电子信息技术英语部分重点翻译

1、P192.6 MobilityGSM is a cellular telephone system that supports mobility over a large area. Unlike cordless telephone systems, it provides location,roaming, and hand-over. GSM是移动电话系统,在一个大面积内支持流动性。与无线电话系统相比,它还能提供定,漫游和区域切换等。2.6.1 Location AreaThe ability to locate a user is not supported in first-gene

2、ration cellular systems. This means that when a mobile is called, the network has to broadcast the notification of this call in all the radio coverage. In GSM, however, location areas (LAs, which are groups of cells, are defined by the operator. The system is able to identify the LA in which the sub

3、scriber is located. This way, when a user receives a call, the notification (or paging is only transmitted in this area. This is far more efficient, since the physical resource use is limited.第一代蜂窝系统不能够准确找到用户所在位臵。这意味着,当有一个电话被叫时,网络得在无线信号覆盖的整个区域内发出该电话的通知。然而在GSM网络中,位置区域(LAs即若干个小区组成的区群,由经营者指定。该系统能够确定用户所

4、在的位置区域。这样,当用户收到一个电话,通知(或传呼只在这个区域内转交。这是更为有效,尽管物理资源的使用是有限的。Roaming In particular, the GSM system has the capability of international roaming, or the ability to make and receive phone calls to and from other nations as if one has never left home. This is possible because bilateral agreements have been

5、signed between the different operators, to allow GSM mobile clients to take advantage of GSM services with the same subscription when traveling to different countries, as if they has a subscription to the local network. To allow this, the SIM cark contains a list of the networks with which a roaming

6、 agreement exists. When a user is roaming to a foreign country, the mobile phone automatically starts a search for a network stipulated on the SIM card list. The choice of a network is performed automatically, and if more than one network is given in the list, the choice is based on the order in whi

7、ch the operators appear. This order can be changed by the user. The home PLMN is the network in which the user has subscribed, while the visited PLMN often refers to the PLMN in which the user is roaming. When a user receives a call on a visited PLMN, the transfer of the call from the home PLMN to t

8、he visited PLAN is charged to the called user by his operator.特别是, GSM系统支持国际漫游,能够在其它国家发起或接收呼叫,就像在自己家里一样。这是可能的,因为不同运营商之间的双边协定已经签署了,允许GSM移动的客户在不同的国家旅行时能够利用GSM服务,就像它们已经订购了本地网络一样。为了实现这一点, SIM卡中包含了一个网络清单,其中包含有漫游协议。当用户漫游到国外,手机自动开始搜索SIM卡清单上规定的网络。选择网络是自动执行的,如果列表中的网络有多个,则根据运营商规定的顺序进行选择。选择顺序可以被用户修改。主PLMN是指用户已

9、在此认购的网络,而通常指的是用户漫游到的网络。当用户在访问PLMN收到一个电话,从主PLMN 到访问PLMN的转移呼叫由他的运营商记入被叫用户。2.6.3 HandoverWhen the user is moving from one cell to the other during a cell, the radio link between BTS 1 and the MS can be replaced by another link, between BTS 2 and the MS. The continuity of the call can be performed in a

10、seamless way for the user. This is called handover. Which respect to dual-band telephones, one interesting feature is called the dual-band handover. It allows the user in an area covered both by the GSM-900 and by the DCS-1800 frequency bands, for instance,to be able to transfer automatically from o

11、ne system to the other in the middle of a call. 2.6.3 当用户正在从一个小区转入另一个小区,BTS 1和用户之间的无线信号链接可转至。BTS 2和用户之间的无线信号链接。通话的连续性可为用户提供一个无缝的连接。这就是所谓的移交。这方面的双频电话,一个有趣的特点是所谓的双频段切换。它允许用户在一个覆盖了GSM-900和DCS-1800频带的区域内能够在一次通话中自动地从一个系统转移到另一个系统中。2.7 Beacon ChannelFor each BTS of a GSM network, one frequency channel is u

12、sed to broadcast general signaling information about this cell. This particular carrier frequency is called a beacon channel, and it is transmitted by the BTS with the maximum power used in the cell, so that every MS in the cell is able to receive it. 对于GSM网络中的每个基站,使用其中一个信道来承载该小区的主要信号。这种特殊的载波频率被称为信标

