone for a personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly. 表示计划、安排要做的事。如：Ive won a holiday for two days to Florida. I am taking my mum. What were you doing when Tony phoned you ? I ha

31、d just finished my work and was starting to take a shower. 表示现在或当时发展中的或正在进行的情况。如：I dont think Jim saw me; he was just starting into space. I first met Lisa 3 years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time. Is this raincoat yours ? No, mine is hanging there behind the door. Hey, look where yo

32、u are going ! Oh, Im terribly sorry, I wasnt noticing. 清单二 主动和被动一、注意短语动词和含有情态动词的被动语态That old man was often laughed at. 那位老人常受人嘲笑。The doctor has been sent for. 已经派人请大夫去了。Time must be made good use of. 时间一定要充分利用。The plan will be given up. 那计划就要被放弃了。Bad habits have been done away with. 坏习惯已经改掉了。（在被动结构中

33、，切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词，关于这类及物性质的短语动词请看专题五）He must be prevented from going. 必须阻止他去。The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible. 计划必须尽早执行。（谓语结构是：情态动词+be +过去分词）二、get + 过去分词可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化，如：She got married last week. 她上周结婚了。The patient got treated once a week. 那位病菌人一周得到一次治疗。He fell off the car a

34、nd got killed. 他从车上摔下来，摔死了。三、主动形式表被动意义1系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep + 形容词/名词构成系表结构。如：The steel feels cold. His plan proved (to be) practical. It has gone bad. 2表示开始、结束、运动的动词。如begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut,

35、 run, move 等。Work began at 7 oclock this morning. The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day. 3表示主语的某种属性特征的动词。如read, write, act, iron, cut draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink。这类动词一般不单独使用，常用一个修饰语。如：This coat dries easily. 这种外衣容易干。Nylon cleans easily. 尼龙容易洗干净。The doo

36、r wont lock. 这门锁不上。Food can keep fresh in a fridge. 食物在冰箱里能保鲜。Your speech reads well. 你的演说讲得好。This material has worn thin. 这个材料已经磨薄了。His book does not sell. 他的书没有销路。Your pen writes smoothly. 你的笔好写。This lock wont catch. 这锁锁不上。The match wont catch. 火柴擦不着。The plan worked out wonderfully. 这计划制定得很好。The r

37、ecorder wont play. 这录音机不转。The engine wont start. 引擎发动不起来。This knife cuts well. 这把刀子很快。The cloth washes well. 这布很耐洗。4少数动词用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动含义。如print, cook, fry, hang, build, make。 如：The books are printing. 这本书正在排印中。The neat is cooking. 肉在煮。5介词in, on, under 等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该

38、名词相应的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。常见的有：under control (受控制)，under treatment (在治疗中)，under repair (在修理中)，under discussion (在讨论中)，under construction (在施工中)，beyond belief (令人难以置信)，beyond ones reach (鞭长莫及)，beyond ones control (无法控制)，beyond our hope (我们始料不及)，for sale (出售)，for rent (出租)，in print (在印刷中)，in sight (在视野范围内)，

39、on sale (出售)，on show (展出)，on trial (受审)，out of control (控制不了)，out of sight (超出视线之外)，out of ones reach (够不着)，out of fashion (不流行)。如：The building is under construction (is being constructed).The rumor is beyond belief ( = cant be believed ).His honest character is above all praise. ( = His honest char

40、acter cannot be praised enough.)That house is for sale. ( = That house is to be sold.) The book is not yet in print ( = is not yet printed ).Today some treasures are on show in the museum ( = are being showed).The plane was out of control (cant be controlled).He took two days off within the teachers

41、 permission.6不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：fit, have, wish, cost, agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to 等。如：This key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard.小试牛刀1. Hundreds of jobs _ if the factory clo

42、ses. A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will lose 2. Ive won a holiday for two days to Florida. I _ my mum.A. am taking B. have taken C. take D. will have taken 3. A new cinema _ here. They hope to finish it next month. A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built 4. Selectin

43、g a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _ so rapidly.A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change 5. I _ Ping pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year. A. played B. will play C. have played D. play 6. Visitors _ not to touch

44、the exhibits. A. will request B. request C. are requesting D. are requested 7. John and I _ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we _ each other a couple of times before that.A. had been; have seen B. have been; have seen C. had been; had seen D. have be

45、en; had seen 8. This is Teds photo. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake. A. killed B. is killed C. was killed D. was killing 9. How are the team playing ? They are playing well, but one of them _ hurt. A. got B. gets C. are D. were 10. You havent said a word about my new

46、 coua, Brenda. Do you like it ? Im sorry, I _ anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty on you. A. wasnt saying B. dont say C. wont say D. didnt say 11. I wonder why Jenny _ us recently. We should have heard from her by now. A. hasnt written B. doesnt write C. wont write D. hadnt writte

47、n 12. My uncle _ until he was forty five. A. married B. didnt marry C. was not marrying D. would marry 13. When will you come to see me, Dad ? I will go to see you when you _ the training course. A. will have finished B. will finish C. are finishing D. finish 14. How long _ at this job ? Since 1990.

48、 A. were you employed B. have you been employed C. had you been employed D. will you be employed 15. With the rapid growth of population, the city _ in all directions in the past five years. A. spreads B. has spread C. spread D. had spread 16. The silence of the library _ only by the sound of pages

49、being turned over. A. has been broken B. breaks C. broke D. was broken 17. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness _. A. has grown B. is growing C. grew D. had grown 18. Why dont you put the meat in the fridge ? It will _ fresh for several days. A. be stayed

50、 B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed 19. Sorry, Joe, I didnt mean to Dont call me “Joe”. Im Mr Parker to you, and _ you forget it !A. do B. didnt C. did D. dont 20. At this time tomorrow _ over the Atlantic. A. were going to fly B. well be flying C. well fly D. were to fly 21. The news came as no s

51、urprise to me. I _ for some time that the factory was going to shut down. A. had known B. knew C. have known D. know 22. I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he _ it. A. doesnt mention B. hadnt mentioned C. didnt mention D. hasnt mentioned 23. No one in the department but T

52、om and I _ that the director is going to resign. A. knows B. know C. have known D. am to know 24. Although he has lived with us for years, he _ us much impression. A. hadnt left B. didnt leave C. doesnt leave D. hasnt left 25. how can you possibly miss the news ? It _ on TV all day long. A. has been

53、 B. bad been C. was D. will be 26. Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on. Where was I ? You _ you didnt like your fathers job. A. had said B. said C. were saying D. had been saying 27. I arrived late; I _ the road to be so iey. A. wouldnt expect B. havent expected C. hadnt expected D. wasnt ex

54、pecting 28. I _ while reading the English textbook. Luckily, my roommate woke me up in time !A. had fallen asleep B. have fallen asleep C. fell asleep D. fall asleep 29. Lets keep to the point or we _ any decisions. A. will never reach B. have never reached C. never reach D. never reached30. My mind wasnt on what he was saying, so Im afraid I _ half of it. A. was missing B. had missed C. will