勘探地球物理专业英语术语汇编

1、勘探地球物理专业术语汇编（中英对照）邵广周 编译 李庆春 校译长安大学地测学院二三年八月前言 译者2003年8月CONTENTS Gravity1 Magnetic11 Electrical21 Seismic31 Log78 Data precessing83Gravity重力accuracy: 1. The degree of freedom from error; the total error compared to the true value. Compare precision, uncertainty, and sensitivity. 2. The capability of

2、 an instrument to follow a true value. Inaccuracy is the departure from the true value due to any instrument error such as lack of repeatability, drift, temperature effects, or other causes.准确度：1. 误差的自由度；相对于真实值的总误差。参照精度、不确定性和灵敏度。2. 仪器测量真实值的能力。不准确度是由于仪器误差如复测正确度、掉格、温度影响或其它原因引起的偏离真实值的误差。AGC: Automatic

3、gain control.AGC：自动增益控制。Airy Hypothesis: A mode of compensation for isostasy in which topographically elevated areas are compensated by underlying “roots” of crustal material penetrating into the higher density subcrust.艾里假说：地壳均衡补偿的一种模式，认为地形升高的区域可由它下面扎入更高密度地壳物质形成的“根”来补偿。alias: An ambiguity in the fr

4、equency represented by sampled data. Where there are fewer than two samples per cycle, an input signal at one frequency yields the same sample values as (and hence appears to be ) another frequency at the output of the system. Half of the frequency of sampling is called the “folding” or “Nyquist” fr

5、equency fN; a frequency larger than this, fN+Y, appears to be the smaller frequency, fN-Y. The two frequencies, fN+Y and fN-Y are “aliases” of each other. Thus , for a signal sampled every 4 msec, or 250 times per second, the Nyquist frequency is 125 hz; if, for example, 50 hz is within the passband

6、, then 200 hz will also be passed if an alias filter has not been used and will appear in the output to have a 50 hz frequency. To avoid aliasing, frequencies above the Nyquist frequency must be removed by an alias filter before the sampling. The passbands obtained by folding about the Nyquist frequ

7、ency are called alias bands, side lobes, and secondary lobes. Aliasing is an inherent property of all sampling systems. It applies to digital seismic recording, to the sampling which is done by the separate elements of geophone and shotpoint arrays, and to sampling such as done in gravity surveys wh

8、ere the potential field is determined only at discrete stations, etc.假频：采样数据所表现出的频率的多值性。当每周期少于两个采样点时，某一频率的输入信号与系统输出端另一频率的信号具有（看起来象是）相同的采样值。采样频率的一半叫作“折叠频率”或“奈奎斯特频率”fN；大于该频率的频率fN+Y与小于该频率的频率fN-Y看起来很象。这两个频率fN+Y 和 fN-Y相互“混叠”。因此，对于采样间隔为4毫秒的信号，或者说每秒采样250次的信号，其奈奎斯特频率为125 hz；例如，设频率为50 hz的信号在通频带内，如果不用去假频滤波器，则

9、频率为200 hz的信号在输出端也会得到频率为50 hz的输出信号。为避免频率混叠现象，在采样之前必须用去假频滤波器将高于奈奎斯特频率的频率成分滤除。由奈奎斯特频率折叠得到的通频带叫作假频通带、旁瓣和副瓣。混叠是所有采样系统的固有特性。适用于数字地震记录、检波器和炮点排列的单个元素采样、和重力测量中大小仅取决于离散点位置的位场的采样等等。amplitude spectrum: Amplitude-versus-frequency relationship such as is computed in a Fourier analysis. See Fourier transform.振幅谱：由

10、傅立叶分析计算得到的振幅与频率的关系曲线。见傅立叶变换。antiroots: Shallow high-density mantle material beneath thin portions of the relatively light crust. Characterized by shallow Moho. The effect is to bring topographically low areas (like ocean basins ) into isostatic equilibrium. 反山根：浅层高密度地幔物质，它位于密度相对较轻的地壳细薄部分的下面。以浅层莫霍界面为

11、标志。其作用是对地形低的区域（如大洋盆地）进行均衡补偿。Bouguer anomaly: 1. The residual value obtained after latitude correction, elevation correction (including both free-air and Bouguer corrections), and terrain correction have been applied to gravity data. 2. Sometimes, a departure from smoothness in the contours on a map

