文本参考分析2013

1、Lecture 7. Social Sciences: Research methods (Quantitative research)Dr. Joon Hyung Park, Module ConvenorNottingham University Business School-ChinaRoadmapRecap Lecture 7Scientific researchThe research proposalQuantitative research methodOffice HoursTuesday 45pm, Wednesday 12pm, by appointmentModule

2、review and revision lecture (Dec.10)Lecture 3: Personality (Nomothetic and idiographic approaches)Seminar 1: Diversity, the challenges of diversity (Women in organisations, Black and minority ethnic workers in organisations)Lecture 5 / Seminar 2: Leadership & research proposal (methodological ap

3、proaches)Lecture 6: Group conformity, Groupthink ASC Workshops and LecturesDateLectureTime/RoomThursday, November 07, 2013From Draft to Submission - Editing your own Work SSB329 18:00-19:00Monday, November 11, 2013The Interview Lecture SSB329 18:00-19:00Thursday, November 14, 2013Exam Writing Lectur

4、eSSB329 18:00-19:00Monday, November 18, 2013Exam Writing LectureSSB329 18:00-19:00WorkshopDateTimeHow to Combine (Synthesise) Sources in Academic Writing5th November15:00-17:00Improve the Language of Synthesis in your Assignments7th November15:00-17:00Improve the Language of Synthesis in your Assign

5、ments8th November10:00-12:00Why study individuals in groups?Group influences on individuals attitude & behaviourGroup normConformityThe Aschs experiments1111?Group decision making & GroupthinkA group is more vulnerable to groupthink when the group is composed of members with similar backgrou

6、nds, is highly cohesive, has no clear rules or defined processes for decision making, has an outspoken leader, or is isolated from outsiders. DateTopics1Sept.17Introduction to Module and Themes / Organisational behaviour and the social sciences2Sept.24Studying managers and management: the theory and

7、 reality of managerial work Oct.1National holiday & Reading week3Oct.8The Individual: Individual differences and behaviour4Oct.15The Individual: Stress and well-being5Oct.22The Individual and the group: Leadership6Oct.29The Individual and the group: Socialization, conformity, processes and decis

8、ion-making7Nov.5Social Sciences: Research methods (Quantitative research)8Nov.12Social Sciences: Research methods (Qualitative research)9Nov.19Social sciences: Research methods (Mixed methods research) and Ethics10Nov.26Understanding research philosophies and approaches11Dec.3The evolution of manage

9、ment thoughts (Founding social scientists)12Dec.10Module review and revision lectureSubject: OrganisationsHow: Social research (quantitative, qualitative, mixed)Lecture 7. Social Sciences: Research methods (Quantitative research)Sample question:The Human Resources Department at the Bank of China has

10、 asked you to carry out research on leadership to find out how leaders behaviours are related to followers performance. Your task is to write a concise research proposal describing how you will conduct your study. You will also need to discuss and justify what methods will be used to collect and ana

11、lyse the data.Research?Two Monkeys Were Paid Unequally (video)Ordinary hunches? Knowledge?What is (or should be) considered acceptable knowledge?Can the social world be studied scientifically?Is it appropriate to apply the methods of the natural sciences to social science research?Researchsomething

12、that people undertake in order to find out things in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledgeCharacteristics of research (Saunders et al., 2012)Data are collected systematicallyData are interpreted systematicallyThere is a clear purpose (e.g., to find things out).Scientific research (Sek

13、aran & Bougie, 2013)PurposivenessRigorTestabilityReplicabilityObjectivityGeneralizabilityParsimonyBusiness research (Sekaran & Bougie, 2013)an organized, systematic, data-based, critical, objective, inquiry or investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with the purpose of finding answ

14、ers or solution to it. e.g., investigating the factors that contribute to turnover An exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the situation at hand, or no information is available on how similar problems or research issues have been solved in the past. Descriptive study: they ar

15、e often designed to collect data that describe the characteristics of persons, events, or situations.Causal study: they test whether or not on variable causes another to change. Types of business researchDeductive & Inductive reasoningDeductive reasoning: it starts with a general theory and then