13、信道,它在整个小区中的功率最大,使小区中的每个用户能够收到它。2.8 MS Idle ModeWhen it is not in communication, but still powered on, the MS is said to be in idle mode. This means that it is in a low consumption mode, but synchronized to the network and able to receive or initiate calls.2.8 当用户处于开机状态但不在进行通信时,可视为待机模式。这就是说,此时它处于低耗状态

14、,但和网络同步,并能够接收或发起呼叫。UNIT 14Immersive interactive technology is one of the modern DSP topics its at the intersection of the traditionally separate areas of computer animation , computer vision , graphics ,speech and audio processing ,image and video processing , and communications.沉浸式的交互技术是现代的 DSP 课题之

15、一 -它的计算机动画、计算机视觉、图形、语音和音频处理、图像和视频处理和通讯的传统上不同区域的交叉点。The topic of this special issue is immersive interactive technologies .It represents one of the “modern”topic in DSP and is at the intersection of the traditionally separate areas of computer animation,computer vision,graphics,speech and audio proce

16、ssing,image and video processing, and communications(not to mention psychology,physiology,kinesiology,and control.Such R&D topics act as a catalyst in bringing together researchers from outside the digital signal processing area,and this is clear by looking at the authors in this issue. Each art

17、icle brings a different perspective to the discussion.这个特殊问题的主题是沉浸式交互技术.它代表了DSP的“现代”的主题之一,是在计算机动画,计算机视觉,图像,语音和音频处理,图像和视频处理的传统独立区域的交叉身临其境的互动技术和通信(更不用说心理学,生理学,运动学和控制。这类研发课题作为从数字信号处理领域外汇集研究的催化剂,这是看在这个问题上的明确的作者。每篇文章带来不同的角度来讨论。The objective of immersive interactive technologies is to build a virtual envi

18、ronment that provides users with the sense of immersion. In virtual conferencing and collaboration applications,for example,the objective is to give participants the feeling that they share the same three-dimensional (3-D space. Even when thousands of miles away,thesystem allows participants to have

19、 the same possibilities in interacting as if they were physically in a single office,lab,or conference room. They can look at the same blueprint or blackboard (or whiteboard,and they can all touch and interact with the same 3-D object. There are numerous efforts and products directed towards this ob

20、jective,but there is much progress to be made before we achieve a truly immersive environment. A colleague was telling me that he has tried all means available to him to keep remotely advising his students.Still nothing he finds can replace the experience of flying back and sitting at the same table

21、 with his students and colleagues.沉浸式互动技术的目标是建立一个虚拟的环境,为用户提供沉浸感。在虚拟会议和协作应用程序,例如,目的是让参与者感觉一下他们共享同一个三维 (3-D 空间。甚至当数千英里远,该系统允许参与者有相同的可能性在相互作用好像他们身体在单一的办公室、实验室或会议里可以看看相同的蓝图或黑板(或白板,和他们可以接触并与相同的三维对象进行交互。有很多的努力和产品针对这一目标,但有很大的进步,直到我们实现真正实现一个身临其境的环境。一位同事告诉我他曾向他提供的一切手段继续远程指导他的学生。他仍然没有发现可以替代飞回来,与他的学生和同事坐在同一张桌子

22、的感觉。Another objective of immersive interactive technologies is to augment the physical worId experience of an individual.These systems are typically the subject of science fiction literature and movies.For example, a user is tracked by a “Machine”and his or intentions and thoughts and moods are unde

23、rstood by the machine automatically at all times.The person is not constrained to sit at the desk in front of the monitor(getting computer “off the desktop”,“pervading”the physical word,and connecting with what other users are doing are different definitions of ubiquitous computingor hold or wear(we

24、arable computinga portable device that is wirelessly connected to the rest of the world( ubiquitous communications ·Instead,every motion,facial actions expression,or even secret thought(as described by his/her EKGis interpreted(multimodal interaction.沉浸式互动技术的另一个目的是增加个人的物理世界经验。这些系统通常是科幻文学和电影的主题,

