江西研究生英语第一册翻译

1、第一单元：腹部的累赘 New research points to waistline size as a better predictor of healthBy Amanda Spake新的研究指出，腰围尺寸是更好的健康预报因素。 1、Does your belt need a new hole-or three? Has that "spare tire" made it hard to tie your shoes? And what's happened to clothing sizes? Why has everything become j

2、ust too darn tight around the waist? If you find yourself asking these questions while you lie down on the bed, hold your breath, and try to get that zipper all the way up, join the club. Americans' collective waistline is expanding-a lot. And medical researchers are beginning to understand the

3、complex physiology behind a simple truth women have believed for centuries: the smaller the waist, the better the life.你的腰带需要多扎1个或三个新孔吗？那个“肉肚”已使你系鞋带都困难了吗？衣服尺码又发生了什么变化？为什么腰部周围的一切都变得紧得要命？当你躺床在上屏住呼吸努力把拉链向上拉到尽头时，要是你发现自己在问这些问题，那咱们就都一样了。美国人的腰围正普遍在变粗粗了很多。几个世纪以来，妇女们始终相信一条朴实的真理：腰越细，生活就越好医学研究者们如今正开始了解这一简单真理背后

4、的复杂的生理机能。  2、Over the past 10 years, a raft of new studies have shown that predicting a person's long-term health may be as simple as taking a waist measurement. Fat around the waist has been linked to a greater risk of heart disease, diabetes, stroke, hypertension, breathing problems, disa

5、bility, some cancers, and higher mortality rates. The medical community once believed that it was weight itself or the body mass index that led to serious illness and earlier death, not where fat is located on the body. But recent research on the wonders of the fat cell has shown that not all fat is

6、 alike. Fat around the middle is largely visceral fat, a type of deep fat that packs itself around internal organs and secretes powerful body chemicals. It's this type of fat that sets off reactions in the body that lead to changes in arteries, organs, and cells that result in heart disease, dia

7、betes, and probably some cancers. The more abdominal fat, the greater the risk of developing these conditions earlier. "It's becoming clearer and clearer that body fat distribution is a critically important variable," says JoAnn Manson, chief of preventive medicine at Harvard Universit

8、y's Brigham and Women's Hospital. "And abdominal obesity is the key culprit." 在过去的十年期间，一系列新的研究已表明，预言一个人的长期健康也许就同进行一次腰围测量一样简单。腰围周围赘满的脂肪已经与具有更大风险的心脏病、糖尿病、中风、高血压、呼吸系统、疾病、残疾、某些癌症以及更高的死亡率联系在一起。医学界曾经认为，引起严重疾病和早逝的是身体本身或体重指数。而不是脂肪位于身体什么部位。然而，最近对脂肪细胞奇妙之处的研究已经表明，并非所有脂肪都是相同的。身体中周围的脂肪大多是内脏脂肪，这

9、是一种包在体内各个器官周围并分泌浓烈的体内化学物质的深层脂肪类型。就是这类脂肪会引起体内各种反应，导致动脉、器官、和细胞的变化，从而引发心脏病、糖尿病，还可能引发某些癌症。腹部脂肪越多，提前患这些病的风险就越大。哈佛大学布里厄姆妇女医院预防医学的领导人约安曼森说：“体内脂肪分布是一个极为重要的变量，这一点变得越来越清晰了。因而腹部肥胖症是关键性的致病原因”。 3、 Ideal look.To some extent, folk wisdom and popular culture have reflected this for centuries. A willowy waistli

10、ne was an ideal for both men and women in colonial and frontier America and easier to attain when food was scarce and a great deal of physical activity was required to hunt, gather, and cook it. The Victorian period ushered in the era of the "hourglass figure," which remained the ideal fem

11、ale form for more than 120 years, until it was supplanted by the "Twiggy" look of the 1960s. Boys, of course, want thin waists, too. Many a late-night infomercial sells the dream of "six-pack abs"(六块腹肌) or a "washboard stomach" to men.理想的外表。从某种程度上讲，人们的智慧和流行的文化反映这一倾向已经有几

12、个世纪了。在美洲殖民地时代和边疆开拓时期，男人和女人的理想都是柳树般的细腰，当时食物供不应求，狩猎、采集和烹饪食物又需要大量的体力劳动，所以这种理想是比较容易达到的。维多利亚时代开创了“细腰体型”的时代，这种理想女性体形的观念已经延续了120多年，直到20世纪60年代才被“苗条的”体形所取代。当然，男孩子也想有细腰。许多深夜的电视商业广告片向男人们推销他们梦寐以求的“6块腹肌”或“搓板肚”。 4、One thing is certain: The average American waistline is expanding. In fact, it has never been bigger

