英语传播与全球文化趋同南非个案研究论文

1、学校代码：10254密 级：论文编号：3海事大学SHANGHAI MARITIME UNIVERSITY硕士学位论文MASTERDISSERTATION论文题目： 英语传播与全球文化趋同： 南非个案研究 学科专业： 英语语言文学（英美文化）毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作与取得的成果。尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得与其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表

2、示了意。作 者 签 名：日 期：指导教师签名： 日期：使用授权说明本人完全了解大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部容。作者签名： 日 期：学位论文原创性声明本人重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体

3、，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日学位论文使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。涉密论文按学校规定处理。作者签名：日期： 年 月 日导师签名： 日期： 年 月 日指导教师评阅书指导教师评价：一、撰写（设计）过程1、学生在论文（设计）过程中的治学态度、工作精神 优 良 中 与格 不与格2、学生掌握专业知

4、识、技能的扎实程度 优 良 中 与格 不与格3、学生综合运用所学知识和专业技能分析和解决问题的能力 优 良 中 与格 不与格4、研究方法的科学性；技术线路的可行性；设计方案的合理性 优 良 中 与格 不与格5、完成毕业论文（设计）期间的出勤情况 优 良 中 与格 不与格二、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规？ 优 良 中 与格 不与格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订与附件）？ 优 良 中 与格 不与格三、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 与格 不与格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 与格 不

5、与格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 与格 不与格建议成绩：优 良 中 与格 不与格（在所选等级前的画“”）指导教师： （签名） 单位： （盖章）年 月 日105 / 122评阅教师评阅书评阅教师评价：一、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规？ 优 良 中 与格 不与格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订与附件）？ 优 良 中 与格 不与格二、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 与格 不与格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 与格 不与格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良

6、 中 与格 不与格建议成绩：优 良 中 与格 不与格（在所选等级前的画“”）评阅教师： （签名） 单位： （盖章）年 月 日教研室（或答辩小组）与教学系意见教研室（或答辩小组）评价：一、答辩过程1、毕业论文（设计）的基本要点和见解的叙述情况 优 良 中 与格 不与格2、对答辩问题的反应、理解、表达情况 优 良 中 与格 不与格3、学生答辩过程中的精神状态 优 良 中 与格 不与格二、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规？ 优 良 中 与格 不与格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订与附件）？ 优 良 中 与格 不与格三、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对

7、解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 与格 不与格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 与格 不与格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 与格 不与格评定成绩：优 良 中 与格 不与格（在所选等级前的画“”）教研室主任（或答辩小组组长）： （签名）年 月 日教学系意见：系主任： （签名）年 月 日English Spread and Global Culture Assimilation: the South Africa CaseBy Wang WantingUnder the Supervision ofProfessorCaiYongliangA Thesi

8、s Submitted to the College of Foreign Languages ofShanghai Maritime UniversityIn Partial Fulfillment ofThe Requirement for the MA DegreeShanghai Maritime UniversityJune, 2009论文独创性声明本人声明所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作与取得的研究成果。论文中除了特别加以标注和致的地方外，不包含其他机构已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。其他同志对本研究的启发和所做的贡献均已在论文中作了明确说明并表示了意。作者签名：_ 日期

9、：_论文使用授权声明本人同意海事大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅和借阅；学校可以上网公布论文的全部或部分容，可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。的论文在解密后遵守本规定。作者签名：_ 导师签名：_ 日期：_AcknowledgementsI am very grateful here to many individuals who helped me a lot in various ways during the composition of this thesis. I would first extend my sincere th

10、anks to my supervisor, ProfessorCaiYongliang, who has always been scrupulous and responsible in his academic pursuit. He inspired and encouraged me into this research. I benefited a lot from his consistent help in drafting and revising this thesis. His insightful advice resulted inthe timely complet

11、ion of this thesis.If it were not his great patience and push on me, this paper would not be able to gain any improvements.Then I want to express my heartfelt appreciation to Mrs. Zhou Wenjing, who shared me with lots of her resources; and gratitude for Professor Zheng Lixin and Professor Shi Yanyan

12、, from whom I received useful basic knowledge in the courses about General Linguistics and Language and Culture. Also special thanks go to ProfessorWuJianguo and Associate Professor XuNingyun for extending the lectures that broaden my vision. I also must give my deepest love to my parents for encour