25、例如,用户被“机器”跟踪及自动的理解他或意图,思想和情绪。人不在受限坐在办公桌在显示器前(让电脑从桌面遍及物理字,并连接其他正在做有不同的定义无处不在的计算的用户,持有或穿(可穿戴计算无线连接到世界其他地区的便携式设备(无处不在的通信。相反,每一个动作,面部表情动作,甚至秘密思想(如由他/她的心电图被解释(多模式交互。Unit 15 Computer System Overview (计算机系统概述A computer is tool for mainpulating and storing information. Generally speaking, A compute r is an

26、electronic device that can accept input, process it according to a set of instructions, store the instructions and the results of processing, and produce results as its output.计算机是为控制和存储信息的工具。一般来说,一台计算机是一种电子装置,可以接受输入,处理它根据一系列指令集,存储的指示和处理结果,并产生作为其输出结果。15.1 Digital Computer (数字计算机The digital computer

27、is a digital system that performs various computation tasks. The word “digital” implies that the information in the computer is represented by variables that take a limite d number of discrete values. The decimal digits 0, 1, 2, , 9, for example, provide 10 discrete values. The first electronic digi

28、tal computers, developed in the late 1940s, were used primarily for nu merical computations. In this case the discrete elements are the digits. From this application the t erm digital computer has emerged. In practice, digital computers function is more reliable if only two states are used. Because

29、of the physical restriction of components, and because human logic tends to be binary, digital components that are constrained to take discrete values are further co nstrained to take only two values and are said to be binary.数字式计算机是数字系统,执行各种计算任务。单词“数字化”意味着在计算机信息由变量采取了数量有限的离散值的代表。十进制数字0,1,2,.,9,例如:

30、提供10个离散值。第一台电子数字计算机的,在20世纪40年代末开发的,他们主要用于数值计算。在这种情况下,离散元素的数字。从这个数字电脑一词出现了应用。在实践中,数位电脑的功能是更可靠,如果只有两个国家的使用。由于组件的物理限制,因为人的逻辑往往是二进制,是采取限制离散值的数字组成部分进一步限制到只需要两个值,并说是二进制。Digital computer use the binary number system, which has two digits: 0 and 1. A binary digit is called one bit.Information is represented

31、 in digital computer in groups of bits. By using various coding techniques , groups of bits can be made to represent not only binary numbers but also oth er discrete symbols, such as decimal digits or letters of the alphabet For example, American Stan dard Code for Information Interchange originally

32、 used 7 bits to form a character .By judicious use of binary arrangements and by using various coding techniques , the groups of bits are used to d evelop complete sets of instructions for performing various types of computations. In contrast to the common decimal numbers that employ the base 10 sys

33、tem . binary number use a base 2 syst em with two digits : 0 and 1 . The decimal equivalent of a binary number can be found by expandi ng it into a power series with a base of 2.数字计算机使用二进制数字系统,它有两个数字:0和1的二进制数称为一个位。信息被表示在数字计算机中比特组。通过使用各种编码技术,比特组可以由表示不仅二进制数,还包括其他的离散符号,如十进制数或字母。例如字母,美国标准信息交换码最初用于7位组合形成

34、一个字符。通过明智地使用二进制安排和通过使用各种编码技术,被使用的比特的组来开发成套指令,用于执行各种类型的计算。在对比的是使用底座10系统的共同的十进制数。二进制数用一个基座2系统用两个数字:0和1。的二进制数的十进制等效可以通过展开成幂级数为2的基被发现。A computer system consists of hardware system and software system.The hardware systemis the physical equipment that you can see and touch,such as the disks and the screen

35、.The softwa re system is the intangible control that governs the computer;it is the total of all the programs th at can be run on the computer.A program is list of instructions.Programs tell the hardware what t o do. The hardware of the computer is usually divided into three major parts: input and o

36、utput devices (I/O devices,a Central Processing Unit(CPU,and memory.Software ca n be classified according to its purpose. Application software is designed to accomplish real-world tasks in fields such as accounting, entertainment, and enginerring. If youve ever played a video g ame or typed a paper

37、on a word processor, youve already had some experience with application software programs. System software, on the other hand, controls the computer system itself. Syst em software includes not only the complex programs used by technicians create application soft ware in the first place but also the