12、showing Bouguer gravity values (an anomaly in Bouguer anomaly values).布格异常：1. 重力资料经纬度改正、高程改正（包括自由空间改正和布格改正）和地形改正后的剩余值。2. 有时指布格重力等值线图中偏离于平滑值的差值（布格异常值中的异常）。Bouguer correction: A correction to gravity data because of the attraction of the rock between the station and the elevation of the datum (often s

13、ea level) or, in the case of stations below the datum elevation, for the rock that is missing between the station and datum. The Bouguer correction is 0.4185 h mgal, where is the specific gravity of the intervening rock and h is the difference between the station and datum elevations in meters (or 0

14、.01276 ph mgal if h is in feet). In surface ship gravity data, the Bouguer correction replaces the sea water with rock and in the preceding expression is the difference in specific gravity of the rock and that of sea water (usually taken as 1.03).布格改正：由于测点与基准面（通常为海平面）高程之间的岩石引力或因测点低于基准面高程造成测点与基准面之间没有

15、岩石存在等原因而对重力资料进行的校正。布格改正表达式为0.4185 h毫伽，其中是中间层岩石密度，h为测点与基准面之间的高程差，单位为米（或0.01276 ph毫伽，h的单位为英尺）。对于船上重力资料，布格改正以岩石代替海水，而前面所给表达式中的则为岩石比重与海水比重之差（常取1.03）。continuation: Determining from a set of measurements of a potential field made over one surface what values the field will have over another surface (speci

16、fically at another elevation).延拓：由一个面上的一组位场测量值来确定该场在另一个面上的值（尤其是另一个高程面）。density: Mass per unit volume. Commonly measured in gm/cm3 = 103kg/m3, often without the units being expressed explicitly.密度：单位体积上的质量。一般用克/厘米3=103千克/米3来度量，通常没有明确的表示单位。density contrast: The difference in density between two format

17、ions.密度差：两岩层之间密度的差值。depth of compensation: The assumed depth at which the pressure due to the overlying crustal elements is constant and below which lateral density variations disappear. Involved in isostatic correction sometimes taken as the top of the asthenosphere. See also Pratt hypothesis.补偿深度：

18、一个假定深度，在此处上覆地壳成分产生的压力为常数且该深度以下横向密度变化消失。在均衡校正中有时将其作为软流层的顶部。见普拉特假说。dot chart: A chart used to compute the theoretical gravity (or other potential) effect of a mass distribution. A dot chart is superimposed on a scale cross-section drawn through the mass; the number of dots which fall within the mass o

19、utline multiplied by the anomalous density is proportional to the gravity effect at the origin of the chart. The chart is then moved to a different position on the outline and the number of dots counted again to give the effect at another point, and so on for every point for which the gravity value

20、is to be determined. Most charts assume that the mass distribution extends to infinity perpendicular to the plane of the chart and end corrections have to be applied to remove this restriction. Also called graticule. 布点量板：用来计算某一质量分布的理论重力（或其它位场）效应的曲线图。布点图叠加在由质量绘制而成的相似比例横剖面上；落在质量略图内的点的个数乘于异常密度正比于原图中的重

21、力效应。然后移动布点图在质量略图上的位置，重新计算点的个数给出另一点上的重力效应，依此类推确定出每个点上的重力值。多数布点图都假定质量分布在垂直于图形平面方向上无限延伸，因此必须进行末端改正来去除这一限制。也叫格子量板。double Bouguer correction: The Bouguer correction to sea level for measurements made on the ocean floor involves a correction to remove the upward attraction of the sea water above the meter

22、 and another correction to replace the sea water with the replacement density. Similar "double" corrections are required for measurements made in mines or in boreholes.双重布格改正：海底测量数据到海平面的布格改正，包括去除重力计上面海水向上的引力以及用等效密度来替换海水密度。在矿井或钻孔测量时也需要进行类似的“双重”校正。downward continuation: The process of determ

23、ining from values measured at one level the value of a potential (e.g., gravitational) field at a lower level. The potential field is not continuous across the boundaries of anomalous masses; as the depth from which anomalies originate is approached, their potential field expression becomes sharper

24、and tends to outline the mass better until the depth of the mass is reached, whereupon the field computed by continuation becomes erratic. Noise in the data often precludes successful application. See continuation.向下延拓：由某一平面上位场（如重力场）测量值来计算位场在更低一个平面上的值。异常质量边界处位场是不连续的；随着深度向产生异常的位置靠近，位场表现的越来越明显且质量轮廓越来越