16、 apply this theory to a specific case.Inductive reasoning: it is a process where we observe specific phenomena and on this basis arrive at general conclusions. Deductivism & InductivismDeductivism:theory - dataexplicit hypothesis to be confirmed or rejectedquantitative researchInductivism:data -

17、 theorygeneralizable inferences from observationsqualitative research /grounded theoryThe seven-step process in the hypothetico-deductive methodIdentify a broad problem areaDefine the problem statement (research objectives / questions)Develop hypothesesDetermine measuresData collectionData analysisI

18、nterpretation of dataResearch strategyQuantitative and qualitative methodsThe research proposal (Sekaran & Bougie, 2013)A working titleBackground of the studyThe problem statementThe purpose of the studyResearch questionsThe scope of the studyThe relevance of the studyThe research designType of

19、study: exploratory, descriptive, causalData collection methodsThe sampling designData analysisTime frame of the studyThe budgetSelected bibliographySeminar 2You have been asked by Prof. Carl Fey, the Dean of the Business School at UNNC, to study leadership behaviors of different department heads. Th

20、ere are four departments. You task is to design a research proposal. The seven-step process in the hypothetico-deductive methodIdentify a broad problem areaDefine the problem statement (research objectives / questions)Develop hypothesesDetermine measuresData collectionData analysisInterpretation of

21、dataThe seven-step process in the hypothetico-deductive methodIdentify a broad problem areaDefine the problem statement (research objectives / questions)Research topicAttributes of a good research topicCapability: is it feasible?Is the topic something with which you are really fascinated?Is the rese

22、arch topic achievable within the available time?Is the topic achievable within the financial resources that are likely to be available?Are you reasonably certain of being able to gain access to data you are likely to require for this topic?Appropriateness: is it worthwhile?Does your topic contain is

23、sues that have a clear link to theory?Will your proposed research be able to provide fresh insights into this topic?Generating and refining research ideasYou choose a topic in which you are likely to do well and if possible already have some academic knowledge.Looking at past projects a useful way o

24、f generating research ideas (theses, dissertations. titles that look interesting or which grab your attention).Discussion Searching the literature (articles, reports, books)Keeping up to date with items in the newsBrainstormingAppearances matter?Study Shows Baldness Can Be a Business Advantage (WSJ.

25、 10.2.2012)“Shorn Scalps and Perceptions of Male Dominance”, Social Psychological and Personality ScienceAlbert Mannes, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania mWMP_hThe research examines the impact of a mans choice to shave his head on perceptions of his dominance.Research question: Are men

26、with shaved heads perceived more or less dominant than men of similar age with full heads of hair?The seven-step process in the hypothetico-deductive methodIdentify a broad problem areaDefine the problem statement (research objectives / questions)Develop hypothesesWhat is a concept?Concepts are:Labe

27、ls that we give to elements of the social worldCategories for the organization of ideas and observations (Bulmer, 1984)Building blocks of theory Concepts are useful for:Providing an explanation of a certain aspect of the social worldStanding for things we want to explain Giving a basis for measuring

28、 variationE.g., Dominance: a trait that causes a person to be perceived as powerful by others (Livingston, Cohen, & Halevy, 2012).Literature reviewa step-by-step process that involves the identification of published and unpublished work from second data sources on the topic of interest, the eval

29、uation of this work in relation to the problem. What is already known about the topicHow it has been studiedWhich research methods have been applied to itData sourcesTextbooksJournalsThesesConference proceedingsUnpublished manuscriptsReportsNewspapersThe InternetExampleThe comely and tall tend to ea

30、rn more than the homely and short (Hamermesh & Biddle, 1994; Judge & Cable, 2004).Facial-gestures studyBalding men are perceived by others to be older than their peers by 510 years and to be less agreeable, less assertive, and less attractive (Cash, 1999; Henss, 2001).Rule and Ambady (2011)

31、suggest that powerful-looking people are afforded more opportunities to display their competence and leadership.Theory & HypothesisTheory: a broad set of general statements and claims that allows us to explain and predict various events.How are these variables or concepts related? causalityWhy a

