BEC商务英语Module 8

1、Module EightManufacturing ProcessesNew English Words and Expressions:vgraffito grfi:tu n 涂鸦，乱画涂鸦，乱画vgraffiti gr fit n (graffito 的复数的复数形式形式)vgraffiti-resistant adj 抗涂鸦的抗涂鸦的vvandal vndl n 故意破坏公共故意破坏公共财产者财产者vproperty prpti n 特征特征,特质特质vbe dedicated to 专门用于专门用于vcarry out 执行执行,贯彻贯彻vshowaround带领某人参观带领某人参观v

2、vandalise vndlaiz vt摧残摧残,破坏破坏vdeface difeis vt 破坏外观破坏外观,丑化丑化vmaintenance staff meintinns n 维修维修人员人员,维护人员维护人员New English Words and Expressions:vautomate :tmeit vt 使自动化使自动化 voutput autput n 产量产量 vdemand dim:nd n 需求需求vassembly line sembli 生产线生产线,流水线流水线vwork at full capacity 满负荷工作满负荷工作,以全部力量以全部力量工作工作vbu

3、yers market 买方市场买方市场vexceed iksi:d vt 超出超出vloading bay 装卸平台装卸平台vinventory invntri 货物清单货物清单vstock n 库存库存,存货存货vdefect difekt n 缺点缺点,缺陷缺陷veliminate ilimineit vt 消除消除,根除根除 vadopt dpt vt 采用采用,采纳采纳,收养收养vkey features 主要特征主要特征,特色特色vprinciple prinspl n 原则原则,原理原理 vBolivia blivi n 玻利维亚玻利维亚vdeparture time 出发时间出

4、发时间,起飞时间起飞时间vclosed circuit TV s:kit 闭路电视闭路电视 vfactory floor 工厂车间工厂车间vfinancial return 财政收益财政收益vhandmade adj 手工制作的手工制作的vforeign exchange department 国外汇兑部国外汇兑部vfrustrated frstreitid adj 失意的失意的,沮丧的沮丧的vlocal council 市政委员会市政委员会 vanti-virus program 反病毒软件反病毒软件vbacterium bktirim n 病菌病菌,细菌细菌vbacteria bktiri

5、 n(bacterium的复数形的复数形式式)vbarcode n 条码条码vbrainstorm brein.st:m v 头脑风暴头脑风暴,集思集思广益广益vcatastrophe ktstrfi n 大灾难大灾难,大灾祸大灾祸vceramics sirmiks n 陶器陶器vcompatible kmptbl adj 一致的一致的,兼容兼容的的 vplug plg n 插头插头,插销插销vin-flight service 机上服务机上服务voptical cell 光学器皿光学器皿vscenario sin:riu n 剧本剧本,情节梗概情节梗概vspray sprei v 喷雾喷雾,

6、喷射喷射vstorage cost 保管费用保管费用vvoicemail n 语音信箱语音信箱vwaiting time 等待时间等待时间,停工时间停工时间vpager peid n 传呼机传呼机vscanner skn n 扫描仪扫描仪vpetrol petrl n 汽油汽油vtank tk n 油箱油箱,坦克坦克vshipping company 轮船公司轮船公司vlid lid n 盖子盖子vtestimonial .testimunil n 证明书证明书,推荐推荐书书 Graffiti a problem? Just wash it!vIt has been described as

7、art by some people, but to others its an ugly and depressing aspect of modern life. What is it? Graffiti, of course. Look around your city today and you can see graffiti on buildings , walls, doors and even on buses or trains that have stayed in one place for too long. But where modern techology cre

8、ates a problem, it also finds a solution. Last week, Weekend West was shown around the factory of a small but highly innovative and successful company, Hubdean. v vHubdeans achievement is a series of special paints which are graffiti-resistant. How do they work? It couldnt be simpler. Take any graff

9、iti-covered surface. First, a treatment called Agproclear is applied. Thus, using a very hot pressure jet, this treatment is removed and the graffiti disappears at the same time. Now you have a clean wall. But before this clean wall can be painted on by vandals, a new product, Agproshield, is applie

10、d. Firstly, spray paint wont stick to the surface very well, and secondly, the whole surface can be cleaned very easily, just using water. Once the surface is painted, no specialist equipment is needed to keep the area clean and graffiti-free. vNot surprisingly, Hubdeans products are used by both lo

