湘大高分子专业英语Charpter 1

1、1Charpter 131、高分子物理高分子物理（第三版）（第三版） 何曼君等编何曼君等编 ， 复旦大学出版社复旦大学出版社2、高分子化学高分子化学（第二版）潘祖仁主编，（第二版）潘祖仁主编， 化学工业出版社化学工业出版社3、高分子材料工程专业英语高分子材料工程专业英语 曹同玉等主编曹同玉等主编 ，化学工业出，化学工业出版社版社4、An Introduction to Polymer Physics David I. Bower， Cambridge University Press (2002)5、Principles of Polymer Chemistry Paul J. Flory,

2、Cornell University Press (1953)6、Engineering Plastics Handbook James M. Margolis, McGraw-Hill (2006)教材及参考书：教材及参考书：41、高分子物理高分子物理（第三版）（第三版） 何曼君等编何曼君等编 ， 复旦大学出版社复旦大学出版社2、高分子化学高分子化学（第二版）潘祖仁主编，（第二版）潘祖仁主编， 化学工业出版社化学工业出版社3、高分子材料工程专业英语高分子材料工程专业英语 曹同玉等主编曹同玉等主编 ，化学工业出，化学工业出版社版社4、 高分子物理导论高分子物理导论大卫一凉亭，剑桥大学出版社（大

3、卫一凉亭，剑桥大学出版社（2002年）年）5 、 高分子化学原理高分子化学原理保罗保罗弗洛里，康奈尔大学出版社（弗洛里，康奈尔大学出版社（1953年）年）6 、 工程塑料手册工程塑料手册詹姆斯詹姆斯M马戈利斯，麦格劳马戈利斯，麦格劳 - 希尔希尔（2006）教材及参考书：教材及参考书：5附：重要高分子科学期刊附：重要高分子科学期刊Progress in Polymer ScienceBiomacromolecules MacromoleculesPolymer ChemistryMacromolecular Rapid CommunicationsJournal of Polymer Scie

4、ncePolymerEuropean Polymer Journal Macromolecular Chemistry and PhysicsPolymer InternationalJournal of Applied Polymer ScienceMacromolecular SymposiaPolymer Bulletin1.Polymer Journal 6附：重要高分子科学期刊附：重要高分子科学期刊在高分子科学进展在高分子科学进展生物大分子生物大分子大分子大分子高分子化学高分子化学大分子快讯大分子快讯 聚合物科学杂志聚合物科学杂志聚合物聚合物欧洲聚合物杂志欧洲聚合物杂志高分子化学与物

5、理高分子化学与物理国际聚合物国际聚合物应用聚合物科学杂志应用聚合物科学杂志高分子研讨会高分子研讨会高分子通报高分子通报1.高分子学报高分子学报7课程安排课程安排主要内容：主要内容：Chapter 1: Introduction; Chapter 2: Polymer Chemistry; Chapter 3: Polymer Physics; Chapter 4: Polymer Engineering; Chapter 5: Polymeric Materials 考试形式：开卷考试形式：开卷( (只能带讲义只能带讲义) )成绩：考试成绩（成绩：考试成绩（4040）+ + 平时成绩（平时成绩

6、（6060）8课程安排课程安排主要内容：主要内容：第第1章：绪论章：绪论; 第第2章：高分子化学；章：高分子化学； 第第3章：高分子物理章：高分子物理; 第第4章：高分子工程章：高分子工程; 第第5章：高分子材料章：高分子材料考试形式：开卷考试形式：开卷( (只能带讲义只能带讲义) )成绩：考试成绩（成绩：考试成绩（4040）+ + 平时成绩（平时成绩（6060）91.1. History of Polymer ScienceThe first modern example of polymer science is Henri Braconnots work in the 1830s. Br

7、aconnot, along with Christian Schnbein and others, developed derivatives of the natural polymer cellulose, producing new, semi-synthetic materials, such as celluloid and cellulose acetate. Henri BraconnotCelluloidCellulose acetate101.1.高分子科学史高分子科学的第一个现代的例子就是Henri Braconnot在19世纪30年代的工作。Braconnot，同Chr

