欧洲文化入门课后习题答案解析

1、完美WORD格式欧洲文化入门课后习题答案:Divisionone:GreekcultureandRomanculture希腊、罗马文化I.Greekculture希腊文化1.WhatarethemajorelementsinEuropeanculture?TherearetwomainelementstheGreco-RomanelementandtheJudeo-Christianelement.2.WhatwerethemainfeaturesofancientGreeksociety?InGreeksociety,onlyadultmalecitizenhadrealpowerandth

2、ecitizenshipwasasetofrightswhichamaninheritedfromhisfather.TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabor.Slavesworkedfortheirmasters.Theexploitationwasaserioussocialproblem.TheGreekslovedsports.TheyoftentookpartinthecontestsofsportsinOlympusMount,thusOlympicGamescameintobeing.3.WhatdidHomerd

3、o?WhyisheimportantinthehistoryofEuropeanliterature?HedepictedthegreatGreekmenwholivedintheperiod1200-1100B.C.andwarshappeningatthattime.Asanauthorofepics,heemployedfineliteraryIanguagetodescribewarsandmen,eventhoughtheyweredull.HestoodinthepeekofGreekliteratureandexertedagreatinflueneeonhisfollowers

4、.4.WhoweretheoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece?Whatimportantplaysdideachofthemwrite?Aeschylus,SophoclesandEuripideswerethreeoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece.Aeschylus:PrometheusBound,Persians,AgamemnonSophocles:OedipustheKing,Electra,AntigoneEuripides:Andromache,Medea,TrojanWomen5.Weretherehi

5、storiansthen?Whowerethey?Whatdideachofthemwriteabout?Yes,thereare.TheywereHerodotusandThucydides.HerodotuswroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.ThucydideswroteaboutthewarbetweenAthensandSpartaandbetweenAthensandSyracuse.6.Wouldyousaythatphilosophywashighlydevelopedthen?Whowerethemajorphilosopher

6、s?No,Iwouldnt.Becausethosephilosophicalideaswereonlyidealismorsimplematerialismormetaphysics.Socrates,PlatoandAristotlewerethemajorphilosophersatthattime.7.DidSocrateswriteanybook?Howthendoweknowabouthim?Whatdistinguishedhisphilosophy?No,hedidnt.WeknowSocrateschieflythroughwhatPlatorecordedofhiminth

7、efamousDialogueswrittenbyPlato.Heconsideredthatphilosophyrestedwiththedissectofoneselfandvirtuewashighworthoflife.Hismethodargument,byquestionsandanswers,wasknownasthedialecticalmethod.8.TellsomeofPlatosideas.Whydopeoplecallhimanidealist?(1) Menhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexisteneeofcertaingeneral“idea

8、s,likebeauty,truth,andgoodness.(2)Weshouldnotlookatthethingswhicharenotseen:forthethingswhicharenotseeneternal.Becauseheemphasizedtheimportaneeof“ideasandbelievedthat“thoughthadcreatedtheworld,peoplecallhimanidealist.9.1nwhatimportantwayswasAristotledifferentfromPlato?WhataresomeofAristotlesworkstha

9、tarestillinfluentialtoday?of专业整理知识分享完美WORD格式(1) Aristotleemphasizeddirectobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.ThisisdifferentfromPlatosrelianeeonsubjectivethinking.(2)Hethoughtthat“ideaandmattertogethermadeeonereteindividualrealitiesinwhichhedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadhi

10、gherrealitythanthepoliticalworld.Hissignificantworksincludes:Ethics,PoliticsandRhetoric.10.Whoweresomeoftheotherphilosophersactiveinthatperiod?Doestheword“EpicureaninitsmodernsenseconveythetruemeaningofthephilosophyoftheancientEpicureans?Whatweretheirviewsonpleasure?(1)TheywereHeracleitue,Democritus

11、,Diogenes,Pyrrhon,EpicurusandZeno.(2)No,itdoesnt.TheancientEpicureansbelievedpleasuretobethehighestworthoflife,butbypleasuretheymeant,notsensualenjoymentbutthatattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.Butthisideawasmisledbymodernpeople,intheirsense,theword“Epicureanhascometomeanindulgeneeinluxuriousliving.11.S

12、aysomethingaboutGreeksculpture,potteryandarchitecture.WhatwasthemostfamousGreektemple?Isitstillthere?(1) AlongwiththeformationofGreekcivilization,Greeksculpture,potteryandarchitecturegotmanygreatachievements.Greeksputintoworksofartthethingstheyadmiredandworshiped,thescientificrulestheydiscovered.Gre

