会计学专业英语全套课件

1、Accounting English Why do you take the course of Accounting English?What are the learning objectives of Accounting English?Is Accounting English difficult? Previewing the text is very important. An English Chinese Dictionary of Accounting，英汉双解财会词典英汉双解财会词典，外语教学与研究出版社，外语教学与研究出版社， 英英 P.H. Collin, Adria

2、n Joliffe 编，张炜等译，编，张炜等译，2002年年9月第月第1版版Suggestions for studyCHAPTER 1ACCOUNTING:THE BASIS FOR DECISIONS Explain the definition of accounting; Understand the basic function of accounting; Ascertain the users of accounting information and know why they need the information; Understand the types of acco

3、unting information; Have a general idea of the professional fields of accounting and their duties. Learn the accounting terms in this chapter and use them in the translation task.Learning Objectives Accounting 会计（学）会计（学） Accountant 会计师会计师 Bean Counter 数豆子的人数豆子的人 Different expressions about “ 企业企业” i

4、n English BusinessEnterpriseFirm Company Corporation Accounting is an information system designed to record, classify and summarize systematically significant financial and other economic information about business firms, and analyses and interprets its results, with monetary unit as its main criter

5、ion. Definition of Accounting The primary objective of accounting to provide information that is useful for making decisions.Accounting: Information for Decision MakingUsers of Accounting InformationExternal usersInternal usersUsers of Accounting Information Question: How to define internal users of

6、 accounting information? Who are internal users of accounting information? Which decisions made by the management ？Internal users of accounting information Owe 欠债欠债 Owe to sb. 欠某人的债欠某人的债 Meet = pay off 偿还偿还 Mature = be due v.到期到期 Maturity n.到期到期 Inventory = stock 存货存货 Expense 费用费用 Revenue 收入收入 Earni

7、ngs = profits 利润利润 Plant 工厂，植物，机器设备工厂，植物，机器设备Internal users of accounting information Question: Which decisions are to be made by internal users except for management?Internal users of accounting information Question: How to define external users of accounting information? Who are external users of

8、accounting information? Could the accountant provide accounting information to meet the needs of diverse users? Who are the two primary external users of accounting information?External users of accounting information 课后自学课后自学P7第第1段段 Question: Which decisions are to be made by external users ?Extern

9、al users of accounting information What is the objective of external financial reporting? Operation performance 经营成果经营成果 Financial position 财务状况财务状况 Cash flow 现金流现金流 Return of investment 投资回收投资回收 Return on investment 投资回报投资回报 课后自学课后自学P8第第2和第和第4段段 练习：练习：P13 Exercises 1Objective of External Financial

10、ReportingFinancial AccountingManagement Accounting Tax AccountingTypes of accounting information Financial accounting information describes the financial position (财务状况财务状况), result of operation (经营成果经营成果), and cash flow (现金流现金流) of an economic entity. Question: Who use the financial accounting info

11、rmation? Income tax returns 纳税申报纳税申报 Prepare income tax returns编制纳税申报编制纳税申报 General-purpose accounting information 通用会计信息通用会计信息Financial Accounting Question: Whats the purpose of management accounting? 课后自学课后自学P5第第5段段 Management Accounting Question: What functions does tax accounting encompass? Conf

12、irm to/with 与与相一致相一致 Minimize the tax burden 使税负最小化使税负最小化Tax Accounting private accountingpublic accounting accounting for governments and nonprofit organizations CPA (Certified Public Accountants) CPA firm 普华永道普华永道(Price Waterhouse Coopers，PwC) 安永安永(Ernst&Young，E&Y) 毕马威毕马威(KPMG) 德勤德勤(Deloit

13、te Touche Tohmatsu，DTT) 安达信安达信(Arthur Andersen)(已倒闭已倒闭) Enron Public Accounting ACCA (Association of Chartered Certificated Accountants) http:/ AICPA (American Institute of CPA) CICPA (Chinese Institute of CPA) http:/ practicing members non-practicing membersAuditing 审计，审计学审计，审计学

14、Audit Internal/external auditing Auditor Auditing Income tax services Management advisory (consultancy or consulting) servicesThe primary services offered by CPA Management accountants 管理会计师管理会计师 The Institute of Management Accountants（美国管理会计师协美国管理会计师协会会 ，简称，简称IMA ） Certified Management Accountant (

