国际学术交流英语

1、-三、国际学术交流英语1电子交流惯用语1.1 Initiate a meetingl I would like to hold a meeting in the afternoon about our development planning for the project A.l I suggest we have a call tonight at 9:30pm (China Time) with you and Brown. Please let me know if the time is okay for you and Ben.l We'd like to have the

2、 meeting on Thu Oct 30 the same time.l Let's make a meeting ne*t Monday at 5:30 PMBeijing time.l I want to talk to you over the phone regarding issues about report development and the * project.1.2 Seeking for more information/feedbacks/suggestionsl Shall you have any problem accessing the folde

3、rs, please let me knows. l Thank you and look forward to having your opinion on the estimation and schedule.l Look forward to your feedbacks and suggestions soon.l What is your opinion on the schedule and ne*t steps we proposed? l What do you think about this?l Feel free to give your ments.l Any que

4、stion, please don't hesitate to let me know.l Any question, please let me know.l Please contact me if you have any questions. l Your ments and suggestions are wele! l Please let me know what you think?l Do you have any idea about this?l It would be nice if you could provide a bit more informatio

5、n on the user's behavior. l At your convenience, I would really appreciate you looking into this matter/issue.1.3 Give feedbackl Please see ments below.l My answers are in blue below.l I add some ments to the document for your reference.1.4 Attachmentl I enclose the evaluation report for your re

6、ference.l Attached please find today's meeting notes.l Attach is the design document, please review it.l For other issues related to individual features, please see attached release notes.1.5 Point listingl Today we would like to finish following tasks by the end of today: 1.2.l Some issues in t

7、his release: 1.2.l Our team here reviewed the newest SCM policy and has following concerns: 1. .2.l Here are some more questions/issues for your team: 1.2.l The current status is as following: 12l Some items need your attention: 1.2.1.6 Raise questionl I have some questions about the report ABCl For

8、 the aggrement ABC, I have the following questions: 1.7 Proposall For the ne*t step of platform implementation, I am proposingl I suggest we can have a weekly project meeting over the phone calll Achievo team suggest to adopt option A to solve outstanding issue1.8 Thanks notel Thank you so much for

9、the cooperation!l I really appreciate the effort you all made for this sudden and tight project.l Thanks for your attention!l Your kind assistance on this are very appreciated.l Really appreciate your help!1.9 Apologyl I sincerely apologize for this misunderstanding!l I apologize for the late asking

10、 but we want to make sure the correctness of our implementation ASAP. 2求职信及简历2.1 求职信Cover LetterA cover letter isn't ever going to win you a job by itself, but a badly worded letter is going to cause doubts in the employers mind right from the start.A good cover letter e*plains why you, ove

11、r all the other candidates, are worth taking the time to find out more about.2.1.1格式Dear INSERT HIRING MANAGERS NAME,Regarding the INSERT JOB TITLE position currently advertised on your panys website, please find attached a copy of my resume for your consideration.Having worked within the industry f

12、or over INSERT YEARS E*PERIENCE, I have developed a wide range of skills that would meet, and e*ceed the e*pectations for the role. During my career I have had many achievements, including INSERT KEY ACHIEVEMENT. I am currently unemployed and would relish the opportunityto immediately bring this lev

13、el of success to your pany.If you would like to get in touch to discuss my application and to arrange an interview, you can contact me via INSERT PHONE NUMBER OR EMAIL ADDRESS. I look forward to hearing from you soon.Yours sincerely,INSERT NAME2.1.2常见错误1Using the Wrong Cover Letter FormatThe student

14、's cover letter looked more like a cut-and-paste email than a business letter. It had no recipient information, no return address and no date. The letter screamed unprofessional.Be sure your cover letter uses a standard business-letter format. It should include the date, the recipient's mail

15、ing address and your address.2Making It All About YouYour cover letter, like your resume, should be about the employer as much as it's about you. Yes, you need to tell the employer about yourself, but do so in the conte*t of the employer's needs and the specified job requirements.3Not Proofi

16、ng for Typos and Grammatical ErrorsEmployers tend to view typos and grammatical errors as evidence of your carelessness and inability to write. Proofread every letter you send. Get additional cover letter help by asking a friend who knows good writing double-check your letter for you.4Making Unsuppo