11、cal councils and private campanies all over the UK, and now orders are being received from around the world. This presents the company with a problem, however . Can they increase production to satisfy the extra demand? Options include building a second factory, dedicated to the most popular products

12、, or licensing a major international company to manufacture their products. The future is looking good for Hubdean!被动语态复习一、被动语态的定义：一、被动语态的定义： 语态是动词的一种形式，用以表语态是动词的一种形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。示主语和谓语之间的关系。当主语是谓语动作的执行者，则为主动语态；I often repair the car.当主语是谓语动作的承受者，则为被动语态。The car is often repaired (by me). 被动语态结构 被

13、动语态由助动词被动语态由助动词be+过去分词过去分词构成，时态通过构成，时态通过be表现出来。表现出来。 be+done1.They make shoes in that factory. 三、主动语态变被动语态三、主动语态变被动语态Shoes are made (by them) in that factory.一般现在时的被动语态构成一般现在时的被动语态构成 ：S(主语）主语）+am/is /are +过去分词过去分词2. They bought ten computers last term Ten computers were bought (by them) last term.一般

14、过去时：一般过去时：S+was/were +过去分词过去分词3Ling Feng can take good care of Polly Polly can be taken good care of by Ling Feng .情态动词：情态动词：S+ can/may/must/should + be+过去分词过去分词4.They will finish the work in ten days.The work will be finished (by them)in ten days.一般将来时：一般将来时：S+ will+be+过去分词过去分词5.Some workers are pa

15、inting the rooms nowThe rooms are being painted by some workers now.现在进行时：现在进行时： S+ am/is/are + being +过去分词过去分词7I was doing my homework at 8:00 last night My homework was being done (by me) at 8:00 last night.过去进行时：过去进行时： S+ was/were+being+过去分词过去分词6We have made twenty more keysTwenty more keys have

16、been made by us.现在完成时：现在完成时： S+ have/has + been+过去分词过去分词 二、各种时态的被动语态构成二、各种时态的被动语态构成 1）一般现在时：一般现在时：You are required to do this.2）一般过去时：一般过去时：The story was told by her.3）一般将来时：一般将来时：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.4）现在进行时：）现在进行时：The question is being discussed in the meeting room.5）过去进行时：）过去进行时

17、：The new road was being made.6）现在完成时：）现在完成时：The novel has been read. 7)情态动词：情态动词：The rubbish can be put into the dustbin over there. 四、何时使用被动语态呢？四、何时使用被动语态呢？ 一、行为主体不明确，不必说出或者无一、行为主体不明确，不必说出或者无法说出动作的执行者时。例如：法说出动作的执行者时。例如： Football is played all over the world 二、不易找到或根本就不可能找到动作二、不易找到或根本就不可能找到动作的执行者时。例

18、如：的执行者时。例如： My bike was stolen我的自行车被盗了。我的自行车被盗了。 三、汉语中含有三、汉语中含有“据说据说”、“据悉据悉”、“有人说有人说”、“大家说大家说”等时。例如：等时。例如： It is said that one day he climbed to the top of a house and It was reported that her mother died of SARS.众所周知众所周知 It is well known that 据推测说据推测说 It is supposed that vIt is hoped that 人们希望。vIt

19、is hoped that more and more people will be better off.v这个村子越来越多的人有望过上更好的日子vIt is believed that人们认为。It is believed that our team will win the match.v人们相信我们队会赢得这场比赛的胜利。v众所周知众所周知 It is well known that vIt is well known that light travels in straight lines.v人们认为月球上没有生命。人们认为月球上没有生命。v据推测说据推测说 It is suppos

20、ed that vIt is supposed that there is no life on the moon.v人们认为月球上没有生命。人们认为月球上没有生命。四、汉语中含有四、汉语中含有“被被”、“由由”等词等词时。时。例如：例如： Wei Hua is asked to come by Lin Tao魏华是被林涛叫来的。魏华是被林涛叫来的。 五、某些句子习惯上用被动语态。例如：五、某些句子习惯上用被动语态。例如： He was born in October，1989 六、表示礼貌时。例如：六、表示礼貌时。例如： You are friendly invited to come to