13、ekartevolvedfromthearchaicperiodtotheclassicalperiodwhichmarkeditsmaturity.(2)themostfamoustemplewastheAcropolisatAthens.(3)Yes,itisstillthere.12.GivesomeexamplestoshowtheenormousinflueneeofGreekcultureonEnglishliterature.Someexamples:(1) AFreudianterm“OedipusComplexof19thcenturyoriginatingfromaGree

14、ktragedyinwhichkingOedipusunknowinglykilledhisfatherandmarriedhismother.(2)Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics:ByronsIsleofGreece,ShelleysHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeatssOdeonaGrecianUr

15、n.(3)Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparallelsintheIrishmanJamesJoycesmodernistmasterpieceUlysses.n.Romanculture罗马文化1.WhatdidtheRomanhaveincommonwiththeGreeks?Andwhatwasthechiefdiffereneebetweenthem?(1)TheRomanshadalotincommonwiththeGreeks.Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly

16、,hostiletomonarchyandtoservility.TheirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeitiestobereadilyidentifiedGreekZeuswithRomanJupiter,GreekAphroditewithRomanVenus,andsoonandtheirmythstobefused.TheirIanguagesworkedinsimilarwaysandwereultimatelyrelated,bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-EuropeanIanguagefamilywhich

17、stretchesfromBangladeshtoIceland.(2)Therewasonebigdifferenee.TheRomansbuiltupavastempire.TheGreeksdidnt,exceptedforthebriefmomentofAlexandersconquests,whichsoondisintegrated.2.ExplainPaxRomana.Intheyear27B.C.,OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustus.Twocenturieslater,theRomanempirerea

18、cheditsgreatestextentintheNorthandEast.TheemperorsmainlyreliedonastrongarmythefamousRomanLegionsandaninfluentialbureaucracytoexerttheirrules.ThustheRomansenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelasting200years.ThisremarkablephenomenoninthehistoryisknownasPaxRomana.专业整理知识分享完美WORD格式3.WhatcontributionsdidtheRomansmak

19、etotheruleoflaw?InRomansearlieststage,onlyanumberofpatriciansknewthecustomarylegalprocedure.WhentheruleswereputintowritinginthemiddleofthethirdcenturyB.C.itmarkedavictoryfortheplebeians.Therewasfurtherdevelopmentoflawundertheemperorsuntilitwascodified,eventuallytobecomethecoreofmoderncivilandcommerc

20、iallawinmanyWesterncountries.4.WhoweretheimportantprosewritersinancientRome?WhatdoesaCiceronianmean?DidCicerowritethatkindofrhetoricalproseallthetime?MarcusTulliusCiceroandJuliusCaesarweretwoimportantprosewriters.CiceronianmeansCiceroseloquentoratoricalmannerofwriting,Whichhashadanenormousinfluenceo

21、nthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.No,hedidnt.BecauseCiceroappearsasadifferentmanwithadifferentstyle,farlessrhetorical,butcolloquialandintimate.5.GivetheexampleofthetersestyleofJuliusCaesarsprose.Anexample:Icame,Isaw,Iconquered(modelsofsuccinetLatin).6.WhowasLucretius?Whatdidhedo?(1)Lucretiuswasapoetofa

22、ncientRome.(2)HewrotethephilosophicalpoemOntheNatureofThingtoexpoundtheideasofEpicurustheGreekatomist.7.WhatisthebookforwhichVirgilhasbeenfamousthroughoutthecountries?InwhatwaysisthebooklinkedwiththeGreekpast?(1)ThebookwasAeneid.(2)ThestorywasaboutAeneas,oneoftheprincesofTroy,whoescapedfromthatburni

23、ngcitywhenitfelltotheGreeks,tocarryontheTrojancauseinanewplace,Rome.Hedidntgoalone,but,carryinghisfatheronhisshouldersandleadinghislittlesonbythehand,afamilygroupofthreegenerationsmovedtogether.ThusinthiswaythebookislinkedwiththeGreekpast.8.WhydowesayAeneusisatrulytragichero?BecauseAeneashadtobetray

24、thegreatpassionofhislife,hisloveforDido,queenofCarthage,sothathecouldfulfillhishistoricmission.9.WhatisthechiefRomanachievementinarchitecture?Givesomeexamples.(1)TheRomansweregreatengineers.Theycoveredtheirworldfromoneendtotheotherwithroads,bridges,aqueducts,theatresandarenas.(2)Someexamples:A.ThePa