13、. Federal health surveys show that over the past four decades, the mean waist size for men has grown from 35 inches to 39 inches; for women, from 30 inches to 37 inches. The National Institutes of Health recommends that men with waists measuring 37 inches or greater and women with waists larger than

14、 31.5 inches modify their lifestyles to reduce their waists and resulting health risks. Nearly 39 percent of men and 60 percent of women are carrying too much belly fat.有一件事是肯定的：美国人的平均腰围正在变粗。事实上，他们的平均腰围从来没有比现在更粗。联邦卫生机构的调查表明，在过去40年中，男性腰围的平均尺寸已从35英寸增加到了39英寸；女性的则从30英寸增加到了37英寸。（美国）国家卫生研究院建议，所测腰围为37英寸或以上

15、的男性和腰围大于31.5英寸的女性都要改变他们的生活方式以缩减他们的腰围，从而降低对健康产生的风险。将近39%的男性和60%的女性正承载着太多的腹部脂肪。 5、 Perhaps one reason waists have grown so thick is that the majority of Americans do not realize that abdominal fat can be so hazardous. According to the Shape of the Nations report released by the World Heart Federa

16、tion in September, 6 in 10 Americans did not rank abdominal fat as a leading risk factor for heart disease. And while a majority of doctors did know of the link between belly fat, heart disease, and diabetes, physicians measure waist circumferences of only 17 percent of their patients. 腰部已增长到这么

17、粗的一个理由也许是因为大多数美国人并未认识到腹部脂肪能有这么大的危害。据世界心脏联合会公布的“若干国家的体形现状报告”所说，10个美国人中就有6个尚未把腹部脂肪列为心脏病的首要危险治病因素。尽管大多数医生确实已知腹部脂肪、心脏病、糖尿病三者之间的联系，内科医生们却只给他们17%的病人测量腰围。  6、Yet, a study published in the British medical journal Lancet this month showed that among some 27,000 people in 52 countries, waist size as a ra

18、tio of hip circumference (the so-called waist-to-hip ratio) more accurately predicted which men and women would have heart attacks than did any other body measure, including weight and body mass index. "I don't think there is anything magic about this ratio, except that it's a window to

19、 the balance between muscle and fat," says Salim Yusuf, professor of medicine at Canada's McMaster University and lead author of the study. "Around the waist there is no large muscle." In other words, it's all excess fat.然而，英国医学杂志柳叶刀发表的一项研究报告表明，在52个国家的约2.7万人中间，腰部尺寸与臀围的比率（所谓的腰臀

20、比）会比任何其他身体测量（包括体重和体重指数）更准确地预报哪些男性和女性会得心肌梗塞。加拿大麦克马斯特大学的医学教授和这项研究报告的首席作者萨利姆·尤瑟夫说：“我认为腰臀比除了是肌肉和脂肪的比例是否平衡的一个信息窗口外，没有任何神秘之处。腰部周围没有大肌肉。”换句话说，那里全是多余的脂肪。 7、High price.Little wonder, then, that a simple waist measurement, even in children, can accurately forecast who is likely to develop metabolic syndr

21、ome, a condition defined not only by waist size but also by having two or more additional health problems: high blood pressure, unhealthy cholesterol, high triglycerides (甘油三脂), or insulin resistance. Metabolic syndrome significantly increases the risk of heart disease and leads to an early onset of

22、 type 2 diabetes.高代价。因此，一点儿也不奇怪，简单的腰部测量（即使在儿童方面）也能准确地预告谁可能得代谢综合征。这种病不仅受腰围尺寸大小的影响，也为两种或更多种另外的有碍健康的因素：如高血压、有害健康的胆固醇、高甘油三酸酯或胰岛素阻抗等所影响。代谢综合征会显著加大得心脏病的风险并导致2型糖尿病的提早发生。 8、 Bigger waists also mean higher medical costs. Patients with 41-inch waists pay about $2,600 more per year in annual medical expen

23、ses than do those with 32-inch waists, according to a 2002 study in the journal Obesity Research. Larger waists can lead to more low-back pain, greater breathing difficulties, and persistent cough, compared with people with less abdominal fat. Waist size can even forecast who will have trouble bathi

24、ng, dressing, and walking in old age. "Waist circumference is far more important than simply measuring how much someone weighs," says Lewis Kuller, an epidemiology professor at the University of Pittsburgh who has studied abdominal obesity and heart disease for decades.较粗的腰也意味着较高的医疗费用。据肥胖症