17、rted ClaimsToo many cover letters from college students and recent grads say the applicant has "strong written and verbal munication skills." Without evidence, it's an empty boast. Give some e*amples for each claim you make. Employers need proof.5Writing a NovelA good cover letter shou

18、ld be no longer than one page. Employers are drunk with resumes and cover letters, and their time is scarce. Make sure your cover letter has three or four concise but convincing paragraphs that are easy to read. If your petitor's letter rambles on for two pages, guess which candidate the employe

19、r will prefer.6Using the Same Cover Letter for Every Job and panyEmployers see so many cover letters that it's easy for them to tell when you're using a one-size-fits-all approach. If you haven't addressed their pany's specific concerns, they'll conclude you don't care about

20、this particular job.It's time-consuming but worthwhile to customize each cover letter for the specific job and pany.7Not Sending a Real Cover LetterSome job seekers - college students, recent grads and even those with years of work e*perience - don't bother sending a cover letter with their

21、resume. Others type up a one or two-sentence "here's my resume" cover letter, while others attach handwritten letters or sticky notes.There is no gray area here: You must include a well-written, neatly formatted cover letter with every resume you send. If you don't, you won't b

22、e considered for the job.2.2个人简历RÉSUMÉ2.2.1 Contact1Full name2Home Address3Phoneoffice，home，celland fa*4Personal address2.2.2 Career Summary/Objective1SummaryA career summary provides a brief, focused overview of your work history. It tells the employer what your specialty is as an employe

23、e, and serves as an introduction to the rest of your resume. Here is an e*ample based on someone who has been working as a Customer Service Representative for the past couple of years:A dedicated, helpful Customer Service Representative with e*perience in the retail and automotive sectors. Able to w

24、ork independently and use in-house resources effectively, such as online databases and problem resolution procedures. Willing to do shift work and weekends if required.Notice that a career summary is often written in paragraph form, with up to four or five sentences. It can be used in all resumes re

25、gardless of how much, or how little, work e*perience you actually have.2ObjectiveWhat if youre fairly new to the workforce and dont have much to put in your career summary. Or how about if youre sending out a mass (or snail mail) to all sorts of employers without knowing if theyre hiring or not, but

26、 you want them to know what kind of job youd be most interested in.Thats when stating your career objective es in handy. It quickly tells employers which type of role they should keep you in mind for. Just like in the following e*ample:To secure a mid-level Customer Service job with a respected empl

27、oyer in the hospitality or entertainment industries, with room for upward advancement based on performance.You can see that a career objective is short and sweet, with just a sentence or two that describes the kind of job (and industry, if you want to be more specific) youd prefer to be hired for.It

28、s possible to add those one or two sentences from your career objective directly to the end part of your career summary if youre looking to save space. However this makes the career summary longer and your career objective may get overlooked.3Summary or Objective?A concise career summary should appe

29、ar near the top of your resume no matter if you have decades of work e*perience or are a recent grad. Other terms you can use as a header are “Professional Summary, “Summary of E*perience, or even “About Me. The career objective is helpful if youre not applying to a specific job posting, but instead

30、 are sending out unsolicited applications to potential employers. It can be featured under its own header, or if youre including it at the end of your summary, you could use the header “Career Summary and Employment Objective.Whether you use a summary, objective, or some bination of both, you are he

31、lping employers get a quick feel for who you are and what kind of work youd be best at. So take a few moments to write your own and get it into your resume!2.2.3 Major Achievements针对招聘方向的相关业绩2.2.4 Working E*perience注意时间顺序，是由近到远2.2.5 Professional Training针对招聘方向的相关培训2.2.6 Qualifications毕业论文、资格考试证书等2.2

32、.7 Related Skill语言、软件、编程、业余爱好等等2.2.8 Publications正规杂志、刊物上发表的论文，要列出论文及刊物名称、刊号、时间等信息3学术论文的撰写3.1科技论文的根本特征1原始研究结果的首次披露容的原创性；2对前人工作的评价深入透彻，本文成果表述文笔流畅可读性；3方法独特，或得到独特发现，或有新的应用成果的新颖性；4必须使同行们能够重复实验，以审查作者的结论方法的科学性3.2如何选题3.2.1课题要与国际接轨想在国际核心期刊发表文献，就必须了解国际研究动态，选择与国际学术研究合拍的课题。由于多方面因素的影响，我国科学研究选题与国际先进水平还有一定距离。在高校，