15、美国注册管理会计师，简称美国注册管理会计师，简称CMA) Controller 总会计师，会计主管总会计师，会计主管 Treasurer 财务主管财务主管 CFO What are the responsibilities of accountants at the private business?Private Accounting Recording transactions and preparing financial statements Design of accounting system Cost accounting Internal control and auditin

16、gThe responsibilities of accountants at the private businessAccounting for Governments and Nonprofit Organizations Accountants have a significant responsibility to the public. Why? Ethics are beliefs that distinguish right from wrong. They are accepted standards of good and bad behavior. Many profes

17、sional organization have codes of ethics or professional conduct that direct the activities of their members. AICPAs Code of Professional Conduct Chinese Certified Public Accountants Code of Professional Ethics Accounting Ethic1. What is accounting?2. What are the three types of accounting informati

18、on?3. Whats the difference between accounting and bookkeeping?4. How do accountants perform their work?Questions 5. Define the internal and external users of accounting information. 6. Identify at least five types of managers who are internal users of accounting information.7. Explain how does each

19、group of information users apply accounting information.Questions8. What are the three broad areas in the fields of accounting?9. What are their difference?10. Why are professional ethics crucial in accounting?11. What are the three forms of business organizations?QuestionsCHAPTER 2THEORETICAL FRAME

20、WORKUNDERLIYING FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING Know the conceptual framework for financial reporting Know the qualitative characteristics of accounting information Describe the elements of financial statements Understand the basic assumptions and the basic principles of accounting Learn the accounting terms i

21、n this chapter and use them in the translation task.Learning ObjectivesWhat does accounting theory consist of ?Where do they come from?Accounting theoryNature of a Theoretical Framework (Conceptual Framework) The conceptual framework is a coherent system of interrelated objectives and fundamentals t

22、hat is expected to lead to consistent standards and that prescribes the nature, function, and limits of financial accounting and reporting.Definition of a Conceptual Framework Enhance the understandability and comparability of financial reporting Solve the new and emerging practical problems Contrib

23、ute to the development and application of accounting standards Roles of a Conceptual Framework 美国财务会计准则委员会美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)发布的系列概念公发布的系列概念公告是迄今为止最完整、最系统的概念框架研究成果。告是迄今为止最完整、最系统的概念框架研究成果。 Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB，美国财务，美国财务会计准则委员会会计准则委员会) A private, not-for-profit organization. The FA

24、SB follows due process （充分程序充分程序 ）rules and seeks public input at various points in GAAP development through “Exposure Drafts”（征求意见征求意见稿稿 ）. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC，美国证券交易，美国证券交易委员会委员会) The federal agency that has authority to determine GAAP for public companies wh

25、ose stock is traded on Stock Exchange. In essence, the SEC has acquiesced （默许）（默许）its role to to establish GAAP to the FASB.Established in 1973.Supported by the Financial Accounting Foundation（财务会计基金（财务会计基金 ）.Seven full-time, independent voting members serving for 10 years.Members not required to be

26、 CPAs.Current Standard Setting FASB Statement of financial accounting concepts, SFAC, 财务会计财务会计概念公告概念公告 Statement of financial accounting standards, SFASs, 财务会计财务会计准则公告准则公告 Interpretation of the SFASs, 财务会计准则解释财务会计准则解释 SFAC No.1 Objectives of Financial Reporting by Business Enterprise SFA

27、C No.2 Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information SFAC No.3 Elements of Financial Statements of Business Enterprise（被（被SFAC No.6取代）取代） SFAC No.4 Objectives of Financial Reporting by Nonbusiness Organization SFAC No.5 Recognition and Measurement in Financial Statement of Business Enterpris

28、e SFAC No.6 Elements of Financial Statements（取代（取代SFAC No.3和部分修订和部分修订 SFAC No.62） SFAC No.7 Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements（对（对SFAC No.5第第67段进行修订）段进行修订）美国财务会计概念公告一览表美国财务会计概念公告一览表 It is expected to serve the public interest by providing structure and direction

29、 to financial accounting and reporting to facilitate the provision of evenhanded financial and related information that is useful in assisting capital and other markets to function efficiently in allocating scarce resources in the economy.Former is International Accounting Standards Committee ( IASC

30、,国际会计准则委员会国际会计准则委员会)， established in 1973 to narrow the range of differences in accounting standards.IAS (International Accounting Standards )Reorganized into IASB in 2001. IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards )International Accounting Standards Board (IASB,国际会计准则理事会国际会计准则理事会 )www.iasb.