32、re these variables or concepts related?It must use logical reasoning to explain why the relationship exists.Hypothesis: a specific prediction about the relation among two or more variables based on theory or previous researchExampleTheories of signalling, power, and stereotypesExampleHypothesis: Men

33、 with shaved heads will be perceived more dominant than men of similar age with full heads of hair.The seven-step process in the hypothetico-deductive methodIdentify a broad problem areaDefine the problem statement (research objectives / questions)Develop hypothesesDetermine measuresData collectionR

34、esearch designQuantitative, qualitative, mixed-methodResearch designQuantitative, qualitative, mixed-methodStudy settingBusiness research can be done in the natural environment where events proceeds normally (in noncontrived settings (field) or in artificial, contrived settings (lab).Private compute

35、r terminals in the universitys behavioral laboratory, questionnairesStudy1,2,3Select research sitesThe Universitys behavioural laboratorySelect research respondentsqStudy1: Fifty-nine students from a southeastern U.S. universityqStudy2: Adults from a national online panel in the United (N = 367)qStu

36、dy3: Adults from an online panel (N = 588)Research designStudy1Photographs of 25 men (5sets)Participants are asked to rate dominance. Fun(?) exerciseHow powerful does this man look?How influential does this man look?How authoritative (权威的?) does this man look?7-point scale (1 = not at all, 7 = very)

37、PowerfulInfluentialAuthoritativeTotalA person35614B personC personD personE personAHow powerful does this man look?How influential does this man look?How authoritative does this man look?1 = not at all 7 = veryB How powerful does this man look? How influential does this man look? How authoritative d

38、oes this man look? 1 = not at all 7 = veryCHow powerful does this man look?How influential does this man look?How authoritative does this man look? 1 = not at all 7 = veryD How powerful does this man look? How influential does this man look? How authoritative does this man look? 1 = not at all 7 = v

39、eryE How powerful does this man look? How influential does this man look? How authoritative does this man look? 1 = not at all 7 = very(A + B) / 2 = (14+14)/2(C + D + E) / 3 = (8+5+12)/3PowerfulInfluentialAuthoritativeTotalA person35614B person45514C person2338D person2215E person55212Measures of co

40、nceptsMen with shaved heads will be perceived more dominant than men of similar age with full heads of hair.Dominance perceptionIndicators of conceptsProduced by the operational definition of a conceptLess directly quantifiable than measuresCommon sense understandings of the form a concept might tak

41、eMultiple-indicator measuresconcept may have different dimensionsWhy use more than one indicator?Single indicator may incorrectly classify many individuals Single indicator may capture only a portion of the underlying concept or be too general Multiple indicators can make finer distinctions between

42、individualsMultiple indicators can capture different dimensions of a conceptDominance perceptionHow powerful does this man look?How influential does this man look?How authoritative does this man look?7-point scale (1 = not at all, 7 = very) Validity & ReliabilityConstruct validity: present when

43、there is a high correspondence between cases scores on a measure and the mental definition of the construct the measure is designed to representValidity & ReliabilityConstruct validity: present when there is a high correspondence between cases scores on a measure and the mental definition of the

44、 construct the measure is designed to representInternal reliability: the similarity of item scores obtained on a measure that has multiple itemsEmpirical research modelTeam InnovativenessLeadersPersonalityIndependent Dependent ConceptualOperationalPersonality score# of patentsa causal conceptual rel

45、ationshipan empirical relationshipData collectionQuestionnaires and interviewsObservation and semi-structured interviewingPrivate computer terminals in the universitys behavioral laboratory, questionnairesqStudy1,2,3: dominance, confidence, norm violation, masculinity, attractiveness and etc.The sev

46、en-step process in the hypothetico-deductive methodIdentify a broad problem areaDefine the problem statement (research objectives / questions)Develop hypothesesDetermine measuresData collectionData analysisInterpretation of dataData analysisThe data collected needs to be managed by, for example, ent

