英文讲义总结介绍教案资料

1、英文讲义总结介绍科技文体一般特征n1. 无人称(impersonal)n2. 语气正式（formal）n3. 陈述客观，准确(objective, accurate)n4. 语言规范（standard in language）n5. 逻辑性强（strict in logic）n6. 专业术语性强确定主句确定主句人类为了保持体力智力（physical and intellectual）的勃勃生机(vitality) 而不得不节制数量，迎接污染的挑战，这已不是遥远的将来。The future is not far off when man has to control his numbers an

2、d meet the challenges of pollution so as to sustain his physical and intellectual vitality.中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。 China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, fo

3、rests and places for urban and other uses. 确定用英文结构确定用英文结构 关于这方面国内外研究者们很少去关注它 It never occurred to researchers that little attention was paid to it. 也许有些人很可恶（wicked），有些人很卑鄙（despicable）。而当我设身为他想象的时候，我才知道：他比我还可怜。所以请原谅所有你见过的人，好人或者坏人 Some may be wicked, and others may be despicable. Only when I put mysel

4、f in his position did I know he is more miserable than I. So forgive all that you have met, no matter what kind of persons they are. n中文动词很多中文动词很多，但是英语一个句子，即使再长，但是英语一个句子，即使再长，也有一个谓语动词，其他动词都做非谓语动词。也有一个谓语动词，其他动词都做非谓语动词。n孩子们围坐围坐在桌旁，瞪着眼睛听听他们的爷爷讲讲他所经历的事nSitting around the table, the children listened to

5、their grandpas story with their eyes widely open.n直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。nA direct current is a current flowing always along the same direction.n热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。nRadiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.n如果没有改变物体运动的原因，那么物体将作匀速直线运动。nA body can move uniformly and in a straight line,the

6、re being no cause to change that motion.n振动着的物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波nVibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave.确定主语n我给你打国际直拨就和给楼下的Tom带电话差不多，一拨就通nAn international phone call to you is as easy as a call to Tom downstairsn向上的力与向下的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。 nThe force upward equal

7、s the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.定语处理问题n产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。nThe heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.nThe force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.n向上的力与向下的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。n在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问题nDuring construction, problem

8、s often arise which require design changes.n总之，汉译英，翻译质量如何：n取决于是否用英文的语言特征和习惯表述方式n是否拜托了汉语习惯的影响n建议：平时多看英汉对照的资料英译汉n1. 理解+表述=翻译n2. 不要拘泥于英语先后结构，英语从属有关系词，分词，不定式，介词引导。表述时是否可以优先考虑英语从属信息。记住：谁从属于谁，谁提到谁前面/如果从属信息过长， 另起一句nproblem to be analyzed /n.radiant energy, similar in nature to light.n3. 句子中单词取义须要根据上下文，切记不要

9、单凭记忆nIn computing work done, it is important always to keep in mind that the force and distant that are multiplied（乘） must be in the same direction.n在计算所做的功时，用以相乘的力和距离必须沿着同一方向，始终记住这一点是很重要的。nEvery body continues in its state of rest or uniformed motion in a straight line, unless acted upon（作用） by an

10、external force. n物体如果不受外力作用，将继续保持其静止状态或做匀速直线运动。nMatter is anything having weight and occupying space.n凡是有重量和占据一定空间的，都是物质。nWhat is large and what is small is relative. n大和小是相对的。翻译过程n理解阶段n结合上下文，推敲词义-辨明语法，弄清关系-理解原文所涉及到的事物n表述阶段n直译+意译n词义理解和把握词义理解和把握nVarious speeds may be obtained by the use of large and

11、small pulleys(滑轮)n利用大小皮带轮可以获得不同的速度n辨别语法，弄清关系辨别语法，弄清关系nAs friction manifests itself as a resistance that opposes motion, it is usually considered as a nuisance(厌恶)n摩擦是运动的阻力，因此因此常被人看成讨厌的东西nBut now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable es

12、timate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials. nTechnically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental function is a drug The construction of such a satellite is now believed to be quite realizable，its r

13、ealization being supported with all the achievements of contemporary science，which have brought into being not only materials capable of withstanding severe stresses involved and high temperatures developed, but new technological processes as well. 现代科学的一切成就不仅是提供了能够承受高温高压的材料，而且也提供了新的工艺过程。依靠现代科学的这些成就