8、istian Schnbein和其他人，发展处天然高分子纤维素的派生物，产生新的半合成材料，如赛璐珞和醋酸纤维素。Henri Braconnot赛璐珞醋酸纤维素11The term polymer was coined(杜撰) in 1833 by Jns Jakob Berzelius, though Berzelius did little that would be considered polymer science in the modern sense.In the 1840s, Friedrich Ludersdorf and Hayward Nathaniel independ

9、ently discovered that adding sulfur to raw natural rubber (polyisoprene) helped prevent the material from becoming sticky. In 1844 Charles Goodyear received a U.S. patent for vulcanizing natural rubber with sulfur and heat. Thomas Hancock had received a patent for the same process in the UK the year

10、 before. This process strengthened natural rubber and prevented it from melting with heat without losing flexibility. This made practical products such as water-proofed articles possible. It also facilitated practical manufacture of such rubberized materials. Vulcanized rubber represents the first c

11、ommercially successful product of polymer research. Jns Jakob BerzeliusCharles Goodyear12“聚合物”的名字在1833年由Jns Jakob Berzelius 创造出来，尽管Berzelius做的这点被认为是现代意义上的高分子科学。.在19世纪40年代， Friedrich Ludersdorf和Hayward Nathaniel独立发现把硫添加到原天然橡胶（聚异戊二烯）中有助于防止材料变粘。1844年Charles Goodyear获得了用硫磺和加热制得硫化天然橡胶的美国专利。在这一年前Thomas Ha

12、ncock在英国已得到了相同流程的专利。这个方法强化了天然橡胶，阻止了热融化且不失去柔顺性。这种方法制成实用型产品，例如防水材料成为可能。这也推动了这种橡胶材料的实际生产。硫化橡胶代表着聚合物研究的商业化产品的成功。Jns Jakob BerzeliusCharles Goodyear13In 1884 Hilaire de Chardonnet started the first artificial fiber plant based on regenerated cellulose, or viscose rayon, as a substitute for silk, but it w

13、as very flammable. In 1907 Leo Baekeland invented the first synthetic polymer, a thermosetting phenol-formaldehyde resin called Bakelite. Despite significant advances in polymer synthesis, the molecular nature of polymers was not understood until the work of Hermann Staudinger in 1922. Prior to Stau

14、dingers work, polymers were understood in terms of the association theory or aggregate theory, which originated with Thomas Graham in 1861. Graham proposed that cellulose and other polymers were colloids, aggregates of molecules small molecular mass connected by an unknown intermolecular force. Herm

15、ann Staudinger was the first to propose that polymers consisted of long chains of atoms held together by covalent bonds. It took over a decade for Staudingers work to gain wide acceptance in the scientific community, work for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953. 141884年Hilaire de Chardonnet

16、开始基于再生纤维素或粘胶纤维的第一个人造纤维厂，用以替代丝绸，但它是非常易燃。 1907年Leo Baekeland发明了第一个合成的聚合物热固性酚醛树脂，被称为电木 。尽管在聚合物合成上取得了显著的进步，但聚合物的分子性质直到经过Hermann Staudinger在1922年的工作才搞不明白 。Staudinger此前的工作中聚合物被解释成联理论或聚合理论，这理论始自于Thomas Graham在1861年。 Graham提出纤维素和其他聚合物是种胶质物，聚合物的分子由小分子质量通过一个未知的分子间作用力连接。Hermann Staudinger是第一个提出聚合物是由原子的共价结合在一起的

17、长链组成。Staudinger花了十多年的工作在科学界得到了广泛承认，对于它的工作于1953年他被授予诺贝尔奖。15In 1927, large scale production of vinyl-chloride resins begins. This polymeric compound continues to be widely used today to make plumbing (PVC) pipe, and bottles.In 1930, polystyrene is invented. This polymeric materials is used in videocas

18、settes and other packaging. Expanded polystyrene (commonly called Styrofoam).In 1938, Wallace Carothers of the DuPont company produces another well known polymeric product, nylon. Nylon is a common material used today for such applications as ropes and clothes.In 1941, polyethylene is developed. Bil