25、ntheon:thegreatestthebestpreservedRomantemplebuiltin27B.C.B.PontduGard:itisanexceptionallywell-preservedaqueductthatspansawidevalleyinsouthernFrance.10.Whyarethewall-paintingsoftheancientRomansstillsignificanttoustoday?RomanpaintingwasstronglyinflueneedbytheartofGreece.Anditalsohadpecularitiesofitso

26、wn.UnfortunatelymuchofthepaintingnoIongerexists.Thereare,however,somewall-paintingsfromPompeiiandothertownsnearNaples.Thesewall-paintingsincludestilllives,Iandscapepaintingsandfigurepaintings.AmongthemwereLadyMusicianandYoungGirl,theMaidenGatheringFlowersandtheLandscape.Divisiontwo:theBibleandChrist

27、ianity基督教及其?圣经?1.WhatwastheHebrewsmajorcontributiontoworldcivilization?ThehistoryoftheHebrewswashandeddownorallyfromonegenerationtoanotherintheform专业整理知识分享完美WORD格式offolktalesandstories,whichwererecordedlaterintheOldTestament,whichstilllaterbecamethefirstpartoftheChristianBible.ThustheHebrewsmadeoneo

28、fthegreatestcontributionstotheworldcivilization.2.WhydowesayJudaismandChristianityarecloselyrelated?JudaismandChristianityarecloselyrelated:(1)itwastheJewishtraditionwhichgavebirthtoChristianity;(2)bothoriginatedinPalestinethehubofmigrationandtraderoute,whichledtoexchangeideasoverwideareas.3.Whendid

29、thegreatexodustakeplace?Around1300B.C.,Moses,thefamousHebrewleader,wenttoseethepharaohofEgypt,tellinghimthatYahwehwantedthepharaohtoendHebrewslaveryandlettheHebrewleaveEgypt.WiththisbegantheExodus,whichlastedfortyyears.4.WhowasMoses?WhatdidhedofortheHebrews?MoseswasafamousHebrewleader.Around1300B.C.

30、,MosesledtheHebrewstoleaveEgyptforthePromisedLand.ThiswascalledtheExoduswhichlastedfortyyears.WhenthewanderingHebrewsleftthedesertandenteredthemountainousSinai,Mosesclimbedtothetopofthemountaintoreceiveformgodmessage,whichcametobeknownastheTenCommandments.HediedshortlybeforetheHebrewsarrivedattheirh

31、omeland.5.WhataretheTenCommandmentsabout?TheTenCommandmentareasetofrulesMosescommandsallIsraeltoobeyinthenameofGod:(1)YahwehistheonlyGodallIsraelshouldworship;Donotcarveandserveanyidoltoworship;DonottakethenameofGodinvain;KeeptheSabbathdayandlaborintheothersixdays;(5)Honorandrespectonesparents;Donot

32、kill;Donotcommitadultery;Donotsteal;(9) Donotbearfalsewitnessagainstpeople;(10)Donotdesireonesneighborswife,norhishouse,norhisfield,norhisservants,norhislivestock,noranythingelse.6.WhatwritingsmakeuptheNewTestament?TheNewTestamentconsistsof14books.Thefouraccounts,whichwerebelievedtohavebeenwrittenby

33、Matthew,Mark,Luke,andJohn,fourofJesusearlyfollowers,arethefirstpartoftheNewTestamentandtellofthebirth,teaching,deathandResurrectionofJesus.Thencome:theActsoftheApostles,ahistoryoftheearlyChristianmovement:theEpistles,orletterstothechurchgroupsaroundtheMediterranean;andlastlythebookofRevelation,avisi

34、onaryaccountofthefinaltriumphofGodspurpose.7.HowdidtherelationsbetweenChristiansandtheRomangovernmentchange?TheearlyChristianweresubjecttopersecutionsbytheRomangovernment.JesusChristwascrucifiedbytheRomangovernment.AfterJesusdied,hisdisciplinesSt.PeterandSt.PaulsufferedmartyrdomundertheRomanEmperorN

35、eroabout65A.D.NeroevenburnedChristiansinhisgardenin64A.D.For240yearsafterthemartyrdomsofPeterandPaul,persecutionsofChristianscontinued.ThechiefpersecutionswereunderNero,Domitian,Trajan,ValerianandDiocletian.Despitethesepersecutions,ChristianscontinuedtospreadsteadilyovertheMediterraneanregion.Itbega

36、ntodrawmenandwomenfromallclassesandtheattitudeoftheRomangovernmenttowardChristianitybegantochange.By305Diocletiangaveuphisefforttodestroytheyoungreligion.WhenConstantineIwonthethronefromhisrivals,hebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhim,andin313heissuedtheEdictofMilanwhichgrantedreligiousfreedomtoallandmadeChr

