toolmaterials

1、 T TOOLOOL MMATERIALSATERIALS教学目标及要求教学目标及要求 1.1.掌握课文中有关工具钢方面的专业词汇和专业术语；掌握课文中有关工具钢方面的专业词汇和专业术语； 2.2.结合工具钢的相关专业知识阅读课文，提高翻译能力。结合工具钢的相关专业知识阅读课文，提高翻译能力。 重点重点 1.1.工具钢的专业词汇和专业术语；工具钢的专业词汇和专业术语； 2.2.翻译课文：工具材料种类词汇；翻译课文：工具材料种类词汇； 金属材料的物理、力学性能词汇。金属材料的物理、力学性能词汇。u难句分析及翻译的基础知识难句分析及翻译的基础知识 PartPart（） 翻译的基础知识简介翻译的基础

2、知识简介 一、什么是翻译？一、什么是翻译？教学思路设计教学思路设计 时间分配（共时间分配（共100min100min）：）： 1.1.讲解课文中的专业词汇和术语；讲解课文中的专业词汇和术语； 2.2.讲解课后生词、大声朗读；讲解课后生词、大声朗读； 3.3.翻译课文，注意穿插相关专业知识；翻译课文，注意穿插相关专业知识； 4.4.分析难点句型，讲解翻译的基础知识；分析难点句型，讲解翻译的基础知识； 5.5.学生答疑。学生答疑。 C CONTENTSONTENTSBackground KnowledgeBackground KnowledgeNew Words and PhrasedNew Wo

3、rds and PhrasedQuestionsQuestionsGlossary of TermsGlossary of TermsText Analysis Text Analysis Language Points & Translating Language Points & Translating TechniquesTechniquesReading Materials Reading Materials Summary Summary ReferencesReferencesB BACKGROUNDACKGROUND K KNOWLEDGENOWLEDGE工具钢工具钢工具钢是用以

4、制造切削刀具、量具、模具和工具钢是用以制造切削刀具、量具、模具和耐磨工具的钢种。工具钢具有较高的硬度和在高耐磨工具的钢种。工具钢具有较高的硬度和在高温下能保持高硬度、红硬性，以及高的耐磨性和温下能保持高硬度、红硬性，以及高的耐磨性和适当的韧性。适当的韧性。工具钢一般分为碳素工具钢、合金工具钢和工具钢一般分为碳素工具钢、合金工具钢和高速工具钢三种。高速工具钢三种。 carbon tool steels Tool steels alloy tool steels high speed tool steelsNNEWEW W WORDSORDS ANDAND E EXPRESSIONSXPRESSI

5、ONSuTerms：MetalMetal metl 金属金属 iron an 铁 steel sti:l 钢 aluminum lju:minm 铝 magnesium mgni:zim 镁 zinc zk 锌 bismuth bzm 铋 copper kp(r) 铜 lead li:d 铅Non-metalNon-metal： 非金属非金属wood 木材plastics 塑料rubber rb(r) 橡胶ceramics srmks 陶瓷材料diamond 金刚石epoxy pksi resin rezn 环氧树脂NNEWEW W WORDSORDS ANDAND E EXPRESSIONS

6、XPRESSIONS 3. Characteristics3. Characteristics：性能：性能/ /特性特性 strengthstrength stre 强度强度 hardness hardness 硬度硬度 toughness toughness 韧性韧性 brittlenessbrittleness brtlns 脆性脆性 plasticityplasticity plststi 塑性塑性/ /可塑性可塑性 ductilityductility dktlt 可锻性可锻性 malleabilitymalleability mlblt 可延压性可延压性 NNEWEW W WORDS

7、ORDS ANDAND E EXPRESSIONSXPRESSIONSelasticityelasticity i:lststi 弹性弹性wear resistancewear resistance w rizistns 耐磨性耐磨性dimensional stabilitydimensional stability dmennl stbiliti 尺寸稳定性尺寸稳定性thermal conductivitythermal conductivity :ml kndktvti: 导热性导热性electrical conductivity electrical conductivity 导电性导电

8、性rate of thermal expansionrate of thermal expansion kspnn 热膨胀率热膨胀率melting point melting point 熔点熔点modulus of elasticitymodulus of elasticity mdjuls v lststi: 弹性模量弹性模量NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONSferrous fers a. 铁的，含铁的，亚铁的alloy l 合金; （合金中的）劣等金属; 搀杂品; 成色 other than prep. 不同，不同于，不; 除了; 绝不是 e.g. Does anybod

9、y other than yourself know this?除你本人之外还有别人知道这事吗?I have never known him behave other than selfishly.我知道他一向自私自利。练一练：除了他以外她没有好朋友。除了坐船, 你无法去那里。他当然只会对此感到烦恼。TEXT The Three Major Categories of Tool Materials:uFerrous tool materials have iron as a base metal Ferrous tool materials have iron as a base metal