13、aging and comforting me when I met with some obstructions during the composition. Finally, special thanks go to my dearest friends ZiShaoying and GuLidan for always being side with me.摘 要在当今全球化的大环境之下，没有哪一种语言能像英语这样传播应用得如此广泛。从早期大英帝国的军事扩以与殖民政策，到战后美国崛起所带来的经济支持与意识影响，英语已在一百多个国家中被用作母语、第二语言或者区域性通用语。所以英语被认为是

14、一种世界语。事实上，英语势力倾向于吸收同化其它语言的这一现象自有其思想意识根源。基督教圣经创世说中“巴别塔”故事说：人之初，只有一种语言，单语是伊甸园，多语是失乐园，这是上帝的惩罚。这就是“语言一致”理念的最初形式。随着欧洲文明的进展，这一理念发展成为具有强烈的“自褒”和“排他”特征的语言中心主义理念 (蔡永良，2005：149-150)。语言可以看作是文化的拓路者。它使得文化更容易向语言的使用者们进行在观念的渗透。当一个民族更愿意学习外来的语言，而忽略本土语言的时候，其语言与其所代表的文化终将被排挤，最终失去影响力。综上所述，“英语向全球的扩展也有着黑暗和气势汹汹的一面，那就是抹杀了地方语言

15、的多样性，对深厚的文化之根施以打击”（麦克拉姆 等，2005：59）。因此，伴随着英语传播而来的同化与霸权已经引起了不少语言学家和学者们的注意。本论文以英语在南非的传播作为切入点，以期引出全球化浪潮之下的英语语言帝国主义与文化趋同现象。之所以选择南非，是因为南非具有大量关于英语传播的典型历史例证。南非个案包含了：多语制、语言文化与民族认同感的关系、英语媒介的教育问题、英语从殖民符号到开放标志的转变、语言人权、以与语言规划等多方面的特质。以上这些特点使得本篇论文的目的与意义窥南非之一斑，知全球英语传播之概况成为可能。在归纳和总结前人研究的基础上，本论文借由不同时期的英语传播情况以与个案研究，对英

16、语在南非的传播进行了综合分析。最终得出结论：南非的英语传播过程和其它各地一样，都带有语言帝国主义影响以与文化趋同的痕迹。本文共分七章：第一章对整个研究过程进行概述，说明研究的目的和必要性，以与论文所采用的研究方法，并对整篇结构进行说明。第二章介绍国外对于此话题已经进行的研究，以与本论文的理论框架。第三章简介英语的特质，以与其在全球传播的历史过程。第四章对南非进行简介，分析其语言环境，并对英语在其国的传播做一个概述。第五章按照南非历史的不同时期，分析英语在不同时期的传播情况，以与语言规划与语言政策对其传播过程的影响。第六章在不同历史阶段，选择具有代表性的英语语言教学事件作为个案，来对英语在南非的

17、传播过程展开分析。第七章对全文进行总结。关键词：南非，英语传播，同化AbstractIn the context of globalization today, there has never been a language so widely spread or spoken by so many people as English. With the early military support and colonial policy of the British Empire and the economic support and ideological influence of th

18、e postwar United States later, English language is currently used in more than one hundred countries as a native language, second language or regional lingua franca. Quite naturally, English is viewed as the world language taking up the space of the others. As a matter of fact, the tendency of the E

19、nglish-speaking world trying to absorb and assimilate other languages (while they regard it as civilization) does have its ideological root. The famous tale about the “BabelTower” from the ChristianBook of Genesis of the Bible preaches that: there is only one single type of language at the very begi

20、nning of human civilization. To be monolingual is like living in Garden of Eden; while to be multilingual is like the opposite Paradise Lost, which represents punishment from the God. That is the original form of the “language integration”. As European civilization develops, this idea has evolved in

21、to a language-centered ideology with strong “self-praise” and “exclusive” characteristics (Cai Yongliang, 2005:149-150).Language, as the pioneer of culture, surely paves a broader way for the culture to permeate the minds of whoever speaks it. When a people acknowledge and praise for a foreign langu

