英语构词法讲解及练习

1、英语构词法英语构词法英语构词法主要有英语构词法主要有三三种：种： 合成合成、派生派生与与转化转化。 英语构词法种类英语构词法种类另外缩写和简写也是构词法的一种。另外缩写和简写也是构词法的一种。. . 合成合成 : : 有两个或更多的词合成一个词。有两个或更多的词合成一个词。复合名词复合名词class + room = class + room = classroomclassroom ( (名词名词+ +名词名词) )black+ board= black+ board= blackboardblackboard ( (形容词形容词+ +名词名词) )复合形容词复合形容词warm + hear

2、t + ed = warm + heart + ed = warmheartedwarmhearted 热心肠的热心肠的good + looking = good + looking = goodgood-lo-lookingoking 相貌好看的相貌好看的world +wide= world +wide= worldwideworldwide世界性的世界性的hard+ working=hard-working hard+ working=hard-working 努力工作的努力工作的 复合动词复合动词 over + come = over + come = overcomeovercome克

3、服克服 ( (副词副词+ +动词动词) )复合数词复合数词 fifty+ four= fifty-four复合代词复合代词 everyone, somebody, anything, nobody ( ( 不定代词不定代词+ +名词名词) )复合副词复合副词 down+ stairs = downstairs在楼下在楼下( 形容词形容词+名词名词) whole+ heartedly =wholeheartedly 全神贯注地全神贯注地(副词副词+副词副词)2. 2. 派生派生 : : 是通过在词根上加是通过在词根上加前缀前缀或者或者构成一个新词。构成一个新词。happy - happy - u

4、nunhappyhappydevelop - develodevelop - developmentpment前缀一般只引起前缀一般只引起意思意思上的变化而不上的变化而不造成造成词类词类的变化，只有少数能引起的变化，只有少数能引起词类的变化。词类的变化。mismis- - 错误的错误的 + understand + understand v.v. 理解理解 - - mismisunderstand understand v.v. 误解误解en + large en + large adj.adj. 大的大的 - enlarge - enlarge v.v. 扩大扩大后缀一般只引起后缀一般只引起

5、词性词性上的变化而不上的变化而不造成造成意思意思的变化。的变化。care v. care v. 照料照料 - care- carefulful adj. adj. 细心的细心的work v. work v. 工作工作 - work- workerer n. n. 工人工人常见的常见的前缀前缀(A)表示表示否定否定的前缀：的前缀： un-unfair,unhappy non-nonsmoker (常用在常用在n. adj. adv. 前前) in-inactive (常用在常用在adj.后后) dis-disagree, disappear im-impolite, impossible (用在

6、用在b,p,m 开头的词前开头的词前) (B).表示表示错误错误或或失当失当的前缀的前缀: mis-misunderstand, misdirect(误导误导)(C)表示表示两个两个,双边双边的前缀：的前缀： bi- bicolor ( 双色的双色的), bicycle 表示表示相互相互,交互交互,在一起在一起的前缀的前缀 interinterview, international, internet (E)表示表示又又,再再,重新重新的前缀的前缀 rereview, return, rewrite (F)表示表示远远的前缀的前缀(D)tele telephone, television常见的

7、常见的后缀后缀1.1.动词变名词：动词变名词：-tion-tion education, invitation, prediction education, invitation, prediction-ment-ment development, development, movement, movement, disappointment disappointment-er-er teacher, worker, runner, singer teacher, worker, runner, singer-or-or visitor, sailor, tutor, actorvisitor

8、, sailor, tutor, actor名词后缀名词后缀补充补充: :-ist-ist ( ( 人人, ,名词后缀名词后缀) )scientist, terroristscientist, terrorist-ese-ese( ( 民族民族, ,语言语言, ,名词后缀名词后缀) ) Chinese, JapaneseChinese, Japanese2.2.形容词变名词形容词变名词- -nessness happiness, happiness, meanness, carelessness meanness, carelessness- -ityity ability, possibil

