2009年生态学基础考试题习题库to2009student_第1页
2009年生态学基础考试题习题库to2009student_第2页
2009年生态学基础考试题习题库to2009student_第3页
2009年生态学基础考试题习题库to2009student_第4页
2009年生态学基础考试题习题库to2009student_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩10页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

1、2006-2007年度生态学基础复习大纲I . Please explain the following terms. 名词解释(1) Introductionecology (生态学):是有关生物与环境(栖息地)相互关系的科学。或者,生态学是研究生 物与环境相互关系的科学。(2) autoecologyniche (生态位):生物在环境中占据的位置。fundamental niche (基础生态位):在生物群落中能够为某一物种所栖息的理论最大空间。realized niche (实际生态位):物种实际所能占有的生态位空间。competitive exclusion principle (竞争

2、排斥原理):生态位相同的两个物种不可能共存。habitat (栖息地):生物生活的地方。fitness (适合度):是衡量一个个体存活和生殖成功机会的一种尺度。个体存活的机会和生 殖成功的可能性越大,适合度越大。environment (环境):生命有机体周围一切的总和,包括空间以及可以直接或间接影响有机 体生活、生长与繁殖的各种因素。Liebigs law of minimum (利比希最小因子定律):在稳定状态下,当某种物质的可利用量最 接近于该物种所需的临界最小量时,生物生长就会受到这种最小量因子的限制。Shelford lavs of tolerance(谢尔福德的 耐受性定律”):当

3、任何一个生态因子在数量上或质量上不足或过多,超过某种生物能够耐受的极限时,均会使该种生物不能生存,甚至 灭绝。ecological valence or amplitude (生态价、生态幅、耐性限度):每一种生物对每一种环境因素都有一个能耐受范围,即有一个生态上的最低点和一个生态上的最高点,在最低点 和最高点(或称为耐受性下限和上限)之间的范围,这个能耐受的范围称为生态幅。law of limiting factor (限制因子定律):在众多环境因子中,任何接近或超过某种生物的耐受性极限而阻止其生存、生长、繁殖或扩散的因素,这个因子称为限制因子。Vant Hoff s l0W霍夫定律或 Q1

4、0定律):在一定范围内,变温动物的体温每增加10C,生理过程速率加快2倍,我们把这种关系称为范霍恩定律或Qi。定律。developmental threshold temperature (发育起点温度):动物的生长发育是需要一定温度范围 的,低于某一温度,动物就停止生长发育,高于这一温度,动物才开始生长发育,这 一温度阈值就叫做发育起点温度或生物学零度。law of effective temperature (有效积温法则):外温动物完成其发育史需要一定的时间和温度 的组合,或者说它需要的是一定的总积温(sum of heat)。(3) population ecologyPopulati

5、on (种群):在一定时间内占据同一空间的同种个体所组成的集合。ecological invasion (生态入侵):生物在人类有意识或无意识情况下带入到一个适宜于其生 存或繁衍的地区,致使其种群不断增加,分布区稳步扩大的过程,称为生态入侵。innate capacity of increase (or intrinsic rate of increase)内禀增长率:当食物量和空间条件不受 限制并排除同种个体竞争或敌害时,在特定温度、湿度和食物质地等条件下,种群所 达到的瞬时最大增长率。density dependence (密度制约):种群参数如出生率、死亡率随着密度的改变而改变。dens

6、ity independence (非密度制约):出生率和死亡不随密度的改变而改变。age structure (年龄椎体或年龄金字塔):不同年龄组在种群中所占的比例或配置情况。reproductive value (生殖价):指某一特定年龄个体未来产仔数的期望值。或一个某年龄雌体平均地能对未来种群增长所作出的贡献的参数。Survivorship curve (存活曲线):将生命表中的lx或n*项对各年龄期x作图所得到的反映种 群不同年龄段存活情况的曲线。ecological natality (生态出生率):又称为实际出生率,在特定的条件下种群的实际出生率。ecological mortal

7、ity (生态死亡率):又称为实际死亡率,在特定环境条件下,种群受到食物短缺、捕食及疾病干扰等的情况下的死亡率。maximum natality (最大出生率):在理想的条件下(即食物、空间等资源不受限制时,排除疾病的干扰)种群的出生率(此时的出生率只受生物的生理特征限制)。minimum mortality (最低死亡率):在最适环境下,种群中的个体因年老而死亡的速率。ecological strategy (生态对策):生物在进化过程中, 对某一些特定的生态压力所采取的生活史或行为模式。(4) community ecologypioneer species (先锋物种):最先占领新生境的