14、，我们相信完全可以制造出这样的人造卫星 总之，英译汉质量如何： 1. 看是否符合汉语表述习惯 These three colors ,red ,green ,and violet ,when combined,produced white . Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion. 2. 不要硬译，死译，过多直译不要硬译，死译，过多直译各种从句的翻译n同位语从句n定语从句n状语从句n宾语从句同位语从句的翻译同位语，有词组，有句子, 抽象概念表述不清楚时，用同位语继续阐述nWe

15、 should cherish today, the hope of tomorrow.nEach of us should have dreams, the source of happiness.n An idea came to him that he might write to her to ask more information about the matter .nBut now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonab

16、le estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials. II. Translation Skillsn先翻译从句先翻译从句,即从句前置即从句前置 -引导词过长情况下引导词过长情况下This is a universally accepted principle of international law that the territory sovereignty(主权) doesnt admit

17、of infringement. 一个国家的领土不容侵犯，这是国际法中尽人皆知的准则。n2.拆分法拆分法n Canada has long subscribed to the view that no state should use its territory or allow it to be used in such a way as to injure the environment of another state or of the international commons. n n长期以来，加拿大一直认为，任何国家都不应该用自己的领土或允许别国利用其领土来破坏另一个国家或国际社

18、会的环境。 n3.增加“即”（或“以为”）或用冒号、破折号分开nBut realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.n但是现实地考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样的事实：我们的前景并不妙。nbasically, theoretically, practically,.宾语从句的翻译n用 等引导的宾语从句nI told him that Id have to turn it down, because of the last condition,n我告诉他，由于那最后一个条件，我只得谢绝nI

19、 also told him how appealing I found the offer.n我也告诉他，这提供的机会对我有多么大的吸引力。 that, what, hown有时可加“说”字nHe would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others.n他再三提醒大家说，决定这件事的不只是他一个人，还有其他许多人。用it作假宾语的句子，it可不译。nI made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers be

20、fore 10 oclock in the morning.n我向他们讲清楚了的，他们必须在上午十点以前交卷。状语从句的翻译状语转译技巧状语转译技巧 时间时间条件条件These three colors ,red ,green ,and violet ,when combined,produced white . 红色、绿色和紫色这三种颜色红色、绿色和紫色这三种颜色如果合在一起如果合在一起就变成白色。就变成白色。 条件条件地点地点Where there is nothing in the path of beam of light （光束）（光束）, nothing is seen. 如果光束

21、通道上没有东西如果光束通道上没有东西，就什么也看不到。，就什么也看不到。 nBecause he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion. 原因原因因果因果他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持已见。 状语和状语从句的翻译n概述q时间q原因q条件q让步q目的n译成相应的表示时间的状语n译成“刚就”的句式n译成并列分句一、时间状语从句的译法一、时间状语从句的译法n译成相应的表示时间的状语n1. While she spoke, the tears were running down.n 她说话时，泪水直流。n

22、2.Pleasae turn off the lights when you leave the room.n离屋时请关灯。n译成“刚就”的句式n1.He had hardly rushed into the room when he shouted, “Fire! Fire！”n他刚跑进屋里就大声喊：“着火了！着火了！”nhardly.when.n2.He had scarcely handed me the letter when he asked me to read it.n他把信一交给我，就叫我念给他听。n译成并列分句nThey set him free when his ranso

23、m（赎金） had not yet been paid.n他还没有交赎金，他们就把他释放了。n译成表“因”的分句n译成因果偏正复句中的主句n译成不用关联词而因果关系内含的并列分句二、原因状语从句二、原因状语从句n译成表“因”的分句nThe crops failed because the season was dry.n因为气候干旱，作物歉收。nWe have to put the meeting off since so many people were absent.n译成因果偏正复句中的主句nBecause he was convinced of the accuracy of this

24、 fact, he stuck to his opinion.n他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持己见。n译成不用关联词而因果关系内含的并列分句n1.After all, it did not matter much, because in 24 hours, they were going to be free.n反正关系不大，二十四小时以后他们就要自由了。（语气）n2. He was not only surprised but, to start with, extremely suspicious, as he had every reason to be.n他不但惊讶而且首先是十分怀疑，