33、一些教师治学严谨、根底扎实，但科研成果不突出，重要原因就是不重视有关领域学术动态，不能选得适宜的课题。3.2.2课题要有可开展性课题可开展性对高水平论文的持续产出具有极大作用。中国科技大学洪义另辟蹊径，开展了诺贝尔奖得主狄拉克Dirac奠定的量子论的符号法，系统地建立了“有序算符的积分理论，1998年有24篇论文被SCI收录。他对自己论文高产的解释是，研究“具有开创性，突破一点以后就可以向纵深开展，使研究工作自成系列、成面成片。有人由于所接触的问题已处于该研究分支的末端，即使在该点上有所突破，也难持续开展。借助工具选题1查阅有关领域的检索工具2了解SCI收录期刊所反映的科技动态1ISI期刊信息

34、可从.isinet.查获2也可从SCI印刷版每期、分册的来源出版物目录Lists of Source Publications查找3还可从ISI引用期刊报告 Journal Citation Reports，简称JCR了解期刊信息，该文献有印刷版、网络版JCR on the Web和光盘版JCR on CD-ROM3利用ISI提供的选题工具帮助1Essential Science Indicators：对正在开展的工作进展量化分析，以保证用户科学研究同科学开展趋向一致2ISI Highly Cited.：介绍有关出色人物研究状况、有关领域研究热点和开展趋向的()4利用网上数据库了解国际学术研究

35、动态及有关资料3.3学术论文的构思如何获得好的idea首先需要对本研究领域有一个全局性的了解。无论是应用还是根底科研，最关键的是idea。idea的形成决定了科研水平和档次。高水平的科学家一听你的科研课题方向，就能判断你的科研水平。因此，获得好的idea是至关重要的。必须具备敏锐的科研嗅觉，而这种敏锐性是经过长期的思考和实践获得的。通过几天或半个月的苦思苦想，得到了一个自以为很好的idea，很可能是别人十几年前就做过的工作，但新手上路时重复一些经典实验以获得经历是很正常的。此外，科研要注重质量，千万不要单纯地追求数量而令同行的人嘲笑。最重要的，还包括不能急于求成。获得好的 idea有以下途径：

36、1大量地、仔细地阅读文献，弄清研究现状和要解决的问题2自己先冥思苦想一段时间，有了自己的idea后再去查文献3多听学术报告、多与同行探讨，从中获得启示4总结感兴趣领域尚未探讨过，但很有意义的课题5总结争论性很强的问题，反复比较研究方法和结论，从中发现切入点6科研过程中遇到的难以解释的问题，往往会成为思维的闪光点7但要注意，别人没作过的，也许不是因为没想到，而是因为没有意义或者没有可能性。3.3.2研究工作的创新要想在国际核心期刊上发表论文，原创性是其最根本的要求。原创性课题通常来源于实践或对各种有关信息的研究，而不是来源于现成文献。原创性不等同于新颖性，新颖性可以是别人研究的继续，而原创性意味

37、着一个新事物、新领域、新问题的开创。国际核心刊物发表的论文，原则上都应当是“在国际上首次描述的新的观测和实验事实，首次提出的新概念和新模型，首次建立的新方程，也包括对已有重大观测实验事实的新的概括和新规律的提炼。“新是一篇好论文的灵魂，通过两条根本途径去进展创新：1从研究手段上创新1采用新仪器、新流程，对自然过程进展观测，取得新资料；2对新资料进展分析，提出新概念，在新概念的根底上建立新理论；3用新思路、新理论对前人观测资料重新进展分析，得到新的结论2从研究对象上创新1立足于特殊的储集-渗流条件，发现新的自然现象和自然规律；2对前人建立的模式或理论提出质疑，建立修正的模式3.4如何阅读文献在科

