制药工程 专业英语 Unit 1（课堂PPT）

1、1The professional English of pharmaceutical engineeringWang XinliangEast China university of science and technology13.02.20122vFinal examination Two parts: grade of daily study (30%) attendance rate homework others (exercise, middle examination) grade of final examination (70%)The content of examina

2、tion3The content of examinationvDegree test 50% basic English 50% professional English word : translation from English to Chinese (5 points) translation from Chinese to English (5 points) Translation: (40 points) 4 paragraphs which include about 250 words in each of them. pay attention to only 125 t

3、o 150 words in each paragraph need to be translated. These 4 paragraphs are not simple sentence.4How to learn the professional EnglishvMaster some skillsvMaster the necessary knowledgevWhat is the most important thing5vWhat is the important thing in this course remember the word? translate sentence

4、by sentence? learn more professional knowledge?Youdao Dict 有道词典有道词典How to teach the professional English6 Crocin yellow（藏花素）（藏花素）, which is extracted from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis （栀子）（栀子）, is widely used as a natural food colorant in Asian countries, while Gardenia extract has been used in Chines

5、e traditional medicine (CTM) for curing a number of ailments 3. These crocetin（藏红花酸）（藏红花酸）derivatives, which are different from most families of carotenoids （类胡萝卜素）（类胡萝卜素）, are known for their coloring properties owing to their peculiar water-soluble behavior 4. Numerous studies have dealt with the

6、component structures of yellow pigment extracts isolated from gardenia fruits 48, their spectroscopic characterization and radical-scavenging activity 4,9, data concerning the concentration of major components for the determination of optimal time of harvest and extraction process 10,11.7The content

7、 of this coursevIntroduce some skills of translation and do some exercise in the classroom.vSummarize some regulations in the professional English.vLearn the text.vDiscuss some topics.8Part 1 Medicinal chemistry Unit 1 Production of DrugsvThe whole concept of the production of drugsvThe classificati

8、on of the drugs vThe introduction of each group of drugs 9The first question: how to classify the drugvDepending on the kinds of disease: Cardiovascular drugs Digestive system drugs Respiratory system drugs Antiviral drugsvProprietary drugs or Generic drugsvDepending on the production or origin:10药品

9、的生产药品的生产依据其生产或来源，药物制剂可以分为三类：依据其生产或来源，药物制剂可以分为三类：I.完全的合成材料（完全的合成材料（人工合成材料人工合成材料），），II.天然产物，和天然产物，和III.源自部分合成的产品（源自部分合成的产品（半合成产品半合成产品）。）。 Depending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I . Totally synthetic materials (synthetics)，II. Natural products，andII

10、I. Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).Unit 1 Products of Drugs11Wordssynthetics glycoside(s)hydrolysate dextrantargeted modificationEpinephrineLevodopaProstaglandinsD-PenicillamineVincamine EukaryontProkaryontLeuconostoc mesenteroidesCorynebacterium glutamicumBrevibacterium fl

11、avum Propionibacterium shermaniipurina nucleotidecitric acidmonosodium L-glutamatechromatinn. 用作复用作复人工合成人工合成(绝缘绝缘)材料材料n. 配醣；配糖体；糖苷配醣；配糖体；糖苷n. 水解液；水解产物水解液；水解产物n. 葡萄聚糖；右旋糖酐葡萄聚糖；右旋糖酐定向（或靶向）修饰定向（或靶向）修饰n. 肾上腺素肾上腺素n. 药药 左旋多巴（等于左旋多巴（等于L-dopa）n. 前列腺素（前列腺素（prostaglandin的复数形式）的复数形式）n. D-青霉胺青霉胺n. 长春胺长春胺n. 真真核细

12、胞核细胞n. 原原核细胞核细胞肠膜状明串珠菌肠膜状明串珠菌谷氨酸棒杆菌谷氨酸棒杆菌黄色短杆菌黄色短杆菌谢氏丙酸杆菌谢氏丙酸杆菌嘌呤核苷（酸）嘌呤核苷（酸）柠檬酸柠檬酸谷氨酸钠（味精）谷氨酸钠（味精）n. 核染色质；核染质核染色质；核染质12Alkali metalLi lithium Na sodiumK potassiumRb rubidiumCs caesium Fr franciumH hydrogen 13 本书的重点是在于本书的重点是在于和和类中类中最重要的最重要的化合物化合物药物合成。但是，这药物合成。但是，这并不意味着，天然产品或其他制剂并不太重要。它们可以作为有价值的先导并不意