21、 our English party at 8:00 pmtomorrow敬请您明天晚上敬请您明天晚上8：00光临我们的英语光临我们的英语晚会。晚会。 五、在什么情况下不能使用被动语五、在什么情况下不能使用被动语态呢？态呢？1.表示状态的动词，如表示状态的动词，如have，cost，fit，last， own, become等往往不能用于被动等往往不能用于被动语态。例如：语态。例如： 【正【正】The shirt fits him very well 【误【误】He is fitted very well by the shirt 2.祈使句一般没有被动语态。例如：祈使句一般没有被动语态。例如

22、： 【正【正】Look at the blackboard，please 【误【误】The blackboard is looked at by you 3.某些及物动词的宾语表示处所、地点、某些及物动词的宾语表示处所、地点、组织时不能用于被动语态。例如：组织时不能用于被动语态。例如： 【正【正】He joined the League in 1998 【误【误】The League was joined by him in 1998 4.由由“动词名词动词名词”构成的英语习语（如构成的英语习语（如make faces，make friends，take place等）等）一般不可改为被动语态

23、。例如：一般不可改为被动语态。例如： 【正【正】The boy make faces in class 【误【误】Faces are made by the boy in class Great changes have taken place in Jinan since last year.5.反身代词在句中作宾语时，不能用被反身代词在句中作宾语时，不能用被动语态。例如：动语态。例如： 【正【正】You must look after yourself 【误【误】Yourself must be looked after vTake place ,happen , belong tovTh

24、e accident happened yesterday afternoon.vThe event took place in 1990.vThe book belongs to me.Practice先将主动句改为被动句，再把先将主动句改为被动句，再把被动句变为一般疑问句与否定被动句变为一般疑问句与否定句句 1People grow wheat in North China 2They bought ten computers last term 3Some workers are painting the classrooms now 4We have made twenty more

25、beds 5Ling Feng can take good care of Polly.6I was doing my homework at 8：00 last night 一、如主动句含一、如主动句含间宾和直宾间宾和直宾双宾语；双宾语；或含省略或含省略to的不定式作宾补，变被动的不定式作宾补，变被动时有何变化呢？时有何变化呢？Uncle Li lent us the boat last week（变被动）（变被动） We were lent the boat by Uncle Li last week The boat was lent to us by Uncle Li last wee

26、k（加上了（加上了to，有的也加，有的也加for） Mum made me a new dress.I was made a new dress by Mum.A new dress was made for me by my mother. 间宾（人）作被动句的主语，间宾（人）作被动句的主语，一切依旧；而直宾（物）作主语，一切依旧；而直宾（物）作主语，则须在间宾前添加则须在间宾前添加to或或for。加。加to的动词多为的动词多为give，send，bring，teach，show，pass，write，ask，tell等；加等；加for的动词有的动词有make， draw，buy等。等。 二

27、、二、My parents made me water all these young trees（变被动）（变被动） I was made to water all these young trees by my parents（加上了（加上了to） 这种主动句中用省这种主动句中用省to的不定的不定式作宾补，变被动时定要加式作宾补，变被动时定要加上上to。这种谓语动词有。这种谓语动词有feel，hear，listen to，let，make，have， see，notice，look at，watch（即常言道（即常言道“一感二听一感二听三让四看见三让四看见”）。）。 Exercises1.

28、People use knives for cutting things.Knives _ _ for cutting things.2.The students clean the windows of their classroom twice a month.The windows of their classroom_ _ twice a month. are usedarecleaned(变被动语态）变被动语态）3.I found the ticket on the floor._ _ _ _ on the floor.4.I told her to return the book

29、in time.She _ _ to return the book in time.The ticket was found was told5. His doctor made him have only two meals a day.He _ _ _ _ only two meals a day.6.Now people can use computers to help them.Now computers _ _ _ to help them. was made to have can be used7. Did you plant many trees at this time

30、last year?_ _ _ _ at this time last time?8.Must we finish our work today?_ our work_ _ today?Were many trees plantedMust be finished9. The foreign friends gave us some wonderful stamps.1) _ _ _ some wonderful stamps.2) Some wonderful stamps _ _ _ _. we were given were given to us10.The teacher asked

31、 Tom to turn on the computer.Tom _ _ to turn on the computer.11.In this factory women do most of the work. Most of the work _ _ by women in this factory. was asked is done12.He can mend the bike in two days.The bike _ _ _ in two days.13.You must take this medicine three times a day.This medicine _ _

32、 _ three times a day. can be mended must be taken14.The students in this school study German.German _ _ by the students in this school.15.Do they often talk about this question?_ this question often _ about _ _? is studiedIs talked by them16.Someone must help me move away the heavy bag.I must _ _ to

33、 move away this heavy bag.17.Was the window broken by Tom?（变为主动语态）（变为主动语态）_ Tom_ the window? be helpedDid break例例.1.As a rule, readers (not allow) _to take dictionaries out of the reading room. (2005-1A)（are not allowed)2.Before the flight takes off, all passengers (ask) _to fasten their seat belts.