31、orgIASBThe new IASC structure IFRS Foundation (IFRS基金会基金会) IFRICInternational Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee（国际财务报告解释委员会）（国际财务报告解释委员会） It was approved by the IASC in April 1989 for publication in July 1989, and adopted by the IASB in April 2001.Framework for the Preparation and Presen

32、tation of Financial Statements Objectives of financial reporting Building blocks for the conceptual framework Qualitative characteristics of accounting information and elements of financial statements a bridge between the first level and the second level Recognition and Measurement Concepts Recognit

33、ion 确认确认 Measurement 计量计量 Accounting assumptions 会计假设会计假设 Accounting principles 会计原则会计原则 Constraints 制约因素制约因素Structure of conceptual frameworkFirst Level: Basic ObjectivesSecond Level: Fundamental ConceptsQualitative Characteristics of Accounting InformationFigure 2-2 in P16 Hierarchy 等级制度等级制度 Perva

34、sive 普遍的普遍的 Threshold 门槛、起点、开端门槛、起点、开端 Criterion 评判的标准、尺度评判的标准、尺度Second Level: Fundamental Concepts To be useful, information must be relevant to the decision-making needs of users. Information has the quality of relevance when it influences the economic decisions of users by helping them evaluate p

35、ast, present or future events or confirming, or correcting, their past evaluations.Relevance Elements of Financial Statements (SFAC No.6) Assets Assets 这个词表示资产时一定要用复数形式，即词尾要有这个词表示资产时一定要用复数形式，即词尾要有 “s”。如果不用复数。如果不用复数形式，就成为形式，就成为“宝物，天赋、技能宝物，天赋、技能”的意思。的意思。 Liabilities Equity Revenue Expenses Gains Losse

36、sElements of Financial Statements (Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements, IASB)AssetsLiabilitiesEquityIncomeExpenses Assets Liabilities Owners equity Revenues Expenses Profit我国的企业会计准则我国的企业会计准则基本准则对会基本准则对会计要素的规定计要素的规定Basic assumptionsBasic principles ConstraintsThird

37、Level: Recognition and Measurement ConceptsBasic assumptionsEach economic organization is an accounting entity and must be kept separate and distinct from its owners, creditors, and other entities.Accounting Entity Assumption The business will remain in operation in the foreseeable future. Going Con

38、cern AssumptionAll transactions should be measured in money form.It implies the stable-money-unit assumption.It makes the information reliable &comparable. Money Unit Assumption The life of business should be divided into short ones of equal length.It makes it easier to make financial statements

39、 and satisfies theaccounting information users need ofknowing the current conditions of the business. Periodicity Assumption 1. ( )are the preconditions of identifying, measuring, recording and reporting economic transactions. 2. ( ) assumption implies the life of business should be divided into sho

40、rt ones. 3.( ) assumes the business will continue for a quite long time.Questions: 4. ( ) limits the economic data in the accounting system to data related directly to the activities of the business. 5.( ) requires that money be used as the basic measuring unit . In fact ,it also implies the ( ) ass

41、umption.Accrual basis principle implies that revenue and expenses are recorded when they occurs but not when cash is received or paid.Accrual basis PrincipleAll goods and services purchased by an enterprise are recordedat acquisition cost and appear on financial statement at cost. Historical Cost Pr

42、inciple Historical cost 历史成本历史成本 Replacement cost 重置成本重置成本 Net realizable value 可变现净值可变现净值 Current value 现值现值 Fair value 公允价值公允价值Accounting measurement bases mainly comprise:Realization principleUnder the realization principle, revenues should be recognized at the time goods are sold or services are

43、 rendered. Matching principleUnder the matching principle, revenue for a period is matched with the expenses incurred in generating the revenue.Full disclosure principleFinancial statements and their accompanying notes should contain all relevant information a reader needs to understand the financia

44、l condition and performance of a business. Cost benefit relationshipMaterialityConservatismConstraintsCost benefit relationshipAccountants should weigh the benefit derived from the information against the cost of providing that information. The benefits should exceed the costs.MaterialityThe word “m

45、ateriality” refers to the relative importance of an item.Accountants should consider the relative importance of any transactions.ConservatismAccountants should be conservative in choosing the one that has the least favorable impact on net income when there are two or more alternative accounting meth

46、ods. 1. ( ) implies accountants should be conservative in choosing the one that has the least favorable impact on net income when there are two or more alternative accounting methods. 2. Under ( ), revenues should be recognized at the time goods are sold or services are rendered. Questions: 3. Under