19、lions of pounds of both high and low density versions this material are produced annually for everything from packaging film to toys. PVCPSNylonPE161927年，大规模氯乙烯树脂的生产开始。这种高分子化合物持续到今天仍被广泛用于制造管道（PVC）管和瓶子。1930年，聚苯乙烯被发明。该聚合物材料用在录像带和其他的包装上。泡沫聚苯乙烯 （俗称发泡胶）。1938年，杜邦公司的Wallace Carothers生产另一个众所周知的聚合产物，尼龙。尼龙是当今

20、用于如绳索和衣服此类应用的常用材料。1941年，研制出聚乙烯。数十亿英镑的高和低密度版本的聚乙烯每年被生产出来，用于从包装膜到玩具一切事情上。 聚氯乙烯聚苯乙稀尼龙聚乙烯17Nobel prizes related to polymer science1953 (Chemistry) Hermann Staudinger for contributions to the understanding of macromolecular chemistry. 1974 (Chemistry) Paul J. Flory for contributions to theoretical polyme

21、r chemistry.1963 (Chemistry) Giulio Natta and Karl Ziegler for contributions in polymer synthesis. (Ziegler-Natta catalysis).Hermann StaudingerPaul J. FloryGiulio NattaKarl Ziegler18与高分子科学有关的诺贝尔奖与高分子科学有关的诺贝尔奖1953（化学）Hermann Staudinger对大分子化学的理解做出贡献1974（化学）Paul J. Flory对理论聚合物化学做出贡献。1963（化学） Giulio Nat

22、ta和Karl Ziegler在高分子合成方面的贡献。（ Ziegler-Natta催化剂）。Hermann StaudingerPaul J. FloryGiulio NattaKarl Ziegler191991 (Physics) Pierre-Gilles de Gennes for developing a generalized theory of phase transitions with particular applications to describing ordering and phase transitions in polymers.2000 (Chemistr

23、y) Alan G. MacDiarmid, Alan J. Heeger, and Hideki Shirakawa for work on conductive polymers, contributing to the advent of molecular electronics.Pierre-Gilles de GennesAlan G. MacDiarmidAlan J. HeegerHideki Shirakawa201991（物理） Pierre-Gilles de Gennes 发展了相转变的广义理论，应用于描述聚合物有序和相变。2000（化学） Alan G. MacDia

24、rmid ， Alan J. Heeger 和 Hideki Shirakawa导电聚合物的工作，有利于分子电子学的出现。Pierre-Gilles de GennesAlan G. MacDiarmidAlan J. HeegerHideki Shirakawa212002 (Chemistry) John Bennett Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, and Kurt Wthrich for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecu

25、les.2005 (Chemistry) Robert Grubbs, Richard Schrock, Yves Chauvin for olefin metathesis.John Bennett FennKoichi TanakaKurt WthrichRobert GrubbsRichard SchrockYves Chauvin222002（化学） John Bennett Fenn, Koichi Tanaka和 Kurt Wthrich发展用于鉴定和生物大分子的结构分析方法。2005（化学） Robert Grubbs, Richard Schrock和Yves Chauvin的

26、烯烃复分解反应。John Bennett FennKoichi TanakaKurt WthrichRobert GrubbsRichard SchrockYves Chauvin23A polymer is a chemical compound or mixture of compounds consisting of repeating structural units created through a process of polymerization. The term derives from the ancient Greek word (polus, meaning many

27、, much) and (meros, meaning parts), and refers to a molecule whose structure is composed of multiple repeating units, from which originates a characteristic of high relative molecular mass and attendant properties. The units composing polymers derive, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low

28、relative molecular mass. 1.2. Definition of PolymerPolypropylene (PP)Poly(methyl methacrylates) (PMMA)Poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS)24聚合物是通过聚合的过程创造出由重复的结构单元组成的化合物或混合物。该词源自古希腊语（ polus ，意思是“很多，很多”）和（ meros ，意为“部分”），且指的分子，其结构是由多个重复单元组成，从它起源具有高相对分子质量和伴随属性的特征。构成聚合物的单元，实际上或概念上来源与低相对分子质量的分子。1.2.聚合物的定义聚丙烯(PP

29、)聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)聚苯硫醚(PPS)25The term was coined in 1833 by Jns Jacob Berzelius, though with a definition distinct from the modern IUPAC definition. Polymers are studied in the fields of biophysics and macromolecular science, and polymer science (which include polymer chemistry and polymer physics). Hi