47、ering it into a computer programme.It must be coded.Relationships can be discovered between various categories or groups of data, possibly by applying statistical techniques.Links can be made with the research questions, the literature review and the concepts and theories used.Study 2Adults (N=367)

48、from a national online panel in the USData analysisqReliability test ( = 0.92)qA multivariate omnibus testFindingsThe three studies provide consistent evidence that a shaved scalp is associated with dominance.The practical implicationsHair loss?Shave your heads!Writing up the researchThe three studi

49、es presented here provide consistent evidence that a shaved scalp is associated with dominance.IntroductionLiterature reviewResearch methodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAlbert Mannes ?Can you guess what Albert Mannes (the author) looks like?Albert Mannes !Provost and Pro-Vice ChancellorAbusive supervi

50、sionElements of the social research processResearch topicLeadershipNewsDealing with an abusive boss (CNN. Oct 15.2004)Research questionsWhat are the antecedents of abusive supervision?Can supervisors experience predict their behaviour?Elements of the social research processResearch topicLiterature r

51、eviewJournal articlesPrevalence of abusive supervisionCountryMeanS.D.Number of studiesU.S. & Canada1.600.7422China & Taiwan2.070.789South Korea2.040.863The Philippines2.231.225Israel1.600.582online & others1.730.956Concepts and theoriesAbusive supervision“Subordinates perceptions of the

52、extent to which supervisors engage in the sustained display of hostile verbal and nonverbal behaviors, excluding physical contact” (Tepper, 2000: 178)The social learning theory of aggression (Bandura, 1973) Data collectionFull-time employed MBA students and MBA alumni at universities in Seoul93 supe

53、rvisors and 402 subordinatesSurvey mean (s.d.)1234567891.Supervisors abusive supervision1.90 (0.38) 2.Subordinates neuroticism2.94 (0.41)0.108 3.Subordinates implict person theory3.29 (0.29)-0.0990.241 4.Subordinates psychological distress2.06 (0.60)0.2970.4900.090 5.Boss abusive supervision2.02 (0.

54、68)0.2090.1400.0930.192 6.Supervisors job demand3.55 (0.57)-0.260-0.0750.135-0.0660.064 7.Supervisors family-work conflict2.65 (1.22)0.0850.107-0.1250.0990.133-0.306 8.Supervisors narcissism0.31 (0.20)0.056-0.271-0.301-0.0420.1650.092-0.030 9.Unit performance7.53 (1.50)-0.2300.0850.056-0.055-0.3050.

55、276-0.3760.026 10.Unit organizational citizenship behavior5.47 (0.71)-0.069-0.109-0.133-0.190-0.2270.090-0.3790.0680.293Meta-analysisMeta-analysis: the statistical synthesis of the dataOne goal of the synthesis is usually to compute a summary effect. To perform a meta-analysis we compute an effect s

56、ize and variance for each study, and then compute a weighted mean of these effect sizes. The effect size: a value which reflects the magnitude of the treatment effect or (more generally) the strength of a relationship between two variablesWhy perform a meta-analysis?The goal of a synthesis is to und

57、erstand the results of any study in the context of all the other studies. ExampleSchyns, B. and J. Schilling (2013). How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta-analysis of destructive leadership and its es. The Leadership Quarterly 24(1): 138-158.Identify a broad problem areaSometimes the term l

58、eadership is even limited to an exercise of personal influence resulting in enthusiastic commitment of followers. However, a recent stream of research (often under the label of supervision or supervisory behavior) acknowledges that there is also a dark side to leadership (Conger, 1990)/Define the pr

59、oblem statement (research objectives / questions)Objectives: This meta-analysis integrates different conceptualizations of destructive leadership and analyzes the relationship between destructive leadership and e variables.Research questions:What effect has destructive leadership had upon the es?Doe

60、s destructive leadership have stronger effects than positive leadership?Develop hypothesesH1. Destructive leadership will have negative relationships with positive leader-related concepts (such as trust) and positive relationships with negative leader-related concepts (such as resistance).H2. Destructive leadership will have negative relationships with positive job-r