38、 organizational programs needed to start up the computer and govern its use of other programs.计算机系统由硬件系统和软件系统的硬件系统是物理设备,你可以看到和触摸,如磁盘和screen.The软件系统,是无形的控制,支配的电脑,它是总所有的,可以在程序运行的computer.A方案是instructions.Programs名单告诉硬件该怎么做。计算机的硬件通常分为三个主要部分:输入和输出设备(I / O设备,中央处理单元(CPU和memory.Software可分为根据其用途。应用软件设计等领域实现

39、会计,娱乐现实世界的任务和工科。如果你打过一个视频游戏或键入一个字处理器文件,你已经有一些应用软件方案的经验。系统软件另一方面,控制计算机系统本身。系统软件不仅包括由技术人员使用复杂的程序创建摆在首位,但还需要应用软件启动计算机并指导其使用其他方案的组织方案。15.2 Data Types(数据类型Binary information in digital computers is stored in memory or processor registers. Registers contain either data or control information . Control inf

40、ormation is a bit or a group of bits used to specify the sequence of command signals needed for manipulation of the data in other registers. Data are numbers and other binary-code information that are operated on to achieve required co mputational results. Now, we present the most common types of da

41、ta found in digital computer r egisters.在计算机的二进制数字信息存储在内存或处理器寄存器。寄存器包含数据或控制信息。控制信息是位或1位的组使用指定的命令信号序列在其他寄存器的数据处理需要。数据是数字和其他二进制代码信息的经营,以达到预期的计算结果。现在,我们目前在数字计算机寄存器发现数据的最常见的类型。The data types found in the registers of digital computers may be classified as being one of t he following categories:数据类型存在于计算

42、机的登记数字可能被视作下列类别之一分类:Numeric data can often be represented as integers. In unsigned integers, an n-bit value can r ange from 0 to 2n-1.An n-bit signed integer can have any value between -2n-1 and2n - 1 - 1,inclus ive.Both formats can be used in arithmetic algorithms. Some numeric data cannot be repre

43、sente d in integers. These values, which typically include fractional portions, are represented in floating point format in computers. A computer may have special registers and instructions exclusively for floating point data.数字数据通常可以表示为整数。在无符号整数,一个n位的值的范围从0到2n - 1.An n 位有符号整数之间可以有任何价值,为2n - 1和2n -

44、1 - 1,包括所述限度的格式可用于算术算法。有些数字数据不能代表整数。这些值,这通常包括小数部分,是代表在计算机浮点格式。计算机可能有专为特殊寄存器,浮点数据和指令。The Boolean values TRUE and FALSE are used often enough to warrant having their own data type, Boolean, and assembly language instructions. Typically, a data value is set to zero to repres ent FALSE and any nonzero v

45、alue for TRUE . Boolean assembly language instructions can perform logical operations on these values. Unlike logical instructions, which generate one result per bit o f the operands. Boolean instructions generate only one result. To illustrate the difference, conside r the case in which A=0000 0010

46、 and B=0000 0001. The logical AND of these binary values produc es the result 0000 0000. However, if they are Boolean values, A and B are both TRUE, since they a re both nonzero. Their Boolean AND must produce a result of TRUE, represented by a nonzero value.布尔值TRUE和FALSE的使用频率足以保证他们有自己的数据类型,布尔,和汇编语言

47、指令。通常,一个数据值设置为0表示为真,假和任何非零值。布尔汇编语言指令可以对这些值逻辑运算。不像逻辑指令,产生每一个操作数位结果。布尔指令只生成一个结果。为了说明区别,考虑的案件中,甲和乙= 0000 = 0000 0010 0001。逻辑和这些二进制值产生结果0000 0000。但是,如果他们是布尔值,A和B都为TRUE,因为它们都是非零。他们必须出示布尔和结果为TRUE,由一个非零值代表。Computers must also deal with character data. The characters are stored as binary values en coded usi

48、ng ASCII, EBCDIC, UNICODE, or some other character encoding standards. Rather than a rithmetically or logically manipulating characters, a computer may concatenate strings of charact ers, replace some characters with others, or otherwise manipulate characters strings.计算机还必须处理字符数据。字符存储为二进制值编码使用ASCII,