10、and include tool steel, alloy steel, carbon steel, and include tool steel, alloy steel, carbon steel, and cast iron. and cast iron. uNonferrous materials have a base metal other than Nonferrous materials have a base metal other than iron and include aluminum, magnesium, zinc, lead, iron and include

11、aluminum, magnesium, zinc, lead, bismuth, copper, and a variety of alloys.bismuth, copper, and a variety of alloys.uNonmetallic materials are those materials such as Nonmetallic materials are those materials such as woods, plastics, rubbers, epoxy resins, ceramics, woods, plastics, rubbers, epoxy re

12、sins, ceramics, and diamonds that do not have a metallic base.and diamonds that do not have a metallic base. FYR：黑色金属是以铁作为金属基体，包括工具钢、合金钢、碳钢和铸铁。有色金属是指以除铁以外的其他元素作为金属基体，包括铝、镁、锌、铅、铋、铜和大量的合金。 非金属材料是那些不含金属基体的材料，例如木材、塑料、橡胶、环氧树脂、陶瓷和金刚石。 T TEXTEXT Physical And Mechanical Properties of a Material:Physical And

13、 Mechanical Properties of a Material:uPhysical propertiesPhysical properties are those properties which are are those properties which are natural in the material and cannot be permanently natural in the material and cannot be permanently altered without changing the material itself. altered without

14、 changing the material itself. Include:Include: weight, color, thermal and electrical weight, color, thermal and electrical conductivity, rate of thermal expansion, and melting conductivity, rate of thermal expansion, and melting point.point.力学性能力学性能uThe The mechanical propertiesmechanical propertie

15、s of a material are those of a material are those properties which can be permanently altered by properties which can be permanently altered by thermal or mechanical treatment. thermal or mechanical treatment. Include:Include: strength, hardness, wear resistance, strength, hardness, wear resistance,

16、 toughness, brittleness, plasticity, ductility, toughness, brittleness, plasticity, ductility, malleability, and modulus of elasticity. malleability, and modulus of elasticity. 物理性能物理性能Q QUESTIONSUESTIONSWhat is meant by the termWhat is meant by the term“physical properties physical properties of a

17、materialof a material”? ?What are the mechanical properties of a What are the mechanical properties of a materialmaterialWhat makes a material either ferrous or What makes a material either ferrous or nonferrous?nonferrous?What are some applications of tool steels?What are some applications of tool

18、steels?G GLOSSARYLOSSARY OFOF T TERMSERMS1 1carbidecarbide k:bad tool tool 硬质合金刀具硬质合金刀具2 2alloy tool steel alloy tool steel 合金工具钢合金工具钢3 3alloy cast iron alloy cast iron 合金铸铁合金铸铁4 4carboncarbon k:bn steel steel 碳素钢碳素钢5 5carbon tool steel carbon tool steel 碳素工具钢碳素工具钢6 6cast iron cast iron 铸铁铸铁7 7cast

19、steel cast steel 铸钢铸钢8 8die block steel die block steel 模具钢，块钢模具钢，块钢9 9die material die material 模具材料模具材料1010free cutting steel free cutting steel 易切削钢易切削钢1111high alloy steel high alloy steel 高合金钢高合金钢1212high carbon steel high carbon steel 高碳钢高碳钢1313low alloy steel low alloy steel 低合金钢低合金钢1414low c

20、arbon steel low carbon steel 低碳钢低碳钢1515shock resistant tool steel shock resistant tool steel 抗冲击工具钢抗冲击工具钢1616cold work toolcold work tool（diedie）steel steel 冷作工具（模具）钢冷作工具（模具）钢1717hot work toolhot work tool（diedie）steel steel 热作工具（模具）钢热作工具（模具）钢1818nodularnodular ndjl graphite graphite grfat iron iron

21、 球墨球墨铸铁铸铁1919malleablemalleable mlibl cast iron cast iron 可锻铸铁可锻铸铁2020mottledmottled mtld cast iron cast iron 麻口铸铁麻口铸铁R READINGEADING M MATERIALSATERIALS Carbon SteelsCarbon Steels Carbon steels are used extensively in tool Carbon steels are used extensively in tool construction. Carbon steels are t

22、hose steels which construction. Carbon steels are those steels which only contain iron and carbon, and small amounts of only contain iron and carbon, and small amounts of other alloying elements. Carbon steels are the other alloying elements. Carbon steels are the most common and least expensive typ

23、e of steel used most common and least expensive type of steel used for tools.for tools.C CARBONARBON S STEELSTEELSThe three principal types of carbon steels used for The three principal types of carbon steels used for tooling are low carbon, medium carbon, and high tooling are low carbon, medium car