13、味着，天然产品或其他制剂并不太重要。它们可以作为有价值的先导结构，他们常常作为重要的合成产品的起始原料或中间体产品。结构，他们常常作为重要的合成产品的起始原料或中间体产品。 表表1列列出了获取出了获取药物制剂药物制剂的不同方法的概述。的不同方法的概述。 The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and - thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or other agents a

14、re less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products. Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.14 最初从天然资源库获得的几个重要治疗作用的天然产品，今天可以通过全最初从天然资源库获

15、得的几个重要治疗作用的天然产品，今天可以通过全合成更有效地，例如更经济地被制备出来。这样的例子包括合成更有效地，例如更经济地被制备出来。这样的例子包括L-氨基酸、氯霉素氨基酸、氯霉素、咖啡因、多巴胺、肾上腺素、左旋多巴、肽类激素、前列腺素、咖啡因、多巴胺、肾上腺素、左旋多巴、肽类激素、前列腺素、D -青霉胺青霉胺、长春胺，、长春胺，以及几乎所有的维生素。以及几乎所有的维生素。 Several therapeutically significant natural products which were originally obtained from natural sources are t

16、oday more effectively -i. e. more economically -prepared by total synthesis. Such examples include L-amino acids, Chloramphenicol, Caffeine, Dopamine, Epinephrine, Levodopa, peptide hormones, Prostaglandins, D-Penicillamine, Vincamine, and practically all vitamins.15 在过去的几年里在过去的几年里，发酵发酵，即微生物过程即微生物过程

17、，变得极其重要。通过现代技术和变得极其重要。通过现代技术和基因选择导致基因选择导致的的微生物微生物的的高性能高性能突异变种突异变种的的结果结果，发酵已成为选，发酵已成为选择宽范围择宽范围物质物质的的方法。真核细胞（酵母菌和霉菌）和原核细胞（单细胞细菌，放线菌）方法。真核细胞（酵母菌和霉菌）和原核细胞（单细胞细菌，放线菌）都可都可用用作作微生物。可以得到下列产品类型：微生物。可以得到下列产品类型： Over the last few years fermentation - i. e. microbiological processes has become extremely importan

18、t. Through modern technology and results from genetic selection leading to the creation of high performance mutants of microorganisms, fermentation has already become the method of choice for a wide range of substances. Both Eukaryonts (yeasts and moulds)and Prokaryonts(single bacterial cells, and a

19、ctinomycetes)are used microorganisms. The following product types can be obtained: 16 尽管从诸如肠膜尽管从诸如肠膜状状明串球菌的某些微生物的黏膜可以生产葡萄聚糖，但明串球菌的某些微生物的黏膜可以生产葡萄聚糖，但第第2和和3类产品类型只与药品生产的有关。葡聚糖自身的分子量类产品类型只与药品生产的有关。葡聚糖自身的分子量5万万10万，万，可用作血浆代用品。而来自谷氨酸棒杆菌和黄色短杆菌突变体的初级代谢产可用作血浆代用品。而来自谷氨酸棒杆菌和黄色短杆菌突变体的初级代谢产物中，物中，L-氨基酸尤其令人感兴趣。从这些生

20、物体中，可以生产约氨基酸尤其令人感兴趣。从这些生物体中，可以生产约35万吨万吨L-谷谷氨酸单钠盐（氨酸单钠盐（味精味精，食品添加剂）和约，食品添加剂）和约70,000吨吨L-赖氨酸（用于植物蛋白补赖氨酸（用于植物蛋白补充物质）。此外，重要的初级代谢产物还有嘌呤核苷酸、有机酸、乳酸、柠充物质）。此外，重要的初级代谢产物还有嘌呤核苷酸、有机酸、乳酸、柠檬酸和维生素，例如源自谢氏丙酸杆菌的维生素檬酸和维生素，例如源自谢氏丙酸杆菌的维生素B12。 Disregarding the production of dextran from the mucous membranes of certain mi

21、croorganisms，e. g. Leuconostoc mesenteroides, classes 2 and 3 are the relevant ones for the preparation of drugs. Dextran itself, with a molecular weight of 50,000 100,000, is used as a blood plasma substitute. Among the primary metabolites the L-amino acids from mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicu

22、m and Brevibacterium flavum are especially interesting. From these organisms some 350,000 tones of monosodium L-glutamate (food additive) and some 70,000 tones of L-lysine (supplement for vegetable proteins) are produced. Further important primary metabolites are the purina nucleotides, organic acid

23、s, lactic acid, citric acid, and vitamins, for example vitamin B12 from Propionibacterium shermanii.17 在次生代谢产物中首先必须提到的是抗生素。以下五组药品代表了全球在次生代谢产物中首先必须提到的是抗生素。以下五组药品代表了全球每年价值每年价值170亿美元：亿美元： 青霉素类（青霉素类（产黄青霉产黄青霉），）， 头孢菌素类（头孢菌素类（顶头孢霉菌顶头孢霉菌），）， 四环素类（四环素类（金霉素链霉菌金霉素链霉菌），）， 红霉素类（红霉素类（红霉素链霉菌红霉素链霉菌），）， 氨基糖苷（如来自氨基糖

24、苷（如来自灰色链霉菌灰色链霉菌的的链霉素链霉素）。 Among the secondary metabolites the antibiotics must be mentioned first. The following five groups represent a yearly worldwide value of US-$17 billion: penicillins ( Penicillium chrysogenum )， cephalosporins ( Cephalosporium acremonium )， tetracyclines ( Streptomyces aureo

25、faciens )， erythromycins ( Streptomyces erythreus )， aminoglycosides (e. g. streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus).18 Dextran is a polymer of glucose. It is a white powder and it is soluble in water and insoluble in ethanol. Dextran can increase the plasma volume and maintain the blood pressure, so

26、 it can be used for as a blood plasma substitute. It can be produced by fermentation of sucrose in leuconostoc mesenteroides. Certainly, the fermentation only produce the raw material and the some purification is necessary. The simple introduction of dextran Molecular formula:（C6H10O5）n glucose 葡萄糖葡

27、萄糖fructose 果糖果糖 OOOmono-, di-, tri-, polymer单体，二聚体，三聚体，聚合体单体，二聚体，三聚体，聚合体(物物)sucrose n.蔗糖蔗糖19 从微生物中已分离出约从微生物中已分离出约5000种抗生素，但其中只有不到种抗生素，但其中只有不到100种有治疗用途。种有治疗用途。但是，必须记住，许多衍生物已通过部分合成法来修饰以获得治疗用途；在过但是，必须记住，许多衍生物已通过部分合成法来修饰以获得治疗用途；在过去的十年里，采用半合成方法已从去的十年里，采用半合成方法已从-内酰胺内酰胺获得了约获得了约50,000种制剂。发酵种制剂。发酵是是在在体积高达体积高

28、达400m3的的不锈钢发酵罐不锈钢发酵罐中进行中进行。为了避免受到噬菌体等微生物的污染，。为了避免受到噬菌体等微生物的污染，（发酵）全过程都必须在无菌条件下进行。由于更重要的（发酵）全过程都必须在无菌条件下进行。由于更重要的是，是，发酵只在有氧条发酵只在有氧条件下才能发生件下才能发生；因此因此，需要需要提供提供有足够量的（无菌）氧气或空气。二氧化碳的有足够量的（无菌）氧气或空气。二氧化碳的来源包括糖类（碳水化合物），如废糖浆、低聚糖类和葡萄糖。来源包括糖类（碳水化合物），如废糖浆、低聚糖类和葡萄糖。 About 5000 antibiotics have already been isolat

29、ed from microorganisms, but of these only somewhat fewer than 100 are in therapeutic use. It must be remembered，however，that many derivatives have been modified by partial synthesis for therapeutic use; some 50,000 agents have been semisynthetically obtained from -lactams alone in the last decade. F

30、ermentations are carried out in stainless steel fermentors with volumes up to 400 m3. To avoid contamination of the microorganisms with phages etc. the whole process has to be performed under sterile conditions. Since the more important fermentations occur exclusively under aerobic conditions, a goo

31、d supply of oxygen or air (sterile) is needed. Carbon dioxide sources include carbohydrates, e. g. molasses, saccharides, and glucose. 20Wordsammonium （ammonia）aminesodium bicarbonatesodium hydroxidehydrochloric/sulfuric/nitric acidhypochloritechloritechlorate perchloratenitritenitratesulfidesulfite