34、(2005-6A) ( are asked )v3.It is known to everyone that no smoking (permit) _in the library.(2005-6A)v(is permitted)v4.By the end of last year, nearly a million cars (produce) _in that auto factory.(2005-1A)v( had been produced)5.The villagers told us that a new bridge (build) _across the river in a

35、year.(2004-6A) (would be built)6.The father wants to know why his son (question) _by the police last week.(2006-6A) ( was questioned)v7.Three new buildings _v(complete )on the campus by the end of this year.v(20046A) v( will have been completed)v8.The policeman (tell) _not to take any action until t

36、hey received further order.(2006-6A)v( were told )v8.Most of the machines in the workshop _next month.(2005-6B)vA. are repaired vB. have been repaired vC. were repairedvD. will be repairedv( D)v9.The cause of the accident may never (discover) _in spite of the effort of the police.v(be discovered)v10

37、.The house with furniture (buy)v_for $50,000 last year.v(2002-12B)v(was bought)11.The project to clear up the polluted river_ by the end of next year.(2002-6B)A. Is being completed B. will have been completedC. Has been completed D. will have completed (B)12.The new machine ought to (test) _before i

38、t is put to use.(2006-6B)v(be tested)v13.The noise was so loud that it could (hear) _from far away.(2002-6B) v( be heard)v14.More and more trucks are seen _（travel）between these two towns these days.(2005-1B)v(to travel)将下列句子改为被动语态将下列句子改为被动语态1We sweep the floor every day 2He does morning exercises e

39、very morning 3He gave me a book yesterday 4The nurses take care of the sick old man 5You can take the book out of the reading room 6What do the workers use the machine for？ 7I made him work two hours every day 8Class One will help the farmers tomorrow 9We have learned two thousand English words10We

40、found many students playing football on the playground. 将下列句子改为主动语态将下列句子改为主动语态1Was the work finished by him yesterday？ 2He was given a pen by me yesterday 3Children should be taken good care of 4The trees must be put in the hole by them 5The car is not being repaired by her now 6.Were the books take

41、n away by the girl?18.The tractor wasnt driven out of the road.He_ _ the tractor out of the road.19.Doesnt Bob clean the street every day?_ the street _ by Bob every day? didnt driveIsnt cleaned20.What can they do to finish the work on time?_ _ _ _ by them to finish the work?What can be done21.None

42、of the children were made to try the new medicine by the doctor.The doctor _ _ _ _ the _ _ the new medicine. didnt make any of children tryJust-in-TimevThe Just-in-Time(JIT) concept was introduced by the Ford Motor Company in the 1950s, and it was based on a very simple idea: raw materials coming in

43、to a factory were not taken to a warehouse, but went directly from th eloading bay to the factory floor. This eliminated the storage costs of keeping a supply of materials in the warehouse. vNext, the JIT concept was adopted and developed by Dr Shingo and Mr Taiichi Ohno of the Toyota Motor Corporat

44、ion, and it became known a shte Toyota Production System. Its key features were the elimination of all waste and the continuous improvement of productiivity. Just-in-TimevToday the companies that apply a JIT philosophy have learnt a lot from the American and the Japanese experiences. The concept of

45、JIT can be applied to any business, from making cars to preparing food. Its main objective is to improve quality to achieve the highest standards, in other words to have “zero defects” and to keep costs to a minmum. The principle of JIT may be expressed as: having the right amount of the right mater

46、ial, in the right place, at the right time. Just-in-TimevThe latest version of JIT is called “lean amnufacturing”, in which seven types of waste have been eliminated. These are: overproduction, excess transportation, excess inventory, waiting time, processing, motion and production defects. vWhen al

47、 this waste has been eliminated, the effects can be seen immediately: production is started because there is a demand, products are made and sold, the response time to production is reduced, the financial return is immediate, new stock is ordered when stock reaches the reorder level, the risk of error decreases, an