37、istianitylegal.UnderConstantineChristianitymadegreatcontributionoftheempire.TheemperorswhofollowedConstantineIcontinuedpro-Christianpolicies.In392A.D.,EmperorTheodosiusmadeChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheempireandoutlawedallotherreligions.NowChristianityhadchangedfromanobjectofoppressiontoaweapo

38、ninthehandsoftherulingclasstocrushtheiropponents.8.HowdidChristianmonkshelpWesterncivilizationsurvive?专业整理知识分享完美WORD格式TheChristianmonkshelpedwesterncivilizationsurviveinmanyways:(TheChristianmonksspreadChristianitytotheMediterraneanregionandsomeofthemevensufferedmartyrdom;SomemonkstranslatedtheOldTe

39、stamentintoGreekandSt.JerometranslatedthewholeBibleintoLatin.LatersomesuchasJohnWycliffeandWilliamTyndaletranslatedtheBibleintothevernacular;IntheMiddleAges,peopleinWesternEuropeweremainlydividedintothreeclasses:clergy,lordsandpeasants.Ofthesethreeclasses,theonlyliteratesectionwastheclergy.TheChrist

40、ianmonksdidalottohelppreserveandtransmitalargepartofthetraditionalheritageofthewesternculture.TheynotonlytranslatedtheBibleintoLatinortheVernacularbutalsocopiedortranslatedtheancientworksintothevernacular,suchasthemonksinthesemonasteriessetupbyCharlemagneandAlfredtheGreat.9.WhydowesaytheBiblehasshap

41、edWesternculturemoredecisivelythananythingelseeverwritten?Judeo-ChristiantraditionconstitutesoneofthetwomajorcomponentsofEuropeanculture.TheBiblewhichisvirtuallyrelatedtoeveryphaseofhumanlifegreatlyinfluencespeoplesdailylife,especiallyintheMiddleAgeswhenalmosteveryonewasaChristian;TheBiblehasgreatim

42、pactuponwesternliterature.Foralongperiodoftime,theLatinBiblewasacceptedastheauthorityandLatinwasofficialIanguageoftheRomanCatholicChurch,somostEuropeliteratureatthattimewasinLatin.BesidesitisgenerallyacceptedthattheEnglishBibleandShakespearearetwogreatreservoirsofModernEnglish.Furthermore,theuseofBi

43、blicalthemeshasbeenaliterarytradition.InfactfewgreatEnglishandAmericanththththwritersofthe17,18,19and20centurycanbereadandappreciatedwithsatisfactionwithoutasufficientknowledgeoftheBible;ThestudyoftheChristianteachingespeciallytheBiblehasbecomeanimportantbranchofknowledgescholasticismwhichhasbeenpre

44、valentforcenturies;TheBiblehasalsoinflueneedwesternphilosophiesandscienee.ThustheBiblehasshapedwesternculturemoredecisivelythananythingelseeverwritten.Divisionthree:TheMiddleAges中世纪1.WhathappenedinWesternEuropeafterthedeclineoftheRomanEmpire?AftertheRomanEmpirelostitspredominance,agreatmanyGermanicK

45、ingdomsbegantogrowintothenationsknowasEngland,France,Italy,andGermanyinitsplace.ThesenationsofWesternEuropewereinthesceneoffrequentwarsandinvasions.Thepoliticalunityhadgivenwaytowidespreaddestructionandconfusion.Hungeranddiseasekilledmanylivesandvillagefellintoruinandgreatareasoflandlaywaste.Therewa

46、snocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheonlyorganizationthatseemedtouniteEuropewastheChristianchurch.ChristianitywasalmosttheallandtheoneofMedievallivesinwesternEuropeandtookleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearningforhundredsyears.2.Whatweretheculturalcharacteristicsoftheperiodfrom500to1000?Aboveall,thecult

47、uralcharactersofthisperiodweretheheritageandachievementofRomancultureandtheemergeneeofHebrewandGothicculture.3.WhowasCharlesMartel?CharlesMartelwasaFrankishrulerwhogavehissoldiersestatesknownasfiefsasareward专业整理知识分享完美WORD格式fortheirservicesin732.4.Whatwastherelationshipbetweenlordandvassal?Lordsgrant

48、edpartsoftheirlandsknownasfiefstovassals.Inreturn,thevassalspromisedtofightforthelords.5.Intowhatthreegroupswerepeopledividedunderfeudalism?Underfeudalism,peopleoftheirWesternEuropeweremainlydividedintothreeclasses:clergy,lords,andpeasants.6.Whatwasthedifferentbetweenaserfandafreeman?Aserfhadnolanda