30、storically, products arising from the linkage of repeating units by covalent chemical bonds have been the primary focus of polymer science; emerging important areas of the science now focus on non-covalent links. Because of the stipulation as to repeating substructures, polymers are formally a subcl

31、ass of the category of macromolecules; the polyisoprene of latex rubber and the polystyrene of styrofoam are examples of polymeric natural/biological and synthetic polymers, respectively. Latex rubberStyrofoam26该词是在1833年由Jns Jacob Berzelius 创造的，尽管这个定义与现代IUPAC的定义不同。聚合物研究在生物物理学和大分子科学领域和高分子科学（包括高分子化学和高

32、分子物理）上。在历史上，通过共价化学键的重复单元的交链而产生的产品已成为聚合物科学的主要焦点；新兴科学的重要领域目前集中于非共价连接。关于重复子结构的规定，聚合物正式成为大分子类别的一个子类；胶乳橡胶的聚异戊二烯和泡沫聚苯乙烯的聚苯乙烯分别是天然的/生物的聚合物和合成聚合物的例子。乳胶橡胶泡沫聚苯乙烯27In biological contexts, essentially all biological macromoleculesi.e., proteins (polyamides), nucleic acids (polynucleotides), and polysaccharidesa

33、re purely polymeric, or are composed in large part of polymeric componentse.g., isoprenylated/lipid-modified glycoproteins, where small lipidic molecule and oligosaccharide modifications occur on the polyamide backbone of the protein. Hence, the terms polymer and polymeric material encompass very la

34、rge, broad classes of compounds, both natural and synthetic, with a wide variety of properties. Because of the extraordinary range of properties of polymeric materials, they play an essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday life, from those of familiar synthetic plastics and other materials of day-

35、to-day work and home life, to the natural biopolymers that are fundamental to biological structure and function.28在生物环境中，基本上所有的生物大分子如蛋白质（聚酰胺），核酸（多核苷酸），和多糖类是纯的聚合物，或在很大程度上由聚合物成份组成例如，异戊烯化 /脂质修饰的糖蛋白，其中小脂质分子和糖修饰发生在蛋白质的聚酰胺主链上。因此，聚合物和聚合物材料包含非常大的，宽的类别的化合物，无论是天然的还是合成的，具有各种各样的特性。由于高分子材料的性能非凡的范围性，它们在日常生活中扮演一个必

36、不可少的、无所不在的角色，从那些熟悉的合成塑料和每天的日常工作和家庭生活其他的材料到对生物结构和功能是必要的天然生物聚合物。29Polymers may be classified as follows, according to the mechanical response at elevated temperatures. Thermoplasts Thermosets a) Thermoplasts: Thermoset polymers soften when heated and harden when cooled. Simultaneous application of hea

37、t and pressure is required to fabricate these materials. On the molecular level, when the temperature is raised, secondary bonding forces are diminished so that the relative movement of adjacent chains is facilitated when a stress is applied. Most Linear polymers and those having branched structures

38、 with flexible chains are thermoplastics. Thermoplastics are very soft and ductile. The commercial available thermoplasts are: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), and Polystyrene, Polymethyl methacrylate, Polystyrene 1.2. Classifications of Polymers30聚合物可被分类如下，根据在高温下的力学性能。 热塑性塑料热塑性塑料 热固性塑料热固性塑料 a) 热塑性塑料：热固性聚合

39、物加热软化和冷却硬化。这些材料需要同时在加热和加压作用下制造。在分子水平上，当温度升高时次级键合力被减弱，以至于促进相邻链的相对运动当加压时。大多数线性聚合物和那些具有支化结构的柔性链是热塑性塑料。热塑性塑料非常柔软和易延展。商业可用的热塑性塑料有：聚氯乙烯（PVC）和聚苯乙烯，聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯，聚苯乙烯1.2.聚合物的分类31b) Thermosets: Thermosetting polymers become soft during their first heating and become permanently hard when cooled. They do not softe

40、n during subsequent heating. Hence, they cannot be remolded/reshaped by subsequent heating. In thermosets, during the initial heating, covalent cross-links are formed between adjacent molecular chain. These bonds anchor the chains together to resist the vibration and rotational chain motions at high