38、研前必须弥补根底知识，这是看懂文献的根底。3.4.1文献阅读的数量要广泛阅读文献，通常，每年查阅200篇，粗看100篇，细看30篇，研读10篇，先看中文文献，再阅读英文文献，并始终关注国际动态。3.4.2文献阅读的步骤拿到一篇研究性论文，按以下步骤研究：1先看标题，立即停住，问自己几个问题：1作者为什么要做这个题目.2如果是自己，将会做哪些容来说明主题.2接下来看摘要，并问自己：1和自己看题目后的想法有什么差异.2该文章准备解决什么问题.3该文章引出了什么问题.存在什么未解决问题.原因.3看实验结果，再思考：1有什么地方不完善.2有没有进一步深入或拓展的空间.3.5学术论文的类型3.5.1实验

39、性论文1构造- 前言- 实验方法- 实验结果数据- 分析- 结论2写作要点详尽介绍实验的每个细节和所用仪器、设备的型号、测试容。实验结果与讨论局部要始终围绕研究主题，多与期刊文献数据进展比较，显示本研究的创新之处3.5.2报道性论文1构造- 前言- 研究区概况- 对所发现现象的表达、解释- 科学意义- 结论2写作要点报道*一项科学发现，这一发现不是通过实验，而是通过野外3.5.3理论性论文1构造- 前言- 理论的提出推导、证明- 理论的验证如理论模型的率定- 理论的应用算例，或应用意义- 结论2写作要点提出一项理论或计算方法3.5.4综述性论文1综述*一领域中的最新进展，有述有评，而不只是前人

40、工作的罗列2有自己观点和对他人工作的评价，指出缺乏之处和解决问题的设想3既要大量占有文献，又要有所取舍，突出精华4要有对未来开展的展望，对他人的研究起到指导作用5尽量引用最新的工作，表达出时效性6尽可能阅读原始文献，“吃别人嚼过的馍没味道3.6论文的通用构造1题目：表达要研究的主题与本文的主要奉献，精练并切题2摘要：科学问题、研究目的、方法、主要发现、结果、结论3关键词：准确、规、切题否则影响文章被引用4前言：说明主题，指出当前的缺乏，引导出本研究的重要性5方法：理论或观测技术6资料：资料是如何取得的，对资料代表性及精度的分析7分析与结果：逻辑推理、理论推导、建立模型、模型的验证8结论：简述本

41、文奉献，说明其科学、合理、正确，并有代表性3.7论文初稿的编写过程首先撰写论文的初稿writing the first draft，注意，由于此阶段的文稿不是正式稿，因此其撰写的过程也不是按照论文标准构造逐一完成的，而是按照组织论文的思维逻辑进展素材的整理，提问-答问，然后再逐步修改，按照论文标准构造，形成正式文稿。3.7.1材料和方法做了什么.怎样做的.作者对本项研究所用的材料和方法是最熟悉的，因此这局部是文章最开场进展写作的局部，用过去时，尽可能按实验的先后顺序描述。3.7.2结果发生了什么.可用图、表或文字表达，三者间尽量减少重复。在正文局部表达主要结果和意义，用图或表给出较详细的数据，

42、用过去时。3.7.3讨论所得结果是否为“前言局部提出关键问题的答案.结果是如何支持答案的.如何证实假说的.集中讨论与本结果有关的问题，突出本研究的创新及重要性；与相关研究结果进展比较分析；给出结果所支持的结论；指出前景、缺乏和改进。用现在时表达或被证明的事实，用过去时描述本研究结果。3.7.4文献与本研究方法、结果、讨论有关的其它研究有哪些.准确、完整、规的著录。3.7.5前言本项研究的背景和目的是什么.试图答复的关键问题是什么.研究现状是什么.本研究的重要性和创新性表达在哪里. 3.7.6致谁提供了基金和物质帮助.除了作者，还有谁协助完成了本项研究.谁参与了结果分析并协助撰写了论文.3.7.