47、 ( ), when the business provides a service, makes a sale, or incurs an expense, the accountant must enter it into the journal, whether or not cash has been received or paid. 4.( ) requires financial statement should offer adequate information. China Security Regulatory Commission (CSRC) requires the

48、 listed companies disclose their annual reports within 4 months after the end date of each accounting period. A student major in accounting , argued, “ Nowadays, timeliness is a vital characteristic of information. Information provided 4 months later is useless because the situation have changed gre

49、atly.” Do you agree or not? Why?Case The Accounting Regulation System in ChinaAccountingLawNPCMinistry of FinanceAccountingStandards for Business EnterpriseSpecificStandardsBasicStandardEnterpriseAccountingSystemApplying Guide ofAccountingStandardsBasic StandardConcepts Framework of Financial Accoun

50、ting (CF)Function: Conduct formulating specific standards General provisions 总则总则 Qualitative requirements of accounting information会计信息质会计信息质量要求量要求 Assets 资产资产 Liabilities 负债负债 Owners equity 所有者权益所有者权益 Revenues 收入收入 Expenses 费用费用 Profit 利润利润 Accounting measurement 会计计量会计计量 Financial reports 财务会计报告财

51、务会计报告 Supplementary provision 附则附则我国的企业会计基本准则我国的企业会计基本准则Specific StandardsGenerally AcceptedAccounting Principles (GAAP)Function: Guidelines to govern the conduct of accountants Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC，美国，美国证券交易委员会证券交易委员会) The federal agency that has authority to determine GAAP for p

52、ublic companies whose stock is traded on Stock Exchange. In essence, the SEC has acquiesced （默许）（默许）its role to to establish GAAP to the FASB.Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB，美，美国财务会计准则委员会国财务会计准则委员会) A private, not-for-profit organization. The FASB follows due process （充分程序充分程序 ）rules and

53、seeks public input at various points in GAAP development through “Exposure Drafts”.Evolution of Standard-Setting Process 1938 - 1959: Committee on Accounting Procedures (CAP) 会计程序委员会会计程序委员会 1959 - 1973: Accounting Principles Board (APB) 会计原则委员会会计原则委员会 Accounting Research Bulletins and Opinions 会计研究公

54、告与意见会计研究公告与意见Early Standard SettingEstablished in 1973.Supported by the Financial Accounting Foundation（财务会计基金（财务会计基金 ）.Seven full-time, independent voting members serving for 10 years.Members not required to be CPAs.Current Standard Setting FASB Statement of financial accounting concept

55、s, SFAC, 财务会计财务会计概念公告概念公告 Statement of financial accounting standards, SFASs, 财务会计财务会计准则公告准则公告 Interpretation of the SFASs, 财务会计准则解释财务会计准则解释 Identification of problem. The task force (专题研究组专题研究组 ). Research and analysis. Discussion memorandum (讨论备忘录讨论备忘录 ). Public response. Exposure draft (征求意见稿征求意见

56、稿 ). Public response. Statement issued.FASBs Standard-Setting ProcessFormer is International Accounting Standards Committee ( IASC,国际会计准则委员会国际会计准则委员会)， established in 1973 to narrow the range of differences in accounting standards.IAS(International Accounting Standards )Reorganized into IASB in 2001

57、. IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards )International Accounting Standards Board (IASB,国际会计准则理事会国际会计准则理事会 )IASBThe new IASC structure IFRS Foundation (IFRS基金会基金会) IFRIC（国际财务报告解释委员会）（国际财务报告解释委员会） 1. The accounting elements include ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) , ( ) and ( ). 2. Net inco

58、me is the ( ) of revenue over expenses for the accounting period. 3. What examples can you tell other students to help them understand what an accounting entity is ?Questions Each student should give an example of the qualitative characteristics of accounting information, basic assumptions , the bas

59、ic principles or constrains of accounting but dont say the answer. Then the rest of the class can guess.Game: have a guess CHAPTER 3ACCOUNTING CYCLE Understand the definition of accounting cycle; Have a general idea of the complete accounting process; Understand the rules of double-entry accounting;

60、 Learn the accounting terms in this chapter and use them in the translation task.Learning ObjectivesDefinition of accounting cycleThe sequence of accounting procedures used to record, classify, and summarize accounting information in financial reports at regular intervals and the procedures must be repeated i