8、物种或在裸地上最先形成的物种。climax (顶级群落):群落演替最后阶段的群落。此时,物种非常丰富,物种间关系通常非 常紧密。biotic community (生物群落):在相同时间聚集在一定区域或生境中的各种生物种群的集合。community succession (群落演替):在一定的地段上,群落由一个类型转变为另一类型的有 顺序的演变过程。growth form (生长型):根据植物的可见结构及其形态特征分成的不同类群。life form (生活型):植物地上部分的高度与其多年生组织(冬季或者夏季休眠并可存活到下一个生长季节)之间的关系。ectone (群落交错区):为两个不同群落交

9、界的区域。edge effect (边缘效应):群落交错区中生物种类和种群密度增加的现象。species diversity (物种多样性):是指组成群落的生物种类的多少,是衡量群落生物组成结 构和生态系统稳定性的重要指标,是生物多样性的一个重要层次(遗传多样性和生态 系统多样性)。dominant species (优势种):群落中起决定和控制作用的物种。functional group (guild)(同资源种团或功能团):以同一方式利用共同资源的物种集团。 ecosystembiomass (生物量):某一特定观察时刻,某一空间范围内现有有机体的多少。用 B表示,单 位:数量、重量或能量

10、/单位面积。primary production (初级生产):绿色植物(自养生物)通过光合作用将无机物转变成有机 物并把太阳能转变成化学能的过程(严格说来,应包括化能合成生物) 。biogeochemical cycle (生物地化循环):是指各种化学物质在生态系统内部不同生物成分之 间、生物成分与物理成分之间的交换和循环以及化学物质在不同生态系统之间的交换 和循环。ecosystem (生态系统):在一定空间中共同栖居着的所有生物(即生物群落)与其环境之间由于不断进行的物质循环和能量流转过程而形成的统一整体。biosphere (生物圈):是地球上凡是出现并感受到生命活动影响的地区,是地球

11、上最大的生态系 统。ecological pyramid (生态椎体或生态金字塔):是指生态系统中不同营养级的生物量、数量 或能量的组成比例,通常用图解表示。food chain (食物链):生产者所固定的能量和物质,通过一系列取食和被食的关系在生态系 统中传递,各种生物按其食物关系排列的链状顺序称为食物链。food web (食物网):群落中的各种食物链相互交叉组成复杂的网状结构,称为食物网。 trophic level (营养级):指生物在食物链中所处的位置。n . Put the appropriate ecological terms into the Blank in order t

12、o make the sentence meaningful.填空题(1) introductionHuman being are confronted with the five crises such as 人口 , food, 资源 , 能量 ,environ ment.Divided by the organization levels, the ecology includes molecular ecology, autoecology, 种群 ecology, 群落 ecology,生态系统ecology, 景观 ecology, global ecology.Divided b

13、y the habitat, ecology includes terrestrial ecology, 淡水 ecology, estuary ecology, 海洋 ecology, etc.Divided by the organisms, ecology includes 动物 ecology, 植物 ecology, and microorganism ecology.Classic ecology include autoecology, 种群 , 群落 ,and ecosystem ecology.Ecology is the study (研究)of the 相互作用 (int

14、eraction) between organisms (生物)and their environment (环境).The environment is a combination of 非生物 (abiotic) environment and the 生物 (biotic) environment.(2) autoecologyThe ways of tolerance to extremely low temperature are 超冷 and 耐受冻结 .According to Libig s Law of Minimum (利比希最小因子定律), 曜(P) is most pr

15、obably the limiting factor ( 限制因子)to the growth of algae(藻类)in many fresh waters (淡水).The types of aquatic plants that adapt to water (水分)are 沉水植物, 漂浮植物, 浮叶植物, and 梃水植物 .The types of terrestrial plants adapt to water are 旱生木I 物 , 中生植物 , 湿生植物 .The air temperature at night 增力口( increase) with the alti

16、tude ascent.The ways of osmoregulation ( 渗透压调节 )for fishes include高渗调节 , 低渗调节 , 等渗调节,变渗调节 。The concentration (溶度)of O2 in soil is higher than in air, and which of CO2 in soil is lower (低于)than in air.According to size, the organisms in the soil can be classified into 原生生物 , 小型动物区系 ,中 型动物区系,大型动物区系 an