25、他这样感觉是完全有理由的。三、表示条件的状语从句n译成表“条件”的分句n译成表“假设”的分句n译成表补充说明情况的分句n译成表“条件”的分句nIt was better in case they were captured.要是把他们捉到了，那就更好了。n译成表“假设”的分句nIf one of them collapsed, as they often did, the guide used to carry him over the mountains.n如果其中一个人垮了，这种事时常在他们中间发生，向导就要背着他过山。n译成表补充说明情况的分句后置nYou can drive tonig

26、ht if you are ready.n你今晚可以出车，如果你愿意的话。四、表示让步的状语从句n译成表“让步”的分句n译成表“无条件”的分句n译成表“让步”的分句nAlthough he seems hearty and outgoing in public, Mr. Cooks is a withdrawn, introverted man.n虽然库克先生在公共场合中是热情而开朗的，但他却是一个孤僻的、性格内向的人。nWhile I grant his honesty, I suspect his memory.n虽然我对他的诚实没有疑义，但我对他的记忆力却感到怀疑。n译成表“无条件”的分

27、句nNo matter what misfortune befell him, he always squared his shoulders and said: “Never mind, Ill work harder.”n不管他遭受什么不幸事儿，他总是把胸一挺，说“没关系，我再加把劲儿。”五、表示目的的状语从句n译成表“目的”的前置分句n译成表“目的”的后置分句n译成表“目的”的前置分句nHe pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.n为了不惊醒她，他轻轻

28、推开房门，悄悄地溜了出去。为了，省得，免得，以免，以便，生怕等等n译成表“目的”的后置分句nThe murderer ran away as fast as he could, so that he might not be caught red-handed.n凶手尽快地跑开，以免被人当场抓获。nWithin 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by open

29、ing an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD 30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export point so that the Seller may draw the sum in due time.nIf the technical documents are found lost, damaged or mutilated during air transportation, Party B shall supply Party A free of charge with

30、a second set of the document, within the shortest possible time but not later than thirty days after it has received from Party A the written notice.定语从句的译法定语从句的译法1、英汉定语的比、英汉定语的比较较英语英语：模式一模式一 单词定语单词定语+中心词中心词模式二模式二 中心词中心词+短语短语or从句从句汉语：汉语：模式一模式一 定语定语+中心词中心词nA stone buildingnFaded flowersnBoiling water

31、nBoiled waternA gone casenThe risen sun模式一模式一 单词定语单词定语+中心词中心词一座石头砌的大厦萎谢的花开着的水开水无可挽救的事升起了的太阳n以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词 This is the only reference book available here on the subject.This is the earliest edition obtainable.n 修饰some, any, no, every 等词构成的不定代词和名词things, matters 的adj. There is nothing unexpecte

32、d about it.模式二模式二 中心词中心词+短语短语or从句从句n副词 They live in the room above.n 具有表语力量的形容词 I am the happiest man alive.All the people present began to shout: “Welcome!”模式二模式二 中心词中心词+短语短语or从句从句n由连词 “or”, “and”, “eitheror”, “both. and” 连接的定语 Every nation, big or small, has its strong and weak points.n短语作定语He sug

33、gested a method at once economical and practical.模式二模式二 中心词中心词+短语短语or从句从句 2.1 译成定语译成定语前置法前置法 2.2 译成并列分句译成并列分句后置法后置法 2.3 融合法融合法译成谓语译成谓语, 表语和主语合并译成主语表语和主语合并译成主语 2.4 译成原因、结果、让步、目的、条件状语从句译成原因、结果、让步、目的、条件状语从句。2、翻译方法翻译方法2.1 译成定语译成定语前置法前置法n译成带译成带“的的”的定语词置于的定语词置于被修饰词之前，复合句译成被修饰词之前，复合句译成汉语的简单句。汉语的简单句。 The pe

34、ople who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.在他手下工作在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。2.2译成并列分句译成并列分句后置法后置法n当定语从句较长时当定语从句较长时, ,将其译成并列分句将其译成并列分句, 放置放置于原来它所修饰词的后面。先行词可保留并于原来它所修饰词的后面。先行词可保留并在第二个分句中重复；亦可省略。在第二个分句中重复；亦可省略。nHe managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two ponds each.他居然种出了二百个奇