41、 temperatures. Cross linking is usually extensive in that 10 to 15% of the chain mer units are cross linked. Only heating to excessive temperatures will cause severance of these crosslink bonds and polymer degradation. Thermoset polymers are harder, stronger, more brittle than thermoplastics and hav

42、e better dimensional stability. They are more usable in processes requiring high temperatures. Most of the cross linked and network polymers which include Vulcanized rubbers, Epoxies, Phenolic and Polyester resins are thermosetting. Thermosets cannot be recycle, do not melt, are usable at higher tem

43、peratures than thermoplastics, and are more chemically inert.32b)热固性塑料： 热固性聚合物第一次加热过程中变软且冷却后永久的硬化。在随后的加热下不软化。因此，它们不能被重塑/再成形通过随后的加热。在热固性树脂中，初始加热过程中，共价交联在相邻的分子链之间形成。在高温下，这些键固定在链上共同抵御振动和旋转的链运动。交联通常是广泛在10至15的链节单元是交联的。只有加热到过高的温度才会导致这些交联键的断裂和聚合物的降解。热固性聚合物比热塑性塑料更硬，更强，更脆并具有更好的尺寸稳定性。他们是在需要高温工艺更便于使用。. 大部分的交叉链

44、接和网络状聚合物，其中包括硫化橡胶，环氧树脂，酚醛树脂和聚酯树脂都是热固性。热固性塑料不能再循环，不熔融，可以在比热塑性塑料较高温度的温度下使用，且更具有化学惰性。33They are classified as(i) Natural polymers (ii) Synthetic polymers (iii) Semi-synthetic polymers based on the source.(i) Natural polymers: The polymers obtained from nature (plants and animals) are called natural pol

45、ymers. These polymers are very essential for life. They are as under.(a) Starch: It is polymer of glucose and it is food reserve of plant.(b) Cellulose: It is also a polymer of glucose. It is a chief structural material of the plant both starch and cellulose are made by plants from glucose produced

46、during photosynthesis.(c) Proteins: These are polymers of -amino acids, they have generally 20 to 1000 amino acid joined together in a highly organized arrangement. These are building blocks of animal body and constitute an essential part of our food.(d) Nucleic acids: These are polymers of various

47、nucleotides. For example RNA and DNA are common nucleotides.* It may be noted that polymers such as polysaccharides (starch, cellulose), proteins and nucleic acids etc. which control various life processes in plants and animals are also called biopolymers.34它们被分类为(i)天然聚合物（天然聚合物（）合成聚合物（）合成聚合物（）半合成）半合

48、成聚合物聚合物 基于来源(i)天然聚合物:从自然界（植物和动物）中得到的聚合物被称为天然聚合物。这些聚合物是生命十分必要的。他们如下： (a)淀粉：它是葡萄糖的聚合物，它是植物的食物储备。(b)纤维素：也葡萄糖的聚合物。它是植物主要的结构材料，淀粉和纤维素都是在植物的光合作用下从葡萄糖中产生。 (c)蛋白质：这是-氨基酸的聚合物，它们一般为20到1000个-氨基酸连接在一起的具有高度组织性的排列。这些都是动物身体的构建块，且构成我们的食物的重要组成部分。 (d)核酸：这些是不同的核苷酸的聚合物。例如RNA和DNA是常见的核苷酸。 *应该指出，如多糖（淀粉，纤维素），蛋白质和核酸等的聚合物，其在

49、植物和动物中控制各种生命过程也被称为生物聚合物。35(ii) Synthetic polymers: The polymers which are prepared in the laboratories are called synthetic polymers. These are also called man made polymers. For example polyethylene, PVC, nylon, Teflon, Bakelite Terylene, synthetic rubber etc.(iii) Semisynthetic polymers: These pol

50、ymers are mostly derived from naturally occurring polymers by chemical modifications. For example cellulose is naturally occurring polymers, cellulose on acetylation with acetic anhydride in the presence of sulphuric acid forms cellulose diacetate polymers. It is used in making thread and materials