17、d巨型动物区系(如 型鼠 and fe ).The factors that have important influences on the soil formation include气彳戾, 母质,生物,时间,地形.The organic matter (有机质)in soil is composed of.腐殖质and 非腐殖质.(3) population ecologyThe types of natural selection (自然选择)include 分裂诜择, directional selection, 稳岸诜.The self-regulation schools (自

18、动调节学派)include 行为调节学说,遗传调节学说,and 内分 泌调节学说.According to the shape of age pyramid (年龄椎体),it can be classified into three types, that is, 增长型,稳定型,and下降型.The interspecific relationship between lion and deer is 捕食 .The interaction between penicillin (青霉素)and bacterium is抗生彳用.Walnut quinine (胡桃醍)secreted b

19、y walnut (胡桃)can inhibit the growth of its surrounding plants, so the relationship between walnut and its surrounding plants belongs to他感作用或异种抑制作用.The spatial distribution patterns of a population ( 种群的空间分布格局 )include even distribution (均匀分布),聚集(或成群)distribution, and 随机 distribution.Organisms with K

20、 -strategist usually show low mortality ( 死亡率)in the early life stage and live in a stable environment.According to the competitive exclusion principle (竞争排斥原理) ,if two species compete in a stable environment, there are two possible outcomes (结果):(1) one species is excluded or (2) niches of both spe

21、cies 出现分化 (are differentiated)(4) community ecologyThe three model to explain the succession mechanism include 促进模型 , 抑制模型 , 忍耐模型.Plants in a community can be classified not only by its taxonomy (分类学),but also by the growth form ( 生长型),i. e., the height of the plants, woody( 木本)or nonwoody( 非木本),lea

22、ve shapes etc, thus we can classify the plants as 乔木 (Tree),藤本植物 (Lianas),灌木 (Shrubs), 附生植物(epiphytes),草本植物 (grass) , and Thallophytes (菌藻植物).The species that determines the structure and function of the community is 优势种 (dominant species).According to the area where whether a community have existed

23、 or not, the succession can be classified into 原生,K替 (primary succession) and 次生演替 (secondary succession).According to the whether the factors that incur succession are endogenous or exogenous, the succession can be classified into 内因性演替 (endogenous succession) and 外因性演替 (exogenous succession). ecos

24、ystem ecologyThe function of ecosystem include 物质循环 , 能量流动 , 信息交换 .Three fundamental types of biogeochemical cycles are气体型循环, 沂积型循环,水循环 .The two main types of food chains are 捕食食物令车 and 碎屑食物令车 .牛产者 , 分角星者 ,and 消费者 are the three functional groups that consist of ecosystem.The largest ecosystem on Ear

25、th is the 生物圈 .Producers(生产者)are autotrophs (自养生物),including 并能自养牛物 (photoautotroph) and 化能自养生物(chemoautotrophs).Decomposers(分解者)are those organisms which feed on nonliving material and can break down (分解)the organic matters (有机物质)into inorganic nutrients (无机营养物)for theproducers. The most important

26、decomposers might be 细菌(bacteria), and 真菌(fungi).The figure below is a simplified sketch map (示意图)of food web ( 食物网)in grassland ecosystem, please give the answers for the six questions below according to this sketch map.(1) The number of food chain (食物链)in this food web is 4 .(2) The number of trop

27、hic level (营养级)of hawk is 2 .(3) The interspecific relationship between hawk and fox is竞争 .(4) The life form ( 生物)with the highest energy among the components of this ecosystem is草 .The energy were ultimately transferred to hawk through two food chains, the efficient food chain is 草 -鼠-鹰. If we use

28、DDT to control the pest insect ( 害虫)that do harm to grasses, then we can infer that the life form with the highest concentration ( 浓度)of DDT is 鹰 .(6) If the hawk, snake, and fox are largely hunted in the short term, the life form will be seriously negatively influenced is 草 .in True or false (one p

29、oints each, 12 points totally).是非题,每小题 1 分,共 12 分(对:false, F;错:true,T) . Why is it right or wrong?请思考为什么对,为什么错? (1) introduction( F ) 32. Population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and landscape ecology all belong to research content of the classic ecology (经典生态学 ).( F ) 35. Molecular

30、 ecology belongs to the research domain of classic ecology.( T ) 36. Modern ecology (现代生态学)include molecular ecology, global ecology, and classic ecology.(2) autoecology(T)4. Solar radiation is a condition for an insect, but aresource for a plant.(F)4. Water is a resource for cotton at any time.(F)1

31、7. For any organism, the value of increase inheartbeat frequency(心跳次数)by a10 C rise in temperature is two to three.( F)22. If the ecological niche of two species are the same, it is sure that one species of thetwo species destined (注定)to go to extinction (灭绝).( F ) 21. Organisms in the Tropical Zone