25、研究杂志上2002年的一项研究报告称，腰围41英寸的病人比32英寸的病人在年度医疗费方面每年都要多支出约2600美元。与腹部脂肪少的人相比，较粗的腰可导致下背疼痛、较严重的呼吸困难和持久性咳嗽。腰的尺码甚至可以预告谁将会在老年时产生洗澡、穿衣和行走的烦恼。匹兹堡大学的流行病学教授刘易斯·库勒说：“腰围远比简单地测量某人有多少体重更加重要。”这位教授研究腹部肥胖症和心脏病已有数十年之久了。 9、Contrary to the notion that belly fat is a soft, inert tissue that nonchalantly sits on the waist

26、, abdominal fat cells are actually little endocrine factories, producing hormones that send messages to many organs. "This central fat is the most metabolically active," says Manson. Belly fat appears to drain directly into the liver, she says, and as the fat breaks down, it releases subst

27、ances that increase the body's resistance to insulin. "It seems to me that what has emerged is a sense that abdominal obesity promotes insulin resistance, which raises insulin levels, which increases appetite, which increases triglycerides, which causes the good HDL to go down, and increase

28、s sodium absorption, then blood volume expands, and blood pressure goes up," says William Kannel, a professor at Boston University Medical School and a former director of the Framingham Heart Study. Ultimately, this cascade of events leads to glucose intolerance, diabetes, hypertension, and acc

29、elerated development of coronary heart disease.与腹部脂肪是位于腰部无所事事的惰性软组织这一观念相反，腹部脂肪实际上是一些小的内分泌工厂，会制造一些把信息传送给许多器官的激素。曼森说：“这种位于中央的脂肪在代谢方面是最活跃的。”她还说，腹部脂肪看来直接排入肝脏，而脂肪分解时所释放的物质可增加身体对胰岛素的耐受性。波士顿大学医学院教授和弗莱明汉姆心脏研究项目的前领导人威廉·坎奈尔说：“在我看来，已出现的一种观念是，腹部肥胖症会提升对胰岛素的耐受性，以致胰岛素水平升高，食欲增加，从而导致甘油三酸酯增多，使良性的高密度脂蛋白下降和提高对钠的吸收

30、，于是血容积扩张，血压升高。”最终，这一连串情况的发生会导致葡萄糖耐受不良、糖尿病、高血压，以及加速发展的冠心病。 10、 The connection between fat distribution and sex hormones is only now being explored. The apple shape "tends to be associated with higher male hormone levels in women, and this may be one of the reasons that men and women tend to

31、 have a different body fat distribution," says Manson. Men, who naturally have more male hormones than women, also accumulate fat around their waists more frequently than women. Though the role hormones play in fat distribution is not yet clear, the way many women lose their waist at menopause

32、may be due to changes in the relative levels of androgen to estrogen. Clinical trials of hormone replacement therapy, however, did not show that postmenopausal women who took the drugs had a substantial waist-size reduction, says Manson. 只有到了今天，人们才开始探索脂肪分布和性激素之间的联系。曼森说：苹果体形“往往与女性具有较高的雄性激素水平有关，而

33、这可能是男性和女性倾向于有不同的体内脂肪分布的理由之一。”男性天然地比女性有更多的雄性激素，也比女性更经常地把脂肪积存在他们的腰部。虽然激素在脂肪分布中所起的作用尚未弄清，但是许多女性在绝经期腰部发胖可能就是由于雄性激素和雌性激素相对水平的改变。然而，曼森说，激素替补疗法的临床试验并没有表明绝经后的女性服药后腰部尺码会有明显减小。 11、 Apple vs.pear.Conversely, the pear shape or the hourglass figure may be linked to higher estrogen levels and greater fertili

34、ty. One study of Polish women indicated that those with large breasts, small waists, and wide hips had higher levels of estrogen than those who were more apple shaped. "It's possible that it's a fat distribution pattern hourglass associated with the higher likelihood of reproductive suc

35、cess, and it was something that was selected for" during women's evolution, says Manson. 苹果体形与梨状体形相比。相对而言，梨形或细腰形的身材可能与较高的雌性激素水平和较高的生育力有关联。对波兰妇女的一项研究显示，胸大、腰细、臀宽的女性的雌激素水平比更具苹果体形的女性要高，曼森说：“可能那就是和生育成功的可能性较高有关的一种脂肪分布模式（细腰形），而且这种模式是在女性进化期间就被择选下来的。” 12、 Some recent studies also indicate

36、that hip and thigh fat-common to pear-shaped people-may actually offer some unique safeguard against cardiovascular disease. "Hip fat is definitely protective," says Marie Savard, a Philadelphia internist who is researching the health effects of body shape. She points to a 2004 Danish stud