35、迹般的西红柿，每个重达两傍每个重达两傍。It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了说你的叔叔去世了2.3 融合法融合法译成谓语译成谓语, 表语和主语合表语和主语合 并译成主语并译成主语“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign economist.一位外国经济学家说道，“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去不讨饭就活不下去。”u系表结构系表结构uThere be 句型There is a m

36、an downstairs who wants to see you.楼下有人要见你有人要见你。2.4 译成原因、结果、让步、目的、条 件状语从句In office, figures, lists and information are compiled which tell the managers or heads of the business what is happening in their shops or factoriesHe did not remember his father who died when he was three years old.（原因）他不记得他父

37、亲了, 因为他父亲死时他才三岁因为他父亲死时他才三岁。在办公室里, 工作人员将各种数据、表格和信息加以汇编, 以便让经理或主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂以便让经理或主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂目前正在发生的情况目前正在发生的情况。（目的）nOf or relating to something supplied, installed, or purchased in this manner:n属于或关于以上这种方式提供、安装或购买的东西的：na turnkey agreement.n全承包的协议nTurnkey Service统包服务,承 包 服 务nTurnkey交钥匙方案nturnkey p

38、roject : 承 包 计 划nAll prices in the price lists are subjectto our confirmation. n报价单中所有价格以我方确认为准。. This offer is subject to your reply reaching here before the end of this month. n该报盘以你方本月底前到达我地为有效。 They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the pas

39、t, many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命自己的生命。n1) And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind. 习惯于习惯于多多动脑

40、筋动脑筋而不是少动脑筋的人，在而不是少动脑筋的人，在进入老年以后，要比进入老年以后，要比一个从来不积极动脑一个从来不积极动脑子的子的人人的认知能力更为健全的认知能力更为健全。2)The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. 每天，每天，你感觉精力最充沛的你感觉精力最充沛的时候时候正是你正是你的的体温循环周期体温循环周期处在高峰的时刻。处在高峰的时刻。 3.A contrast is often made between business, w

41、hich is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly. 人们经常在商界和政界之间进行一番对照人们经常在商界和政界之间进行一番对照：商界商界自由竞争自由竞争而政界而政界垄断专权垄断专权。 4）In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition, which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. 1872年始，汤姆森领导了一次年始，汤姆森领导了一次科学考察，科学考察，考察活动考察活动进行进行了四

42、年，从海洋中采集了成千了四年，从海洋中采集了成千上万的标本。上万的标本。5）For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers.学生学的学生学的每门课程每门课程都会给都会给一个成绩一个成绩并记入并记入本人档案本人档案，将来，将来可以可以向雇主们出示。向雇主们出示。 6）Clothes which have been worn only

43、a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. 衣服衣服尽管才穿了没几尽管才穿了没几次，也因次，也因款式过时款式过时 而不得不搁置一边。而不得不搁置一边。 1. 7）A resolution was passed on enforcing sanctions upon Iraq, which extends support to Kuwait in safeguarding its sovereignty.通过通过一项经济制裁伊拉克的一项经济制裁伊拉克的决议决议，旨在支持旨在支持科威特捍卫自己的主权科威特捍卫

44、自己的主权 。8）A serious earthquake took place in Los Angeles last week which caused heavy losses of property. 上周洛杉矶发生了强烈的上周洛杉矶发生了强烈的地震地震，造成严造成严重的财产损失。重的财产损失。9）He made the sound of sympathy which comes so readily from those who have an independent income. 他发出了他发出了同情之声同情之声，这种声音这种声音是那些有是那些有独立收入的人最容易脱口而出的独立收

45、入的人最容易脱口而出的。 1. 10）Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist.1. 如果如果有人有人认为理性认识可以不从感性认为理性认识可以不从感性认识得来认识得来，他他就是一个唯心主义者。就是一个唯心主义者。P.88-94nBusiness is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale, through which profit or economic surplus will be created.商务是指生产、配送、销售等一切活动的组合，商务是指生产、配送、销售等一切活动的组合，通过这些活动通过这些活动，创造利润和经济盈余。，创造利润和经济盈余。nInternational trade transactions refer to the exportation of goods or services from one country to another, which is the importing country. （