49、ndnofreedom.Hewasbondtothelandwherehehadbeenborn.Afreemanwasapeasantwhousuallywasaworkerwhomadetheploughs,shodthehorses,andmadeharnessesforoxenandhorses.7.WhatistheimportaneeoftheusingofvernacularIanguagesinMedievalliterature?IntheMiddleAges,someanationalepicswerewritteninvernacularIanguagetheIangua

50、geofvariousnationalstatesthatcameintobeingatthatperiod,andsomemonksadvocatedtranslatingtheBibleinvernacular.LiteraryworkswerenoIongerallwritteninLatin.ItwasthestartingpointofagradualtransitionofEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyodnationalcharacteristics.8.Inwhatwaysdid

51、GothicartdifferfromRomanesqueart?(1) AlthoughGothicwasanoutgrowthoftheRomanesque,itwasgivendirectionsbyadifferentaestheticandphilosophicalspiritandreflectedamuchmoreorderedfeudalsocietywithfullconfidenee.Romanesquearchitectureischaracterizedbymassiveness,solidity,andmonumentalitywithanoverallblockya

52、ppearanee.Sculptureandpainting,primaryinchurches,developedawonderfulunitywitharchitecture.Bothartsoftenareimbuedwithsymbolismandallegory.Theyarenotbasedonnaturalformsbutusedeliberatedistortionsforexpressiveimpact.(3) Gothiccathedralssoaredhigh,theirwindows,archedandtowersreachingheavenward,flingingt

53、heirpassionagainstthesky.TheyweredecoratedwithbeautifulstainedglasswindowsandsculpturesmorelifelikethananysinceancientRome.9.WhatwasthemeritwhichCharlemagneandAlfredtheGreatshare?BothCharlemagneandAlfredtheGreatcontributiongreatlytotheEuropeanculture.Bothofthemencouragedlearningbysettingupmonasterys

54、chools.ThescholarsinAlfredtheGreatsmonasteriestranslatedtheLatinworksintothevernacular.Thusbothhelpedpreservetheancientclassicsandculture.Divisionfour:RenaissaneeandReformation文艺复兴与宗教改革1.WhatmadeItalythebirthplaceoftheRenaissanee?Becauseofitsgeographicalposition,foreigntradedevelopedearlyinItaly.Thi

55、sbroughtItalyintocontactwithotherculturesandgaverisetourbaneconomyandhelpedItalyaccumulatewealthwhichwasanessentialfactorforthefloweringofartandliterature.Fortwocenturiesbeginningfromthelate15thcentury,Florencewasthegoldencitywhichgavebirthtoawholegenerationofpoets,scholars,artistsandsculptors.There

56、wasinFlorencearevivalofinterestinclassicallearningandrisingofhumanistideas.Andtothspreadthenewideas,librariesandacademieswerefounded.Inthe15centuryprintingwasinventedandhelpedtospreadhumanistideas.专业整理知识分享完美WORD格式2.Whatarethemainelementsofhumanism?Howaretheseelementsreflectedinartandliteratureduring

57、theItalianRenaissanee?HumanististheesseneeofRenaissanee.Humanistsinrenaissaneebelievedthathumanbeingshadrightstopursuewealthandpleasureandtheyadmiresthebeautyofhumanbody.Thisbeliefrancountertothemedievalasceticalideaofpovertyandstoicism,andshiftedmansinterestfromChristianitytohumanity,fromreligionto

58、philosophy,fromheaventoearth,fromthebeautyofGodtothebeautyofhumaninallitsjoy,sensesandfeeling.ThephilosophyofhumanismisreflectedintheartandliteratureduringtheItalianRenaissaneeintheliteratureworksofBoccaccioandPetrarchandintheartofGiotto,Brunelleschi,Donatello,Giorgione,daVinci,Michelangelo,Raphael,

59、andTitian,etc.Intheirworkstheydidnotstressdeathandotherworldbutcallonmantoliveandworkforthepresent.3.WhydowelookuponPetrarchasthefatherofmodernpoetry?Petrarchwasaprominentfigureofhistime,agreatfigureinItalianliteratureandoneofthegreathumanistsduringtheRenaissanee.Hehaswrittennumerouslyrics,sonnetsan

60、dcanzonets.Petrarchrejectedmedievalcountryconventionsandsangfortrueloveandearthlyhappinessinhissonnets.LatersonnetsbecameaveryimportantliteraryformofpoetryinEuropeandalotofpoets,suchasShakespeare,Spencer,andMrs.Browning,wereindebtedtohim.Thuswelookuponhimasthefatherofmodernpoetry4.HowdidItalianRenai