9、ity ability, possibility 3.3.名词变形容词：名词变形容词：- -y y windy, rainy, healthy, funny, cloudywindy, rainy, healthy, funny, cloudy- -ishish foolish, feverishfoolish, feverish- -somesome handsome, troublesomehandsome, troublesome- -ousous dangerous, humorousdangerous, humorous- -fulful helpful, careful, peac

10、eful, colorfulhelpful, careful, peaceful, colorful- -lessless homeless, helpless, carelesshomeless, helpless, careless4.4.动词变形容词动词变形容词- -alal traditional, international, naturaltraditional, international, natural- -eded surprised, balanced, talented surprised, balanced, talented- -inging interesting

11、, outstandinginteresting, outstanding5. 5. 名词、形容词变动词：名词、形容词变动词：- -ifyify beautify, simplifybeautify, simplify- -izeize realizerealize- -enen quicken, widen, sharpenquicken, widen, sharpen3. 3. 转化转化 : : 是指有一种词类转化为另一种词类。是指有一种词类转化为另一种词类。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切系密切. . water water n. n. 水水 -

12、 water - water vt.vt. 浇水浇水常见的转化形式两种：常见的转化形式两种：动词动词 - - 名词名词名词名词 - - 动词动词形容词形容词-动词动词 动词动词-名词名词 stop stop v.v. 停止停止 - - n.n.车站车站love love v.v. 爱爱 - - n.n. 爱爱watch watch v.v. 观看观看 - - n.n. 手表手表look look v.v. 看看-have a look -have a look n.n. 看看 walk v. walk v. 散步散步, ,走走-take a walk n.-take a walk n.散步散步

13、love v. love v. 爱爱-your love your love n.n. 爱爱 名词名词 - - 动词动词 hand hand n.n. 手手 - - vt.vt. 上交上交seat seat n.n. 座位座位 - - vt.vt. 坐坐nurse nurse n.n. 护士护士 - - vt.vt. 护理护理oil oil n.n. 油油 - - vt.vt. 上油上油time time n.n. 时间时间 - - vt.vt. 定时，测时定时，测时show show n.n. 展览展览, ,展示展示vt. vt. 表演表演, ,演出演出 形容词形容词-动词动词 slow(

14、slow( adj.adj. 慢的慢的)-slow ( )-slow ( v.v. 放慢放慢) ) open ( open (adj.adj. 开着的开着的)open( )open( v.v.开开) ). . 缩写和简写缩写和简写 : : 缩写和简写缩写和简写( (也被称为截断法或缩也被称为截断法或缩短法短法) )主要采取主要采取: “: “截头截头”, ,“去尾去尾”或者或者 “既截头又去尾既截头又去尾”的方法生成的方法生成新词新词. .telephone-phone telephone-phone airplaneplaneairplaneplanelaboratory-lab labor

15、atory-lab mathematics-math mathematics-math advertisementad advertisementad examination-exam examination-exam 另外还有许多缩写词是由各个单词的首字母组另外还有许多缩写词是由各个单词的首字母组成成. .CD ( compact disk)CD ( compact disk)CCTV( China Central Television)CCTV( China Central Television)NBA (National Basketball Association)NBA (Natio

16、nal Basketball Association)UFO( unidentified flying object)UFO( unidentified flying object)UN( United Nations) UN( United Nations) ID( identification)ID( identification)USA( United States of America) USA( United States of America) If he had been _(care), he would not have fallen from the ladder. It

17、is _(doubt) whether he will come. My house is in a very quiet street, so I can work here without any _(disturb). Thunder and lightning happen _ (simultaneous). The weather was good except for an _ (occasion) shower. Seeing that he was working _ (silence) in the room, I left on tiptoe at once. careful doubtful disturbancesimultaneously occasionalsilently7. It was obvious that all this information was far from enough to _ (satisfaction) him.8. Jane has never liked meat, and has always had a _ (preferable) for vegetables and fruit.9. We are _ (hope)