49、EBCDIC,UNICODE 或其他字符编码标准。而非算术或逻辑操作字符,字符的计算机可能会连接字符串,替换他人的,或者以其他方式操纵某些字符的字符字符串。15.3 The Evolution of Computer (计算机的演变The first large-scale electronic computer was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Compu ter(ENIAC ,which became operational in 1946.From that start ,computer have developed throug

50、h four so-called generations,or stages,each one characterized by smaller size,and less expense th an its predecessor.第一个大型电子计算机是电子数字积分计算机(ENIAC的,这成为1946. 自从那开始,电脑已通过了四个时代阶段,每一个都有规模小的特点,和花费的费用比它的前身少。15.3.1 First Generation (1944 1958In the earliest general-purpose computer,most input and output media

51、 were punched cards and magnetic tape. Main memory was almost exclusively made up of hundreds of vacuum tubes-although one computer used a magnetic drum for main memory.These computers were somewh at unreliable because the vacuum tubes failed frequently.They were also slower than any microco mputer

52、used today,produced a tremendous amount of heat,and were very large.They could run o nly one program at a time.在最早的通用计算机,大多数的输入和输出媒体穿孔卡片和磁带。主记忆体几乎完全由数百个真空管的,尽管一台计算机上使用一个主贮记计算机磁鼓是有点不可靠,因为电子管经常不起作用.它们也高于目前使用的微机慢,制作了大量热,而且非常庞大,它们可以每次只运行一个程序。It was during this period that symbolic languages were develop

53、ed.Symbolic languages use sy mbols made up of letters and numbers to stand for 0 and 1 of machine language.正是在这一时期,符号语言被发展.符号语言的使用由字母和数字组成,以0和1为机器语言。15.3.2 Second Generation (1959 1964In the second generation of computers,transistors replaced vacuum tubes.Although Invente d in 1948,the first all-tra

54、nsistor computer did not become available until 1959.Transistors are smaller and less expensive than vacuum tubes, and they operate faster and produce less heat.在第二代计算机,晶体管取代真空管.尽管在1948年发明的第一台全晶体管计算机没有到位,直到1959.晶体管比较小,不比真空管昂贵,而且操作速度更快,产生更少的热量。And the second generation of computers was given auxiliar

55、y storage,sometimes called exter nal of secondary storage . Data was stored outside computer on either magnetic tape or magneti c disk.The use of auxiliary storage ended the limitation on how much data the computer could sto re and reduced the use of punched cards. Using magnetic tapes for input and

56、 output operations i ncreased the speed of computer.而第二代计算机给予辅助存储,有时所谓的二级存储外部。数据存储在计算机以外的任何磁带或磁存储磁盘。使用辅助结束多少数据可以存储在计算机上,降低了打孔卡使用的限制。使用输入和输出操作磁带增加了计算机的速度。In addition, improvements were made in the symbolic programming languages.Many new pr ogramming languages were designed , including COBOL in 1960.M

57、ore and more businesses and o rganizations were beginning to use computers for their data processing needs.New languages we re more like English than the earlier ones ,making programming the computer much easier.此外,改进了的符号编程语言。许多新的编程语言,设计,包括1960.更多的企业和组织开始使用COBOL是为他们的计算机做数据处理需求。新的语言比英语更早,使计算机编程更容易。Th

58、e expense item should be emphasized.The cost of a computer during the first,Second ,and part of the third generations represented a significant protion of a companys budget .Computers were expensive. Cost per instruction executes can be used to compare the cost of computers ove r the last three deca

59、des. Significant innovations,spurred by intense competition,have resulted in enormous increases in computer performance and substantial reduction in price . This trend ,esta blished with the introduction of second-generation computers,continues today.项目的费用应在第一,第二,和第三代电脑被强调。部分成本代表了公司的预算明显可逆。计算机昂贵。每个指令执行成本可以用来比较在过去30年来计算机的成本。重大创新,通过激烈的竞争刺激,导致计算机性能和价格的大幅减少也大幅增加。这种趋势,随着第二代计算机的引进建立,今天仍在继续。P127页CPUA processor , also called a central processing unit