22、age or culture, and are reluctant to adopt their mother tongue, the original language and culture finally become dead then fade away. So in the sense above, the global spread of English language proves itself hegemonic and aggressive by the action of erasing the diversity of all local languages and

23、impacting on their profound cultures (McCrum et al., 2005:59). Thus the powerful assimilation and hegemony covering both geographically and socially accompanied by the English language spread has inevitably aroused interests of many concerned linguists and scholars.This paper takes the case of Engli

24、sh language spread in South Africa as a breakthrough point to the discovery of the de facto English language imperialism and cultural assimilation in the context of globalization. The reason why South Africa is chosen is quite simple: the South African case provides powerful examples (a plenty of ty

25、pical historical evidences) of the roles that can be played by language planning and language policy activities in the English language spread process. It involves matters of multilingualism, the nexus of language, culture and identity, issues of education (especially the role of English as a medium

26、 of instruction during different periods), the role of English as both a foreign colonial language and as a contemporary language of wider communication, issues of language rights, and continuing issues of both status and corpus planning in the context of a developing society. All of the above facto

27、rsmake the aim and significance of this paper, i.e. from one case to learn all, possible. Inspired by the previous achievements, the author is to make an intensive and integrated study on English language spread in South Africa by an analysis through a historical view and by case study; and then to

28、draw a conclusion that no matter how special the South African case is, the fact that it still at the mercy of linguistic imperialism and hence cultural assimilation is visible.The whole thesis is divided into seven chapters.Chapter One: Discussing the significance and necessity of the present study

29、 and its basicorganization.Chapter Two: Introducing the available researches on English spread and the theoretical framework of this paper.Chapter Three: A brief examination on the intrinsic features of the English language and the history of English global travel path.Chapter Four: Analyzing the la

30、nguage conditions in South Africa and the trail along which the English language got its root deeply into the nation.Chapter Five: Comparisons about the language planning and policies in different historical periods, reflecting how the English language wins the dominance of the national tongue.Chapt

31、er Six: Analyzing the representative events or cases in history.Chapter Seven: Drawing a brief summary of the thesis, analyzing the limitations and implications and offering some suggestions for future research.KEYWORDS:South Africa, English spread, assimilationTable of ContentsAcknowledgementsi摘 要i

32、iAbstractivChapter One Introduction11.1 Background of the Study11.2 Aim of the Research21.3 Significance and Implication51.4 Methodology61.5 Organization of the Thesis6Chapter Two Literature Review72.1 Researches throughout the World72.1.1 Foreign Researches on the Language Policy of South Africa72.

33、1.2 Chinese Researches on the Language Policy of South Africa112.1.3 Summary of the Former Researches122.2 Clarification of Theoretical Framework132.2.1 The Interrelation between Language and Culture132.2.2 Linguistic Relativism and Cultural Relativism152.2.3 Linguistic Imperialism and Cultural Impe

34、rialism182.2.4. Langauge Ecology212.2.5 Langauge Human Rights22Chapter Three Overview on the Spread of English Worldwide243.1 Intrinsic Features and Distribution of English243.2 Global Preference for English Language263.3 The Spread of English Worldwide27Chapter Four Survey on South Africa and Its L

35、anguages304.1 The Republic of South Africa304.2 Language Profile in South Africa324.3 English Spread in South Africa34Chapter Five English Spread and LPP in Different Periods395.1 The Pre-Apartheid (Colonial) Period (Before 1948)415.1.1 History Background415.1.1.1 Dutch Rule in the Cape Colony (1652

36、 1795)415.1.1.2 The First British Occupation (1795 1803)425.1.1.3 Second Dutch Rule (1803 - 1806)435.1.1.4 Second British Occupation (since 1806)435.1.1.5 The Arrival of the 1820 Settlers in South Africa435.1.1.6 Two Anglo-Boer Wars and the Union of South Africa445.1.2 English Language Spread in thi

37、s Period465.1.2.1 English Dominance over Afrikaans465.1.2.2 The Beginning of English Assimilation of Indigenous Languages495.2 The Apartheid Period (1948-1994)515.2.1 History Background525.2.2 English Language Spread in this Period535.2.2.1 The Shift of Dominant Position from English to Afrikaans545