32、sulfate persulfatephosphite hypophosphite phosphatedihydrogen phosphatehydrogen phosphate铵；铵盐铵；铵盐 （氨；氨水氨；氨水） 胺胺碳酸氢钠；小苏打、碳酸氢钠；小苏打、 NaHCO3氢氧化钠氢氧化钠 、NaOH盐盐酸；酸；硫硫酸；酸；硝硝酸酸次氯酸盐（酯）次氯酸盐（酯）亚氯酸盐（酯）亚氯酸盐（酯）氯酸盐（酯）氯酸盐（酯）高氯酸盐（酯）高氯酸盐（酯）亚硝酸盐（酯）亚硝酸盐（酯）硝酸盐（酯）硝酸盐（酯）硫化物；硫醚硫化物；硫醚亚硫酸盐（酯）亚硫酸盐（酯）硫酸盐（酯）硫酸盐（酯）过硫酸盐（酯）过硫酸盐（酯）亚磷

33、酸盐（酯）亚磷酸盐（酯）次磷酸盐（酯）次磷酸盐（酯）磷酸盐（酯）磷酸盐（酯）磷酸二氢盐磷酸二氢盐磷酸一氢盐磷酸一氢盐21Prefix-Parent-SuffixNomenclature of parent part:Nomenclature of alkanes and alkyl substituentsStraight-chain alkanes Straight-chain alkanes are named by counting the number of carbon atoms in the chain and adding the family suffix-aneane. T

34、hus pentane is the five-carbon alkane, and hexane is the six-carbon alkane. Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 122vAn alkyl substituent (or an alkyl group) is an alkane from which a single hydrogen has been removed. vAlkyl substituents are named by replacing the “ane” suffix of the alkane with “yl”.

35、The letter “R” is used to indicate any alkyl group. vThus CH3- has the name of methyl, while the group of CH3CH2- was named ethyl. 23Number Molecular Name Name in Alkylof carbons formula Chinese substituents 1 CH4 Methane甲甲烷烷 Methyl 2 C2H6 Ethane乙乙烷烷 Ethyl 3 C3H8 Propane丙丙烷烷 Propyl 4 C4H10 Butane 丁丁

36、烷烷 Butyl 5 C5H12 Pentane 戊戊烷烷 Pentyl 6 C6H14 Hexane己己烷烷 Hexyl 7 C7H16 Heptane 庚庚烷烷 Heptyl 8 C8H18 Octane辛辛烷烷 Octyl 9 C9H20 Nonane壬壬烷烷 Nonyl 10 C10H22 Decane癸癸烷烷 Decyl 11 C11H24 Undecane十一十一烷烷 Undecyl 12 C12H26 Dodecane十二十二烷烷 Dodecyl 13 C13H28 Tridecane十三十三烷烷 Tridecyl 20 C20H42 Icosane二十二十烷烷 Icosyl 2

37、1 C21H44 Heneicosane二十一二十一烷烷 Heneicosyl 30 C30H62 Triacontane三十三十烷烷 Triacontyl24Branched-chain alkanes 3-ethyl-3-methylhexaneCH3CH2CCH2CH2CH3CH2CH3CH325 Some useful prefixes for indicating the number of substituent groupsMono-单取代单取代, 一取代一取代Di- 二取代二取代Tri- 三取代三取代Tetra-四取代四取代Pent (a)-五取代五取代Hex (a)-六取代六

38、取代Hept (a)-七取代七取代Oct (a)-八取代八取代Nona-九取代九取代Deca-十取代十取代2,6-dimethyloctanenot2-ethyl-6-methylheptane3-ethyl-2-methylhexanenot3-isopropylhexaneCH3CHCH2CH2 CH2CHCH3CH2CH3CH3CH3CH2CHCH2 CH2CH3CHCH3CH326vSome useful prefixes used to name branched alkanes (Common names)(normal) n- 正正(isomer) iso- 异异neo- 新新p