43、7摘要论文告诉了我们什么.摘要是论文要点的浓缩，应在文章各主要局部完成后再写，这样有利于文章要点的提炼。优秀的摘要能有效地抓住读者的兴趣。用含有技术关键词汇的短句描述，以使摘要清楚而简洁，防止使用缩写词和晦涩难懂的词句，强调研究的创新性和重要性方面。3.7.8标题本文关于什么.最正确标题的标准是用最少的必要术语准确描述论文的容。要求准确、简洁、有效和吸引人。3.7.9作者谁参与了本研究的设计、工作及论文的撰写.3.7.10准备正式文稿论文初稿完成以后，必须对容及格式进展反复推敲和修改，到达“投稿须知的一切要求。绝大多数编辑都认为，不认真准备的稿件绝不是高水平科学研究成果的良好载体。如果希望论文

44、发表，在准备投稿时必须做到单词、语法无错、符合期刊格式、含有期刊要求的所有材料。该过程一般分三步：1再次阅读拟投期刊的“投稿须知；2用“投稿须知中提供的“稿件对照检查表与自己论文一一核对；3根据期刊要求打印输出，完成最后一稿。3.8摘要的写作要点Abstracts是论文的一个缩写，一定要简明扼要。3.8.1格式不多于300个单词，只能是一个自然段3.8.2容按照论文的顺序介绍主要研究对象subject、实验设计design、实验步骤procedures以及最后的结果results，这种介绍必须让非专业的人员 non-specialist能够看懂。3.9前言的写作技巧Introduction 是

45、外刊文章最难写的局部之一，必须表达论文的研究根底和创新要素。外刊论文对于Introduction的要求也是非常高的，一个好的Introduction相当于文章成功了一半。Introduction同样要保证简短，顺序是：一般背景介绍、别人工作成果的总结、自己的研究目的及工作简介，其中介绍别人工作时，只需介绍和自己最相关的方面，而对自己的工作介绍在此处不用说明细节，因为这个要放到主体中去。不要忘记在介绍自己工作之前要有一个declarative statement。要写好Introduction，最重要的是要保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性，这两点是严密结合的，即在符合逻辑性的根底上建立层层递进的关

46、系。按照层次构造和递进关系，前言的写作主要包括以下几个局部：3.9.1简述研究对象简明阐述自己研究领域的根本容。须知看文章的都是该领域的专家，所以一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是表达性的语言来描述。3.9.2文献总结回忆文献的总结回忆是Introduction的重要组成局部之一，要特别着重描写。1要把该领域过去和现在的研究状况全面概括总结出来，不能有丝毫的遗漏，特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用。这往往是两个最容易出问题的地方，一旦审稿人指出这两个毛病，就意味着认为你做的调研不够深入或全面，对整个文章的负面作用非常明显。2文献引用和数据提供一定要准确，切忌防止片面摘录局部结果而不反映文献

47、的总体结果。引用的数据要正确，特别是间接引用的数据即不是从原文献中查到，而是从别人文献中发现的另一篇文献的数据；数据出错会导致评审专家对文章的印象特差。3引用文献时注意防止造成抄袭的印象。不要原文抄录，要用自己的话进展总结描述。如果审稿人正好是文献的引用者的话，原文照抄的结果一定会很糟糕。3.9.3提出创新点分析过去研究的局限性，指出当前研究的缺乏，并有目的地引出自己研究的重要性，并说明自己研究的创新点，这是整个Introduction的高潮，因而要慎之又慎。在阐述局限性时，需要客观公正评价别人的工作，不要把抬高自己研究的价值建立在贬低别人的工作之上，外刊论文写作万万不可如此，一定要遵循实事的

48、原则来分析；在阐述自己的创新点时，要紧紧围绕过去研究的缺陷性来描述，完整而清晰地描述自己的解决思路。需要注意文章的摊子不要铺的太大，要抓住一点进展深入的阐述。只要能够很好的解决一个问题，就是一篇好文章；创新性描述的越多越大，越容易被审稿人抓住把柄。注意以下写作技巧：1在表达前人成果后，用However引导缺乏，提出新方法或新方向：However, little information / little attention/little work/little data/little research / few studies/few investigations/few researcher

49、s/few attempts / or none of these studieshas / havebeen done on / focused on/attempted to/conducted/investigated/studiedPrevious research / studies / records has/have failed to consider/ignored/misinterpreted/neglected to/overestimated / underestimated/misleaded, thus, these previous results are inc

50、onclusive / misleading / unsatisfactory / questionable / controversial. Uncertainties / discrepancies still e*ist2研究方法和手段与前人一样时，可通过以下方式强调自己工作：However, data is still scarce / rare / less accurate，We need / aim / have to provide more documents / data / records / studies / increase the dataset. Further