25、好，直到达到质量深度位置，因此由延拓计算得到的场变的没有规律。资料中的噪声通常会妨碍延拓的成功进行。见延拓。elevation correction: l. The correction applied to reflection or refraction time values to reduce observations to a common reference datum. 2. In gravity, the sum of the free air and Bouguer corrections. The elevation correction is obtained by mu

26、ltiplying the difference between station and reference elevation by the elevation correction factor (ecf).ecf = (0.0941- 0.01 276) mgal/ft= (0.03086 - 0.004185) mgal/m,where = density.高程改正：l. 将反射或折射时间值还原到一个公共参考基准面上的校正方法。2. 重力场中的自由空间改正和布格改正之和。高程改正可由测点高程与参考高程的差乘于高程改正因子（ecf）得到。ecf = (0.0941 - 0.01 276)

27、 毫伽/英尺= (0.03086 - 0.004185) 毫伽/米其中为密度。field continuation: See continuation.位场延拓：见延拓。figure of the earth: Geoid.大地水准面：重力平面。free-air anomaly: Gravity data which have been corrected for latitude and elevation (free-air correction) but not for the density of the rock between datum and the plane of meas

28、urement (Bouguer correction).自由空间异常：经纬度改正和高程改正（自由空间改正）后的重力资料，但没有进行基准面与测量面之间的岩石密度改正（布格改正）。free-air correction: 1. A correction for the elevation of a gravity measurement required because the measurement was made at a different distance from the center of the earth than the datum. The first term of th

29、e free-air correction is 0.09406 mgal/ft or 0.3086 mgal/m. 2. In Turam, normalizing a ratio of successive measurements by dividing by the ratio of the calculated free-space vertical magnetic field. Compare normal correction.自由空间改正：1. 重力测量不是在基准面上而是在距地心不同距离处进行的，由此需要进行的高程改正。自由空间改正的第一项为0.09406毫伽/英尺或0.30

30、86毫伽/米。2. 土拉姆法中，对连续测量率通过除于自由空间垂直磁场理论计算率进行标准化。参照正常改正。free oscillation of the earth: A simple change-of-shape oscillation of the whole earth. The period is 53 minutes in the lowest mode. 地球自由震荡：地球整体形状变化的简谐震荡。最小振动周期为53分钟。gal: A unit of acceleration, used in gravity measurements. One gal = l cm/sec2 = l

31、0-2 m/sec2. The earth's nominal gravity is 980 gal.伽：加速度单位，用于重力测量。1伽=1厘米/秒2= l0-2米/秒2。地球正常重力为980伽。geodesy: The study of the earth's form and gravitational field. Involves the location of points on the earth with respect to reference systems.大地测量学：研究地球形状和重力场的一门学科。包括确定地球上的点相对于参照系的位置。geoid: The

32、 sea-level equipotential surface to which the direction of gravity is everywhere perpendicular. An oblate ellipsoid of revolution (the "spheroid") which approximates the geoid is the reference for geodetic latitude determinations.大地水准面：重力方向处处铅垂的海水等位面。近似地球体的一个旋转椭球面，即大地纬度测定的一个参考面。gradiomanom

33、eter: A device for determining the density of the wellbore fluid by measuring the pressure on two bellows and therefore the vertical pressure gradient 压差密度计：通过测量两个感压箱的压力和其垂直压力梯度来测定井身流体密度的一种仪器。gradiometer: A device for measuring the gradient of a potential field. 1. An arrangement of two magnetometer

34、s, one above the other, so that the difference in their readings is proportional to the vertical gradient of the magnetic field. 2. A three-arm torsion balance which is sensitive to gravity gradients but not to curvature.梯度仪：测量位场梯度的一种仪器。1. 两个磁强计的排列，其中一个在另一个的上面，因此它们的读数之差正比于磁场的垂直梯度。2. 对重力梯度反应灵敏而对曲度反应不

35、灵敏的三臂扭秤。gravimeter: An instrument for measuring variations in gravitational attraction; a gravity meter. Most present gravimeters are of the unstable or astatic type. The gravitational force on a mass in the meter is balanced by a spring arrangement, and a third force is provided which acts when the

36、 system is not in equilibrium. This third force intensifies the effect of changes of gravity and increases the sensitivity of the system. In the LaCoste-Romberg gravimeter , the main spring which balances out the gravitational pull on the weight is a "zero-length spring" inclined at an ang