24、bon, and high carbon steels. carbon steels. Low carbon steel contains carbon between 0.05% and Low carbon steel contains carbon between 0.05% and 0.3%. 0.3%. Medium carbon steel contains carbon between 0.3% Medium carbon steel contains carbon between 0.3% and 0.7%. Andand 0.7%. Andhigh carbon steel

25、contains carbon between 0.7% and high carbon steel contains carbon between 0.7% and 1.5%. 1.5%. As the carbon content is increased in carbon steel, As the carbon content is increased in carbon steel, the strength, toughness, and hardness are also the strength, toughness, and hardness are also increa

26、sed when the metal is heat treated.increased when the metal is heat treated.USEFUL EXPRESSIONSmachine mi:n n. 机器，机械; 机械般的人 vt.用机器制造，用机器加工 vi.被机器切削 e.g. The material is machinedmachined in a factory.这种材料在一家工厂里用机器加工成型。If you say that someone is a machine, you mean that they are so tired or bored that

27、they do their work without thinking. If you machine something, you make it or work on it using a machine. case harden 表面硬化application plken n. 适用，应用tool body 刀体handle 手柄，柄状物die shoes模座stud std n. 饰钉，鞋钉，大头钉pin pn 钉; 别针，扣针，饰针; 大头针nut nt 螺母，螺帽Low carbon steels are soft, tough steels that are Low carbon

28、 steels are soft, tough steels that are easily machined and welded. Due to their low carbon easily machined and welded. Due to their low carbon content, these steels cannot be hardened except by content, these steels cannot be hardened except by case hardening. Low carbon steels are well suited case

29、 hardening. Low carbon steels are well suited for the following applications: tool bodies, handles, for the following applications: tool bodies, handles, die shoes, and similar situations where strength and die shoes, and similar situations where strength and wear resistance are not required.wear re

30、sistance are not required.Medium carbon steels are used where greater strength Medium carbon steels are used where greater strength and toughness is required. Since medium carbon and toughness is required. Since medium carbon steels have a higher carbon content, they can be steels have a higher carb

31、on content, they can be heat treated to make parts such as studs, pins, heat treated to make parts such as studs, pins, axles, and nuts. Steels in this group are more axles, and nuts. Steels in this group are more expensive as well as more difficult to machine and expensive as well as more difficult

32、 to machine and weld than low carbon steels.weld than low carbon steels.Useful words and expressionsdrill bushings dril bui 钻套locator lket(r) 定位器，定位仪wear pad耐磨片，耐磨器High carbon steels are the most hardenable type of High carbon steels are the most hardenable type of carbon steel and are used frequent

33、ly for parts carbon steel and are used frequently for parts where wear resistance is an important factor. Other where wear resistance is an important factor. Other applications where high carbon steels are well applications where high carbon steels are well suited include drill bushings, locators, a

34、nd wear suited include drill bushings, locators, and wear pads. Since the carbon content of these steels is pads. Since the carbon content of these steels is so high, parts made from high carbon steel are so high, parts made from high carbon steel are normally difficult to machine and weld.normally

35、difficult to machine and weld.A ALLOYLLOY S STEELSTEELSAlloy steels are basically carbon steels with Alloy steels are basically carbon steels with additional elements added to alter the characterisadditional elements added to alter the characteristics and bring about a predictable change in the tics

36、 and bring about a predictable change in the mechanical properties of the alloyed metal. Alloy mechanical properties of the alloyed metal. Alloy steels are not normally used for most tools due to steels are not normally used for most tools due to their increased cost, but some have been found favor

37、their increased cost, but some have been found favor for special applications. The alloying elements used for special applications. The alloying elements used most often in steels are manganese, nickel, most often in steels are manganese, nickel, molybdenum and chromium.molybdenum and chromium.Anoth

38、er type of alloy steel frequently used for Another type of alloy steel frequently used for tooling applications is stainless steel. Stainless tooling applications is stainless steel. Stainless steel is a term used to describe high chromium and steel is a term used to describe high chromium and nicke

39、lnickelchromium steels. These steels are used for chromium steels. These steels are used for tools which must resist high temperatures and tools which must resist high temperatures and corrosive atmospheres.corrosive atmospheres. D DIEIE S STEELSTEELSThe die material is relevant directly to the die

40、The die material is relevant directly to the die life as well as die cost. Recently, the commonly life as well as die cost. Recently, the commonly used die steel for cold blanking is as follows:used die steel for cold blanking is as follows:The carbon tool steel T8A, T10A, T12A are the The carbon to

41、ol steel T8A, T10A, T12A are the cheapest and the most widely used. Its hardness cheapest and the most widely used. Its hardness after annealing is lower than that of the alloy after annealing is lower than that of the alloy steel. It has good machining property, and the steel. It has good machining