32、 (热带)are able to tolerate(耐受)much higher temperature than those in Temperate Zone(温带)and Frigid Zone (寒带),so organisms in Tropical Zone are eurytherms (广温生物)while organisms in Temperate Zone are stenotherms (狭温生物).(3) population ecology( T ) Most animals belong to unitary organism ( 单体生物).( T ) Most

33、 plants belong to modular organism (构件生物 ).( F ) One species maybe obtains some benefits from the other when they compete with each other for resources.( T ) In the broad sense (广义上说),parasitism is one kind of predation.(F ) Time-specific life table ( 特定时间生命表 )is drawn up using the data on mortality

34、 ( 死亡)over time obtained through observing a cohort ( 同生群).( T ) Age-specific life table ( 特定年龄生命表 )is drawn up using the data on mortality ( 死亡) over time obtained through observing a cohort ( 同生群).( T ) Self regulation school (自动调节学派 )belongs to endogenous regulation theory ( 内源 性调节理论).( F ) Accor

35、ding to Hardy-Winberg s law (哈文定律),the gene and genotype frequency (基因 频率和基因型频率 )in each generation will retain constant in a small population.( T ) Ecological factors (生态因子)can be divided into density-dependent (密度制约)and density-independent (非密度制约 )factors, temperature are density-independent facto

36、rs, while food is density-dependent.( T ) Parasites and their host are in co-evolution (协同进化 ).( T ) Realized (ecological) natality is not only determined by physiological conditions but also by actual ecological conditions.(F ) The result of static life table (静态生命表)are more reliable (可靠的)than that

37、 of dynamic table life (动态生命表).( T ) There are more species of monotrophic (单食性) animals in stable conditions than that of polytrophic (多食性)ones in capricious (变化无常的 )conditions.(T ) Antibiosis (抗生作用)belongs to amensalism (偏害彳用).( F ) The inter-specific relationship between black carp (鳏鱼)and silver

38、 carp (鲤鱼)is mutualism.( F ) The relationship between termite (白蚁)and flagellate (鞭毛虫)in its intestine ( 肠道) is commensalism (偏利彳用).( T ) That 1000 individuals of silver carps ( 鲤鱼)have fished per unit fishing effort ( 单位捕 捞努力)stands for relative density (相对密度).(4) community ecology(F ) Species dive

39、rsity (物种多样性)in Tropical Zone (热带地区)is lower than in Temperate Zone (温带地区).( T ) The succession direction of facilitation model ( 促进模型)is predictable.( F ) Polyclimax hypothesis (多顶级学说 )argue that the climax of a community is determined only by the climate.( F ) The ecologists of the organismic scho

40、ol ( 机体论学派 )argue that there are not obvious borderline between two communities.( T ) One of the succession viewpoint (演替观)of individualistic school (个体论学派)is that it is difficult to predict the succession direction of a community.( T ) We can classified trees (乔木)into broad-leaved and needle-leaved

41、 in term of growth form.( F ) There are two communities A and B, and each of them has 100 individuals. Community A has two species each with 50 individuals. Community B has ten species, but the each of which has 10 individuals, respectively ( 分另1J地).So we can conclude that the species biodiversity o

42、f community A is higher than that of community B.( T ) After a forest is logged by the way of clear cutting ( 皆伐),there will occur secondary succession (次生演替).(T ) It will not incur (招致,弓 I起)any negative effects on a community to remove all the redundant species (冗余种)from this community.(F ) Plants

43、can be classified into trees, lianas (藤本植物),shrubs, epiphytes (附生植物), herbs, thallophytes (菌藻植物)in terms of life growth. ecosystem ecology( F ) The biomass of the lower of trophic level ( 营养级)must be higher than that of the higher trophic level.( T ) We can boldly declare (大胆地说)that the energy decre

44、ases with increase of trophic level.( F ) Sulfur cycle (硫循环)belongs to sedimentary cycle ( 沉积型循环 )and doesnt belong to gaseous cycle (气体型循环).( F ) The more the production of rice is, the more is the biomass of it.(T ) There are 158 000 kg of bighead carp ( 鳏鱼)in a lake with area of 100 km 2 in a giv

45、en time (某时亥U ), so the biomass of the bighead carp can be calculated.( F ) The number of trophic level of the ecosystem is often less than seven to eight.IV. To make the right choice 选择题11) introductionThe ecologist who firstly gave definition for ecology is ( A ).A. HackelB. Clements C. Tansley D.