39、rimary 伯，一级伯，一级(secondary ) sec- 仲，二级仲，二级(tertiary) tert- 叔，三级叔，三级quaternary 季，四级季，四级 n-pentane neopentane isobutane 正戊烷正戊烷 新戊烷新戊烷 异丁烷异丁烷 Pentane 2,2-dimethylpropane 2-methylpropanetert-butanol iso-butanamine sec-butanamine 叔丁醇叔丁醇 异丁胺异丁胺 仲丁胺仲丁胺2-methyl-2-propanol 2-methylpropanamine 1-methylpropanam

40、ineCH3(CH2)3CH3CH3CCH3CH3CH3CH3CHCH3CH3CH3CCH3OHCH3CH3CHCH2NH2CH3CH3CH2CHNH2CH327 The univalent radical derived from acyclic alkene or alkyne has the endings “-enyl” or “-ynyl”, (alkene alkenyl) (alkyne alkynyl), and the position of the double or triple bond is indicated where necessary. (unlike alk

41、ane alkyl)e. g. 1-propenyl 2-butenyl ethynyl 2-propynylCHCHCH3CH3CHCHCH2CHCCHCCH228The following non-systematic names are retainedvEthylene (乙烯）乙烯）vAllene （丙二烯）（丙二烯）vAcetylene （乙炔）（乙炔）vIsoprene （异戊二烯）（异戊二烯）vVinyl （乙烯基）（乙烯基）vAllyl （烯丙基）（烯丙基）vIsopropenyl （异丙烯基）（异丙烯基）CHCHCH2CH2CH2CCH2CH2CHCH2CHCH2CH3CC

42、H229Nomenclature of acyclic hydrocarbons with two or more double or triple bondsvTwo or more double bonds: the ending will be “-adiene”, “-atriene” etc. (alkadiene)vTwo or more triple bonds: the ending will be “-adiyne”, “-atriyne” etc. (alkadiyne)e. g. 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene propadiene 2,5-dimethyl

43、-2,4,6-octatriene 3-ethyl-4-methyl-1,6-heptadiyneCH2CCH2CHCHCH3CH330Nomenclature of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 苯苯 甲苯甲苯 二甲苯二甲苯 苯乙烯苯乙烯 异丙苯异丙苯 均三甲苯均三甲苯 benzene toluene xylene styrene cumene mesitylene苯基苯基 甲苯基甲苯基 二甲苯基二甲苯基 苯乙烯基苯乙烯基 异丙苯基异丙苯基 均三甲苯基均三甲苯基 苄基苄基Phenyl tolyl xylyl styryl cumenyl mesityl b

44、enzylCH3CH3CH3CHCH2CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CHCH2CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH231Common names retained for thedisubstituted benzeneortho-, o-邻邻meta-, m-间间para-, p-对对 m-methylbenzyl m-tolyl 3,4-dimethylphenyl3-methylbenzyl 3-tolyl o-styryl p-cumenyl 3,5-dimethyl-4- ethylphenyl 2-styryl 4-cumenyl CH3CH3CH3CH2CHCH2

45、CH3CH3CH3CH3CH2CH332 Some important Families of organic moleculesvSaturated hydrocarbons: such as: Alkanes; cycloalkanes; vUn-saturated hydrocarbons: such as: alkenes; alkynes; cycloalkenes; cycloalkynes; cycloalkadienes; cycloalkadiynes; vAromatic compouds: benzene; biphenyl; naphthalene and other

46、fused and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; vCompounds with functional groups: alkyl halides （卤代烃）（卤代烃）; alcohols（醇）（醇）; phenols（酚）（酚）; ethers（醚）（醚）; amines（胺）（胺）; vCompounds with functional groups: aldehydes（醛）（醛）; ketones（酮）（酮）; quinones（醌）（醌）; carboxylic acids（羧酸）（羧酸）; esters（酯）（酯）; acyl halides（

47、酰卤）（酰卤）; acid anhydrides（酸酐）（酸酐） amides（酰胺）（酰胺）; imides（亚胺）（亚胺）; 33 Compounds with functional groups: alkyl halides （卤代烃）（卤代烃）; alcohols（醇）（醇）; phenols（酚）（酚）; ethers（醚）（醚）; amines（胺）（胺）etc.valkyl halidesR-X halogen (-halo) (-Cl, -Br, -F, -I)vAlcoholsR-OH hydroxy group (-OH)vPhenolsAr-OH hydroxy grou

48、p (-OH)vEthersR-O-R Alkoxy group (O-R)vAminesR-NH2 amino group (NH2)34 Alkyl halides (haloalkane or alkyl halide) Alkyl halides are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the carbon to which the halogen is attached. CH3CH2BrCH3CHCH3BrCH3CBrCH3CH3a primary alkyl halidea secondary

49、alkyl halide a tertiary alkyl halide ethyl bromide tert-butyl bromide sec-propyl bromide35 The common names of the alkyl halides are obtained by citing the name of the alkyl group followed by the name of the halogen. (alkyl halide) In the IUPAC system, alkyl halides are named as substituted alkanes.