37、y of nearly 3,000 men and women that showed that a larger hip circumference reduced cardiovascular disease and death among women but had no positive effect for men. Similarly, research on 3,000 older adults reported in the Archives of Internal Medicine earlier this year confirmed not only that abdom

38、inal fat leads to metabolic syndrome but also that leg and thigh fat-among both women and men-was associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome and less heart disease.最近的一些研究也显示，臀部和大腿的脂肪梨状体形的人们所共有确实可以为预防心血管病提供某些独特的保护。正在研究体形健康效应的费城内科医生师玛丽·萨瓦德说：“臀部脂肪肯定会起保护作用。”她指出，2004年丹麦对将近3000名男性和女性进行

39、的一项研究表明，较大的臀围减少了妇女中的心血管病和死亡，但是对男人们却无积极效应。与此相似，内科医学档案中的一篇报道称，对3000名年纪较大的成年人的研究证实了，不仅腹部脂肪会导致代谢综合征，而且小腿和大腿的脂肪不分男女与代谢综合征较少流行和较少的心脏病有关。13、 But not all researchers agree that hip fat is beneficial, and if it is, no one yet knows why. One theory is that hip and thigh fat may act as a metabolic reservoir, s

40、toring harmful blood fats that would otherwise circulate throughout the body. Or it could be that fat on the hips, thighs, and legs may just indicate that a person is genetically pear shaped and less inclined to gain the spare tire that plagues the more apple shaped. Still, more lower-body fat gener

41、ally means more fat-period-which clearly leads to higher risk of heart disease and diabetes.但是，并非所有研究人员都同意臀部脂肪是有益的，而且即使有益，仍然无人知晓其原因。有一种理论是，臀部和大腿脂肪可能起代谢库的作用贮存有害的血液脂肪，否则这种脂肪就会循环到全身。或者可能是，臀部、大腿和小腿的脂肪也许恰好表明一个人具有遗传的梨状体形，而且往往很少会拥有像让更多苹果体形的人们苦恼的那种肉肚。然而，身体较低部位的脂肪越多一般意味着明显导致心脏病和糖尿病更高风险的脂肪就越多。 14、 It wil

42、l be decades before medicine unravels the metabolic puzzle that is fat. In the meantime, doctors say the important action to take is to stop waist expansion. "We all need to slow down this process of becoming more applelike," says Savard. "Body shape really does matter." 医学解

43、开代谢之谜是脂肪的难题尚需数十年。医生们说，在此期间采取的主要行动是制止腰部变粗。萨瓦德说：“我们每个人都需要放慢让自己体形变得更像苹果的过程。体形实在不容忽视。”第二单元：奥巴马表明需与过去彻底决裂 Just by raising his hand and taking the oath of office, President Obama made history yesterday. But from his inaugural address to the throngs who crowded the streets of Washington to the diversi

44、ty of the faces in his White House reviewing stand, he signaled that his presidency probably will bring even more widespread changes to a nation confronted by problems of historic significance.1.  仅仅是举手进行就职宣誓，奥巴马总统在昨天就创造了历史。但无论是从他对华盛顿街头聚集的众人发表的就职演说，还是白宫观礼台上形色不同的面孔，他都表明他的总统任期可能会给这个面临历史性重大困难的国家带来

45、更广泛的变革。Rarely has a president come into office with the public in such a seemingly conflicted mood. Battered by the worst recession since the Great Depression, Americans are deeply pessimistic about the nation's future and their own well-being. The war in Iraq has taxed public patience. The war

46、in Afghanistan and conflict in the Middle East challenge the shrewdest of leaders. 2.  过去很少有哪位美国总统在这样一种看来矛盾的心态下就职。在“大萧条”以来最严重的经济衰退的打击下，美国人对国家的前途和自身的安康都深感悲观。伊拉克战争耗尽了公众的耐心，阿富汗战争和中东冲突考验着最精明的领导人。Obama's somber address - and his exhortation to the country to pull together - fit the times in

47、 which they were delivered. "Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real," the president said. "They are serious, and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America: They will be met."3.  奥巴马沉郁的演说以及他对全国人民团结起来的敦促是与演说的

48、时间背景相契合的。“今天我告诉你们，我们面临的挑战是真实存在的，”总统讲道。“挑战很多，也很严峻，难以在短期内轻松化解。但是美利坚，请记住这句话：挑战是会被征服的。” Yet at a time of doubt and despair, and on a day when the stock market plummeted again, Obama's inauguration showed another side to the nation's current mood - hopefulness and a sense of confidence that