37、le. A zero-length spring has a stress-strain curve which passes through zero length when projected back to zero strain. (For example, a spring which requires an initial stress before the coils begin to separate.) Zero-length springs have very long periods and high sensitivity. The Worden gravimeter

38、uses a horizontal torsion fiber or "hinge" as the main spring. This and the accessory measuring springs and supports are made of quartz and are very small and hence very light in weight. The Worden meter incorporates temperature-compensating features and is usually encased in a thermos bot

39、tle to further reduce its temperature sensitivity. See also shipboard gravimeter.重力仪：测量地球引力变化的一种仪器；重力仪。多数现有重力仪为不稳定型或无方向型。重力仪本身质量引起的重力可通过弹簧布罩来平衡，且当系统处于不平衡状态时，系统提供的第三种力将会起作用。该力增强了重力变化的影响，增加了系统的灵敏度。在拉考斯特-隆贝格重力仪中，平衡掉重量万有引力的主弹簧是一个以某一角度倾斜的“零长式弹簧”。零长式弹簧的应力-应变曲线在零应变上的投影通过零长。（例如，在簧圈开始分开之前需要一个初应力。）零长式弹簧具有很长的寿

40、命周期以及很高的灵敏度。渥尔登重力仪用一条水平扭丝或“铰链”作为主弹簧。主弹簧和附属测量弹簧以及支架都是由石英制成的，尺寸很小，因此重量也很轻。渥尔登重力仪具有温度补偿性能，通常被封装在一个保温瓶中以进一步减小它的温度灵敏度。见船载重力仪。gravitational constant: The proportionality constant in Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. The gravitational force F between two point masses m1 and m2 can be related to th

41、e distance r between them:F = mlm2/r2. has the value 6.670×10-11 newton m2/kg2. The gravitational acceleration g is the force per unit (face on the mass which is in the gravimeter):g = F/m1 = m2/r2.万有引力常数：牛顿万有引力定律中的比例常数。两质点m1 和 m2之间的万有引力F与两点之间的距离r有关：F = mlm2/r2.的值为6.670×10-11牛顿米2/千克2。重力加速度

42、g为单位质量上的力（朝着重力仪质量方向）：g = F/m1 = m2/r2.gravity: The force of attraction between bodies because of their mass. Usually measured as the acceleration of gravity. See gravitational constant.重力：物体之间因具有质量而产生的引力。通常测量的是重力加速度。见万有引力常数。gravity anomaly: 1. Bouguer anomaly. 2. The difference between the gravity w

43、hich is observed and that expected from a model. 3. Residual gravity. 重力异常：1. 布格异常。2. 重力观测值与模型期望值之差。3. 剩余重力值。gravity meter: Gravimeter.比重计： 重力仪。gravity reduction: Applying Bouguer elevation, free-air, isostatic, latitude, or terrain corrections to gravity measurements.重力改正：将布格高程改正、自由空间改正、均衡改正、纬度改正、或

44、地形改正应用于重力测量。gravity survey: Measurements of the gravitational field at a series of different locations over an area of interest. The objective in exploration work is to associate variations with differences in the distribution of densities and hence of rock types. Occasionally the whole gravitationa

45、l field is measured (as with a pendulum) or derivatives of the gravitational field (as with a torsion balance), but usually the difference between the gravity field at two points is measured (as with a gravimeter). Gravity data usually are displayed as Bouguer or free-air anomaly maps. 重力调查：在某一靶区上对一

46、系列不同位置处的重力场所进行的测量。调查工作的目的是将重力变化与密度分布以及岩石类型联系起来。有时侯需测量绝对重力场（如通过单摆）或重力场的导数（如通过扭力平衡），但通常所测的是两点之间的重力差（如通过重力仪）。重力资料通常用布格或自由空间异常图来显示。gravity unit: A unit of gravitational acceleration, equal to 0.1 mgal or 10-6 m/sec2. Sometimes called G unit.重力单位：重力加速度单位，等于0.1毫伽或10-6米/秒2。有时也叫G单位。Gutenberg discontinuity:

47、The boundary between the earth's mantle and core.古登堡不连续面：地幔与地核的分界面。horizontal cylinder: A model used in calculating potential field effects. A horizontal cylinder infinitely long so that the ends of the cylinder do not produce any effects. The model is equivalent to a line whose mass is A per un