42、 property, and the process of forging, annealing and quenching is easy process of forging, annealing and quenching is easy to be mastered. It is suitable to manufacture the to be mastered. It is suitable to manufacture the working parts of the blanking die with small size working parts of the blanki

43、ng die with small size and simple shape. But its hardenability and abrasionand simple shape. But its hardenability and abrasionresistant are bad, its quench distortion is large resistant are bad, its quench distortion is large and its working life is short.and its working life is short.The low alloy

44、 tool steel, such as CrWMn, 9CrSi, The low alloy tool steel, such as CrWMn, 9CrSi, 9Mn2V etc, can be quenched by oil, therefore it has 9Mn2V etc, can be quenched by oil, therefore it has a good hardenability and a small quench distortion. a good hardenability and a small quench distortion. Comparing

45、 with T10A, 9Mn2V has a higher hardness and Comparing with T10A, 9Mn2V has a higher hardness and abrasionabrasionresistance, and also has a good machining resistance, and also has a good machining perty.wMaterials for manufacturing the die parts and their best heat treatment rulesL LANGU

46、AGEANGUAGE P POINTSOINTS & T & TRANSLATINGRANSLATING T TECHNIQUESECHNIQUES Example 1: Example 1: To properly select a tool material, there are To properly select a tool material, there are several physical and mechanical properties you several physical and mechanical properties you should understand

47、 to determine how the materials should understand to determine how the materials you select will affect the function and operation you select will affect the function and operation of the tool.of the tool. 为了选择工具材料，你应当掌握材料的一些物理性为了选择工具材料，你应当掌握材料的一些物理性能和力学性能，以便确定所选材料对工具的功能和操作会能和力学性能，以便确定所选材料对工具的功能和操作会

48、有何影响。有何影响。 不定式不定式to properly select a tool material to properly select a tool material 放在放在句首用作目的状语；句首用作目的状语；you select you select 为定语从句修饰前面的为定语从句修饰前面的the materialsthe materials。 Example 2: Example 2: A great effort is made to keep porosity, segreA great effort is made to keep porosity, segregation,

49、 impurities, and nonmetallic inclusions to gation, impurities, and nonmetallic inclusions to as low a level as possible.as low a level as possible. ( (对于工具钢的冶炼对于工具钢的冶炼) )，要最大限度地降低钢中的气孔，要最大限度地降低钢中的气孔、偏析、杂质以及非金属夹杂物的含量。、偏析、杂质以及非金属夹杂物的含量。 这里的这里的a great effort is madea great effort is made是是make a great

50、make a great effort effort 的被动形式，意为的被动形式，意为“尽一切努力或尽量尽一切努力或尽量“。在科。在科技英语中表示主语为技英语中表示主语为”人们人们“的时候，一般使用被动结的时候，一般使用被动结构或者用构或者用oneone做主语的主动句。做主语的主动句。 Example 3 : Example 3 : From a composition standpoint , tool steels are From a composition standpoint , tool steels are carbon alloy steels which are capabl

51、e of being carbon alloy steels which are capable of being hardened and tempered hardened and tempered ( (从化学组成来说，工具钢是能够被淬硬并能经过回火从化学组成来说，工具钢是能够被淬硬并能经过回火变韧的碳素合金钢。）变韧的碳素合金钢。） 这里限定性定语从句这里限定性定语从句which are capable of being which are capable of being hardened and temperedhardened and tempered修饰先行词修饰先行词carb

52、on alloy steels carbon alloy steels 。andand连接两个并列的一般式动名词被动结构，做连接两个并列的一般式动名词被动结构，做ofof的宾语，的宾语， capable of being hardened and temperedcapable of being hardened and tempered做主语补足语。）做主语补足语。）E EXAMPLEXAMPLE 4 : 4 :PartPart（） 翻译的基础知识简介翻译的基础知识简介一、什么是翻译一、什么是翻译翻译是各个不同民族之间进行沟通和交流的工具。翻译本身翻译是各个不同民族之间进行沟通和交流的工具。翻译本身是一种语言活动，是利用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的内是一种语言活动，是利用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的内容重新表达出来。翻译与创作不同，翻译者不能任意地表达容重新表达出来。翻译与创作不同，翻译者不能任意地表达自己的思想，他只能准确而完整地传达原作的思想内容。自己的思想，他只能准确而完整地传达原作的思想内容。然而各民族之间由于文化背景的不同，生活习惯的差异，在然而各民族之间由于文化背景的不同，生活习惯的差异，在语言的表达上也必然存在着千差万别。各有其特点，各有其语言的表达上也必然存在着千差万别。各有其特点，各有其