51、like films glasses etc. Vulcanized rubber is also an example of semisynthetic polymers used in making tyres etc. gun cotton which is cellulose nitrate used in making explosive.* Semi-synthetic polymers: Rayon and other cellulose derivatives like cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate etc., are semi-sy

52、nthetic polymers. These are thermoplastic polymers. Viscose rayon in the form of a thin transparent film is known as cellophane. Cellophane is softened with glycerol. Unlike plastic sheets it absorbs water.* Rayon: Rayon is a man made material which consists of purified cellulose in the form of long

53、 fibres. Cellulose is treated with cold NaOH solution to purify it and then treated with CS2 to form a viscose solution. This is why rayon is sometimes called viscose rayon. This solution is allowed to pass through fine pores in metal cylinder, into a dilute solution of H2SO4. This results in the fo

54、rmation of long fibres. Rayon fibre is chemically identical to cotton but has a shine like silk. As such rayon is also known as artificial silk. Rayon is used on a large scale for making textiles, tyre-chord, carpets and surgical dressings. Unlike fully synthetic polymers, it absorbs moisture and is

55、 bio-degradable. 36(ii)合成聚合物:在实验室中被制备的聚合物被称为合成聚合物。这些也被称为人造聚合物。例如聚乙烯，聚氯乙烯，尼龙，聚四氟乙烯，酚醛塑料涤纶，合成橡胶等。 (iii)半合成的聚合物:这些聚合物大多是源于通过化学修饰的自然存在的聚合物。例如纤维素是天然存在的聚合物，纤维素上的乙酰化在硫酸的存在下用乙酸酐形成的纤维素二乙酸酯的聚合物。它是用来在制造线和像薄膜玻璃等的材料。硫化橡胶也是一个半合成聚合物的例子，用于制造轮胎等。火棉是在制造炸药用硝化纤维素。* 半合成聚合物：人造丝和像硝酸纤维素，醋酸纤维素等的其它纤维素衍生物，是半合成的聚合物。这些热塑性聚合物。在一

56、个薄的透明膜形式的粘胶人造丝被称为玻璃纸。玻璃纸与甘油软化。不像塑料纸吸收水分。*人造丝：人造丝是一种人造的材料，它由在长纤维形式的纯的纤维素组成。纤维素是用冷的NaOH水溶液处理，净化，然后用CS2处理 以形成一粘胶的溶液。这就是为什么人造丝有时被称为粘胶人造丝。在金属气缸中该溶液被允许穿过细致毛孔，形成H2SO4的稀溶液。这将导致在长纤维的形成。人造丝纤维的化学性质和棉相同，但有像丝绸光泽。作为这样的人造纤维也被称为人造丝。人造丝被用于大规模用于制造纺织品，轮胎弦，地毯和外科绷带。不像全合成的聚合物，它吸收水分，并且是生物可降解的。37Classifications according t

57、o the molecular structures.The structures of polymers are conveniently represented by the repeating chain formula, which shows the arrangement of bonds and atoms. The repeat units often contain recognizable functional groups that can be used to describe the polymer. This terminology often emphasizes

58、 the functional groups that were involved in the synthesis of the polymer from its monomers, although the usage is seldom exact. Some examples: 38根据分子结构分类聚合物的结构由重复链分子式方便地表示，这表明键和原子的排列。重复单元通常包含可以用来描述聚合物可辨认的官能团。这个术语经常强调参与了从它的单体的聚合物的合成的官能团，虽然这种用法很少需要。一些例子：39Polymers classified by mode of polymerization

59、Addition Polymers: The monomer molecules bond to each other without the loss of any other atoms. Addition polymers from alkene monomers or substituted alkene monomers are the biggest groups of polymers in this class. Ring opening polymerization can occur without the loss of any small molecules. Cond

60、ensation Polymers: Usually two different monomer combine with the loss of a small molecule, usually water. Most polyesters and polyamides (nylon) are in this class of polymers. 40根据聚合方式分类 加成聚合物:将单体分子之间相互键合无任何其它原子的损失。由烯烃单体或取代的烯烃单体的加成聚合是聚合物的最大群体在这个分类下。开环聚合反应可以在无任何小分子损失下发生。缩合聚合物: 通常两个不同的单体结合伴随着小分子损失的，通