51、 studies are still necessary / essential3强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍与之相反或相关的问题。比方：- 时间问题：如果所研究的问题在时间上比较新，可首先提及问题研究的重要性，然后However说明“对时间尺度比较新的问题研究缺乏；- 研究手段问题：如果是一种新的研究方法或研究手段，可首先提及当前流行的研究方法，然后However说目前对新方法的研究甚少；- 研究区域问题：如果研究涉及区域问题，就先总结相邻区域或其它区域的研究，然后However强调对这一区域的研究缺乏；- 不确定性：虽然前人对*一问题研究很多，但目前有两种或更多种

52、观点，这种uncertainties或 ambiguities值得进一步澄清；- 提出自己的假设来验证：如果自己的研究是全是新的，没有前人的工作可比照，就可以自信地说“根据假设提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结果等等。We aim to test the feasibility/reliability of theIt is hoped that the question will be resolved/fall away with our proposed method/approach.3.9.4概述研究容总结性地描述本论文的研究容，可以分为一、二、三、四等几个方面来分

53、别描述，为Introduction做最后的收尾工作。注意以下写作技巧：1明确提出自己的观点- We aim to- This paper reports on- This paper provides results- This paper e*tends the method- This paper focus on- The purpose of this paper is to- Furthermore/Moreover/In addition, we will also discuss2告诉读者包括审稿人本文的主要研究容如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，比方你没有考虑*种

54、可能性，*种研究手段等。为减少这种争论，在前言的结尾就必须明确提出本文研究的时间尺度和研究区域等。1如涉及较长的时序，你可明确提出本文只关心*一特定时间围的问题，We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)2如有两种时间尺度 (long-term and short term)，你可说两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种。3研究区域问题，和时间问题一样，也需明确提出你只关心*一特定区域3总结性地提出“这一研究对其它研究有什么帮助Further studies onwill be summarized in our ne*t study.让读者把思路集

55、中到要讨论的问题，尽量减少不必要的争论(arguments)。至此，Introduction的写作算是大功告成。但是写完之后，还是要慎之又慎的仔细修改，琢磨每一个句子是否表达得恰当准确。3.10方法的写作要点Methods 局部主要描述研究的实验过程，这一过程的写作相对较为简单，但要注意完整性，即实验当中的每一个环节都要注意到，不能顾此失彼，遗漏一些重要的容。该局部要详尽地介绍自己的实验方案，以便于他人能够重复自己的实验过程。对于通用的实验方案可以简单，重点要放到自己的独创方案上面own procedures。按照实验的先后顺序介绍，为了文章的阅读方便，不要使用过多层次的subheadings

56、，比方 subsubsubsection等等Methods局部可按实验对象、实验设备、实验材料、实验记录、实验分析方法等来组织文字。注意以下四个方面的完整性和科学性：3.10.1实验对象的描述对实验对象的根本信息要描述明确、正确和准确，要注意国外刊物对相似实验对象描述的习惯。3.10.2实验设备要对仪器型号、生产厂家、实验过程中的用途等作详细说明；实验设备之间的连接要科学正确，不要给人混乱或操作错误的感觉。设备中一些必要的步骤不可或缺，尤其是可能对实验结果造成特定影响的操作更要详细说明。这样做的好处是为了在Discussion中能够进展对应的分析。比方，一些设备在使用前要校正calibrati

57、on，有的要求每阶段实验之后都要重新校正，以保证结果的正确性；一定要详细说明你的操作步骤或校正过程，便于评审人分析你的结果。3.10.3实验材料不同学科有不同要求，总体上来说，要注意说明材料选择的必要性，也就是对为什么要选择这种材料，最好有一定的说明。如果这点描述不清，可能会导致整个实验过程不成立。3.10.4实验过程必须附以文字和示意图相结合的实验流程图来清楚描述实验的整个操作流程，这样能使评审人对实验过程一目了然。如果示意图画得漂亮，还可以增加一些印象分。描述时要有鲜明的层次感，对每个步骤之间的顺序和关联要描述清楚，不要造成实验过程混乱不堪的印象，因为评审人最终判断你的实验是否合理，是从这个过程描述得来的。3.11结论的写作要点使用te*t、table、figure等手段表达出