50、 The substituted prefix names for the halogens end in “o”(fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo). (haloalkane)CH3CH2ClCH3CHCH3FCH3CBrCH3CH3 sec-propyl fluoride ethyl chloride tert-butyl bromideCH3I methyl iodide 2-fluoropropane chloroethane2-bromo-2-methylpropane iodomethane36Alcohols The common names, simila

51、r to alkyl halides, are obtained by citing the name of the alkyl group to which the OH group is attached, followed by the word “alcohol”. (alkyl alcohol) The IUPAC name for an alcohol is obtained by removing the “e” from the name of the alkane and adding the suffix “ol”. (alkanol)CH3CH2OHCH3CHCH3OHC

52、H3COHCH3CH3sec-propyl alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) ethyl alcoholtert-butyl alcohol2-propanol ethanol2-methyl2-propanolNomenclature of alcohols37Amines are compounds in which one or more hydrogen of ammonia have been replaced by alkyl groups. There are primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. This cla

53、ssification depends on how many alkyl groups are bonded to the nitrogen. (! not carbon)RNH2a secondary amine a primary aminea tertiary amineRNHRRNRRRCRRNH2RCRROH a primary amine a tertiary alcoholNomenclature of amines38vThe common name of a amine is obtained by citing the names of the alkyl groups

54、bonded to the nitrogen in alphabetical order. The entire name is written as one word. (alkylamine) e. g. CH3NCH3CH3CH3NCH2CH2CH2CH3CH2CH3CH3NCH2CH3CHCH2CH2CH3CH2Cltrimethylaminebutylethylmethylamineno common name39vThere are two IUPAC approved way to name an amine. vIt can be named as a substituted

55、alkane using the prefix “amino” to designate the amine substituent. (?aminoalkane)vIt also can been named with a functional group suffix- “amine”. The “e” at the end of the alkane name is replaced by “amine”. The names of substituents bonded to the nitrogen are preceded by an N (in italic) to indica

56、te that the substituent is bonded to a nitrogen rather than to a carbon. (N-alkyl)alkanamine40CH3NCH3CH3CH3NCH2CH2CH2CH3CH2CH3CH3NCH2CH3CHCH2CH2CH3CH2Cldimethylaminomethane1-(ethylmethylamino)butane1-chloro-2-(ethylmethylamino)pentaneorN,N-dimethylmethanamineorN-ethyl-N-methylbutanamineor1-chloro-N-

57、ethyl-N-methyl-2-pentanaminetrimethylaminebutylethylmethylamineno common name41vAmines with four alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen-and therefore a positive charge on the nitrogen-are called quaternary ammonium salts. Their names are obtained by citing the names of the alkyl groups in alphabetical

58、order as a prefix to “ammonium”, followed by the name of the counterion. alkylammonium halide (or hydroxide etc)CH3N+CH3CH3CH3CH3N+CH2CH2CH2CH3CH2CH3CH3CH3N+CH2CH3CHCH2CH2CH3CH2ClCH3OH-Cl-Br-tetramethylammonium hydroxide(1-chloromethyl)butylethyldimethylammonium bromidebutylethyldimethylammoniumchlo

59、ride42Nomenclature of etherssymmetrical ether and asymmetrical ether. e. g.RORRORa symmetrical etheran asymmetrical ether43vThe common name of an ether is obtained by citing the names of the two alkyl substituents (in alphabetical order) followed by the word “ether”. The smallest ethers are almost a

60、lways named by their common names. ( alkylalkyl ether) vThe IUPAC system names an ether as an alkane that bears an alkoxy substituent. Alkoxy substituents are named by removing the “yl” from the name of the alkyl substituent and adding “oxy”. (alkoxyalkane)CH3OH3CH2COCH2CH3CH3OCH2CH3CH3OCHCH2CH3CH3e