46、 Lack( ABC ) belong(s) to the research domain of classic ecology.A. population ecology B. community ecology C. ecosystem ecology D. landscape ecology(2) autoecologyThe auricle (夕卜耳)of arctic fox (北极狐)is markedly shorter than that of red fox (赤狐)in temperate zone, and the auricle of red fox is obviou

47、sly shorter than that of large-ear fox ( 大耳狐). We can use ( B ) to explain this phenomenon.A. Bergmann s rule B. Allen s rule C. Shelford law of tolerance D. Jordan rule Whale, dolphin, sea lion, sea elephant, and sea dog all belong to mammal, and shark belongs to fish, but they all have the fin-lik

48、e structure to adapt themselves to water environment. We can term this phenomenon ( A ).A. convergence adaptation (趋同适应) B. competition C. mutualism D. divergence adaptation (趋异适应)When there are short of calcium (钙)in the environment, strontium ( iI) can substitutes for calcium (Ca.) in the growth a

49、nd development of mollusk. We can term this effect as ( B ).A. Combined effect (综合作用)B. complementary effect (互补彳用) C. Non-substitutable (不可 替代彳用)D. Definitiveness (限定性作用或阶段性作用)The proportion of quantity of nitrogen ( 氮),potassium (钾),phosphorus (磷)that a crop needs to grow and develop normally ( 正常

50、生长发育 )is 5 : 7: 10, and which of them is 2: 4: 5 in the soil where this crop inhabits (栖息、,存在于).According to the background (背景)above, we can infer (推断)that ( A ) is the limiting factor ( 限制因子)for this crop in the soil.A. nitrogenB. potassiumC. phosphorus D. nitrogen and potassiumFor the fish in a t

51、ank (水族箱),(B ) most probably becomes the limiting factor.A. water B. oxygen (氧) C. nitrogen (氮)D. phosphorus (磷)The position of light compensation point (光补偿点)for sun species (阳地或阳性物种 )is ( A ) that for shade species (阴性或阴地物种).A. higher than B. lower than C. the same as D. higher than or lower than

52、or the same as(3) population ecologyThe basic unit of species existence in nature is ( B ).A. individualB. populationC. species D. communityThe main characteristics of K-selector include(s) ( BD ).A. small body B. large body C. high reproduction rate D. low reproduction rateThe spatial distribution

53、pattern of population includes ( ABC ).A. even (uniform or regular) distribution (均匀分布) B. random distribution (随机分布) C. clumped (clustered) distribution(聚集或成群分布) D. vertical distribution (垂直分布)(ABC ) dont belong to positive interaction among the four inter-specific relationships followed.A. competi

54、tion B. amensalism (偏害彳用) C. predation D. mutualism (互利共生) The dynamics of population of the algae (藻类)that resulted in red tide (赤潮)belongs to ( C ).A. irregular fluctuation (不规则波动) B. regular fluctuation (周期性波动) C. population outbreak (种群暴发) D. ecological invasion (生态入侵)A secondary metabolized mat

55、erial ( 次生代谢产物 )is released into environment by a plant, which can inhibited the other plants from growth, we often term this phenomenon as ( A ).A. allelopathy (他感作用) B. Antibiosis (抗生作用) C. competition D. territoriality (领 域性)In Logistic growth equation ( 逻辑斯蒂增长方程)dN/dt=rN(1-N/K) , ( C ) denotes t

56、he residual space (剩余空间)。A. 1/K B. N/K C. 1-N/K D. N(1-N/K)When Tribolium castaneum (杂拟谷盗 )and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (锯谷盗)are cultured together, they compete for food and eat each other s eggs. The interactions between the two animals belong(s) to (AB ).A. exploitation competition (资源利用性竞争)B. in

57、terference competition (资源干扰性竞争) C. Predation (捕食作用) D. amensalism (偏害彳用)( A ) belong(s) to modular organism.A. bracken fern (欧洲蕨) B. insect C. fish D. sheep( A ) belong(s) to unitary organism.A. insect B. bracken fern (欧洲蕨) C. hydroids (水嘱) D. sponges (海绵)The population of bird will increase when f

58、ood availability (可获彳#性)is high, which will go down when there are short of foods. According to the relationship between bird population size and food availability, we can infer boldly ( 大胆地)that the regulation mechanism of bird population belongs to (A ).A. biotic school B. climatic school C. endocrinal regulation school (内源性调节学派)D. genetic regulat

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论