48、it of length when is the density contrast and A is the cross-sectional area of the cylinder.水平圆柱体：用来计算位场效应的一个模型。水平圆柱无限长，因此圆柱体两端不产生任何效应。该模型可等效为一条单位长度上质量为A的直线，其中为密度差，A为圆拄体的横截面积。isostasy: The gravitational balance of large portions of the earth's crust as though they were floating on a denser under

49、lying layer (the asthenosphere); it thus accounts for major topography. The Pratt hypothesis assumes density variations so that areas of less-dense crust rise topographically above areas of more-dense crust. The Hayford modification of the Pratt hypothesis requires that the pressure be balanced at t

50、he "depth of compensation." The Airy hypothesis varies the thickness of crustal blocks of constant density so that the thicker parts ride higher; thus mountainous areas are compensated by deep "roots" and deep ocean basins by "antiroots." Ocean basins thus may have anti

51、roots at 6-8 km with the roots of mountains extending to 50-60 km. The Heiskanen modification permits density to vary but compensates 2/3 of the topography with roots. The Vening Meinesz hypothesis allows some of the balance to be accommodated laterally by the surrounding region rather than achieve

52、balance in the vertical direction only; the "radius of regionality" is of the order of 200 km.地壳均衡说：地壳大部分处于重力均衡，它们好象是漂浮在下伏致密层（软流层）上一样；可用来对主要地形做出解释。普拉特 地壳均衡 假说假定地壳密度是变化的，因此认为地壳密度低的地区的地势比密度高的地区要高。普拉特假说的海福特修正则要求“均衡深度”处的压力是均衡的。艾里假说则认为密度为常数的地壳板块的厚度是变化的，因此越厚的部分地势越高；即高山地区具有很深的“山根”以达到均衡，而大洋盆地则有“反山

53、根”。大洋盆地反山根在6-8千米深处，而高山地区的反山根可延深至50-60千米。海斯坎宁修正认为密度是变化的，但用作补偿的山根为地形高度的2/3。韦宁迈内兹假说认为均衡可通过周围区域进行横向调节而不是仅在垂直方向上达到均衡；“区域半径”为200千米。isostatic correction: A correction to gravity data to compensate for lateral density or thickness variations between large blocks of the earth's crust. The correction must

54、 assume a model and is made from elevation data and waterdepth data using zone charts.均衡改正：对重力资料所进行的校正以补偿地壳中大型块体之间的横向密度或厚度变化。必须假定一个模型利用环带量板得到高程和水深数据来进行校正。latitude correction: l. A correction of gravity data because of variation in centrifugal force resulting from the earth's rotation as the dist

55、ance to the earth's axis varies with latitude and for variation of the earth's radius because of polar flattening. The International Gravity Formula for such variation isg = 978,049 (1 + 0.0052884 sin2 - 0.0000059 sin22) mgal.The latitude correction amounts to 1.308 sin2 mgal/mile = 0.813 si

56、n2 mgal/km. 2. A gyrocompass correction for the rotation of the horizontal north vector as a function of latitude. (The horizontal north vector is tangent to the earth and hence the rotation is the result of earth curvature.)纬度改正：l. 由于地球旋转而引起的离心力随纬度到地轴距离的变化而变化以及由极向扁率引起的地球半径的变化而对重力资料进行的校正。该变化的国际正常重力公

57、式为：g = 978,049 (1 + 0.0052884 sin2 - 0.0000059 sin22) 毫伽。而纬度改正等于1.308 sin2毫伽/英里= 0.813 sin2毫伽/千米。2. 对水平向北矢量以纬度为函数旋转而做的回转罗盘校正。（水平向北矢量与地面相切，因此矢量旋转是由地球曲率引起的。）local gravity: Bouger value from which the regional has been subtracted; residual.局部重力值：扣除区域重力值后的布格重力值；剩余重力值。normal gravity: The value of gravity

58、 at sea level according to a theoretical formula which assumes the earth to have a simple regular ellipsoidal shape. See latitude correction.正常重力：假定地球为一个简单而规则的椭球体时，由理论公式得到的海平面处的重力值。见纬度改正。Poisson's equation：In space where the source density is , the Laplacian of a potential U is2 U = 4K,where is the operator del and K is a constant (gravitational constant in case of mass and gravitational potential). The constant 4 is deleted in the mks system. In empty space where = 0, this becomes Laplac