38、.2.2.2 Indigenous Languages under European Rule555.3 The Post-Apartheid Period (since 1994)575.3.1 History Background575.3.2 English Language Spread in this Period58Chapter Six ELT Incidents and English Spread606.1 Missionary Schools606.2 The Bantu Education Act and Soweto Uprisings656.2.1 Historica

39、l Introduction to These Incidents656.2.2 Analysis on These Incidents676.2.3 The Influence of These Incidents696.3 Higher Education in a Democratic South Africa70Chapter Seven Conclusion76Appendix I79Appendix II80Bibliography:81Chapter One Introduction1.1 Background of the StudyIt has been widely bel

40、ieved that language is the pioneer of the culture it represents. The diversity and conflict of languages surely lead to the diversity and conflict of different cultures. As the worlds economy develops rapidly, the exchange of information between different peoples, different nations and different cou

41、ntries is becoming much more frequent. The interactions have become more complex and comprehensive. For example, nowadays, most advertisement boards are usually written in more than one language with the aim of so called being professional. There may be Chinese, English, Japanese, and Korean in just

42、 one piece of board. Or one can sit in his/her Italian leather sofa and watch a SONY TV, drinking a cup of English black tea. In daily life, it is considered fashionable to borrow some foreign words when one talks with other people. Pupils, even kindergarteners are learning English these recent year

43、s, and their parents take this for granted and believe it is necessary. Whats the root and motive behind those phenomena? Is that caused by the present gripping globalization?In the context of economic globalization, language spread is irresistible.Then what does language spread mean? “Language spre

44、ad is a metaphor for the adoption of a given language by individuals. Language spread can be defined as “an increase, over time, in the proportion of a communication network that adopts a given language or language variety for a given communicative function” (cf. Phillipson, 1992:78).Moreover, what

45、does spread of certain language mean to a nation, a country, a region, of an individual? Take English for example. With the rapid pace of globalization, the medium used for cross-cultural communication is mainly English. This language is so widely used all over the world that it almost becomes the k

46、ing ruling all scope of international communication. Due to its wide region of usage, it makes people call the English language “the global lingua franca”. Indeed, English and its culture are now so overwhelmingly spread and influential that the countries where English is used as their first languag

47、e are being blamed for the hegemony and linguistic imperialism. On the one hand, the popularity of one language means the popularity of its culture; on the other, keeping a vernacular alive is crucial in maintaining the nationality. That makes the linguistic imperialism far beyond the concern of unf

48、airness, because it has threatened the survival and development of a nation (WangXinxin, 2005).As language is commonly considered a vehicle carrying culture, the dominant role of the English language easily leads to cultural imperialism, which, somehow,consequently causes culture clash between diffe

49、rent cultures. While economists try to propose alternatives to economic globalization, linguists also try to study and devise some new neutral methods to balance a mixed and complex condition caused by the hegemony of this worlds tongue.Will the global spread of English do any good to the most peopl

50、es interests? It is apparent that most of the worlds scientific and technical information is available in English. Many researchers are under the perception that technological changes make the world become more and more highly integrated and interconnected. In spite of this “advances” in education,

51、communication, and transportation, scholars and observers assumed that national, racial, and cultural uniqueness would be sadly swept away by this irresistible English tides with the influence of technological modernization.With these questions and doubts in mind, we have been inspired to venture a

52、research into the area of English language spread.1.2 Aim of the ResearchIt is true that not only linguists and researches has sensed that English language imperialism is taking on a much more noticeable manifestation within many scopes of human interactions, but also ordinary people, who apparently

53、 now more or less have contact with English, have been aroused the attention on the overflow of English teaching in China. Seen from a net investigation called “How do you view the national trend of learning English language?” promoted by Chinese Sina., that quite a few people have become aware of t

54、he threat of English language imperialism. Up to December 2nd, 2002, there are as many as 10,911 people involved in this questionnaire, with the following survey results:OptionsRateNumber of votes1. This is the least thing to care about. 11.86%12942. We must be alert to the linguistic imperialism.31

55、.81%34713. It is good for joining the trend of globalization.43.57%47544. It is hard to tell.12.76%1392(ZhuFengyun, 2003:26)From the tabulation above, 31.81% is definitely not a small figure. In many other areas of the world, people who are resisting the linguistic imperialism are getting more and more. A Minister of Language from Quebec, Canada once declared