49、has been invested in a young and relatively untested new president.4.  但在一个充满疑惑和绝望的时期，在股市再度暴跌的一天，奥巴马的就职典礼展示了这个民族当下心态的另一面，即对这位相对而言未经考验的、年轻的新总统所寄予的希望和自信。 It was to both uncertainty and optimism that Obama directed his words from the Capitol's West Front, addressing a sea of faces along t

50、he Mall and street corners, churches and living rooms throughout the country. He said, "On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord."5.  奥巴马在国会大厦西侧的露天平台上发表的讲话既针对迷惘心态，也针对乐观心态。他面对国会大厦前的草地上、街角边和教堂里的张张面孔以及全国各地千家万户发表演说。他说：“今天我们汇聚

51、于此，因为我们选择了希望，而非恐惧，选择了万众一心，而非冲突与争执。” History infused every aspect of the day, which saw the first African American president take office, as well as a generational shift - away from the baby boomers who have led the nation for the past two decades, to a leader not part of the tumult of the 1960s

52、 - and the return of Democratic control of Congress and the White House.6.  这一天处处书写了历史，见证了第一位非洲裔美国总统就职，以及一代人的更迭从20 年来引领着美国的婴儿潮一代，到与20 世纪60 年代动荡无关的领导人，还见证了民主党人重掌国会和白宫。 Most clearly, yesterday's activities confirmed that Obama's presidency will mark a sharp break from

53、that of George W. Bush. The new president did not hesitate to highlight their differences. Obama spoke of a change of course in the Iraq war and of the "false choice between our safety and our ideals." Those last words were aimed at the previous administration's positions on civil libe

54、rties and harsh interrogation techniques. Most striking, given Bush's unpopularity abroad, was Obama's declaration to a world watching intently and eagerly that "we are ready to lead again."7.  再显然不过，昨天的一系列活动表明，奥巴马的总统任期标志着与乔治·W.布什任期的分道扬镳。新总统并不讳言他们之间的分歧。奥巴马谈及伊拉克战争要转变方向，以及“

55、在我们的安全和理想之间作出的错误的选择。”最后几句话则针对上届政府在公民自由和严酷的刑讯手段方面的立场。鉴于布什在国外不受欢迎，最为突出的一点是，奥巴马对正热切专注着的世界宣布，“我们为重新领导世界做好了准备。” Still, perhaps mindful that during his campaign he faced doubts about his readiness to lead in a time of war, Obama was careful to balance his pledge to use diplomacy and cooperation in de

56、aling with the rest of the world with steely words of resolve. To those out to harm the country, he said: "Our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken. You cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you."8.  也许奥巴马还记得在竞选中他所面临的对其是否具备战时领导力的质疑，于是他刻意寻求平衡既誓言和世界其他国家打交道时使用外交手段与合作，也放出了几句坚定的狠话。针对那些执

57、意要伤害美国的人，他说：“我们的意志更加坚定且坚不可摧。你们的日子不会比我们更长久，我们会战胜你们。” The confluence of events and Obama's politics suggest that his presidency could bring a more momentous shift - from an era of conservative governance to one in which Washington assumes a more central role in the life of the country.9. 

58、0;种种事件和奥巴马的政治主张显示，其总统任期将带来更为重大的转变从保守治国时代过渡到华盛顿在美国的日常生活中具有更主导作用的时代。 Twenty-eight years ago, Ronald Reagan famously used his first inaugural address to declare that "government is not the solution to our problem." Yesterday, Obama said, "The question we ask today is not whether our

59、 government is too big or too small, but whether it works."10.  28年前，罗纳德·里根曾以其在首次总统就职演说中宣布“政府不是解决问题的灵药”而闻名。昨天，奥巴马说：“我们今天提出的问题并非我们的政府是太大还是太小，而是它是否行之有效。” The relationship between government and the economy changed before Obama came to office, because of the economic crisis. Obama s

60、uggested that he will probably accelerate those changes. He said the issue is not whether free markets are a force for good or ill, but whether they work to the benefit of all Americans without a more watchful eye from government. In asking the question, he provided the answer that will guide his po

61、licymakers.11.  由于经济危机，政府和经济之间的关系在奥巴马就职之前就发生了变化。奥巴马暗示他可能会加速这些变化。他说，问题不在于自由市场是一种向善或为恶的力量，而在于它们在没有更强有力的政府监管的情况下能否为全体美国人谋利益。在问这个问题的同时，他提供的答案也将成为政策制定者的指导方针。It is far too early to know to what degree Obama's presidency will result in a rollback of the conservative era or the beginning of a new progressive era. But his aspirations are among the larg