口腔医学专业英语题库四川大学华西口腔医学院

1、专英重点Parapharyngeal咽旁Septicemia败血病Sialolithiasis涎石病Periostitis骨膜炎Sialoductitis涎管炎Fracture骨折Comminution粉碎Hyperplasia增生Reparative修复性Mucoperiosteum黏骨膜句子翻译RadiolucentX光透射Space间隙Infection感染Prosthesis义齿Oblique倾斜Scquestrum腐骨死骨Biopsy切片检查法Sialogram涎管X线造影片Giant巨大Nonmalignant良性的Pyogenic化脓性Mole胎块Devoid缺乏的Lacerat

2、ion撕裂Hyperpyrexia高热Self-reduce自行使脱臼复位1. Ifproperpreparationofsolution,syringes,needlesandtechnichasbeencarriedout,untowardincidentsshouldseldomoccurduringoraftertheinjectionofthelocalanesthetic.However,oneshouldbeinapositiontocopewithcomplicationsintherarecaseswhentheyarise.若药液注射剂，针头及技术准备妥当，在局麻注射过程中

3、或之后都将很少出现，但是，医生仍应做好应对罕见并发症的准备。2. Postoperativepainwhichthepatientexperiencesafterthesecondandthirdpostoperativedayshouldbecarefullyexamined,sincethisisnotanormalpostoperativecourse.Itiscausedbydrysocketorsharpbonespine.患者于术后二三日之后的疼痛，可能为非正常情况，需特别仔细检查，其有可能由于干槽症或是尖锐骨刺引起。3. Acutedento-alveolarabscess.Th

4、isisanacutelocalizedsuppurationaboutatooth.Theinfectionmaystartinoneofthreeways:(a)periapical(b)pericemental(c)pericoronal急性牙槽脓肿，是一种牙齿急性局限性的化脓表现。这种感染可能由下列三种途径引起：根尖周、牙周膜、冠周。4. Salivaryglandsmaybeinvolvedbytumors,cyst,sialadenitisfrominfection,sialoductitiswithsubsequentstricturesoftheducts.涎腺可罹患肿瘤、囊肿

5、、感染所致的涎腺导管炎，及其后遗的导管狭窄症。5. Thelowerjawismoreexposedtoviolenceandconsequentlyismoreoftenfracturedthananyotherfacialbone.下颌骨更加容易暴露于外界暴力中，因此比所有其它的面部骨都更经常发生骨折。6. Thecommondiseasesofthetemporo-mandibularjointaresubluxationdislocationandankylosis.Theinfectionofthisjointisrare.普通疾病会造成颗下颌关节半脱位或脱臼和关节僵直是很非常少见的

6、。7. Nearlyallofthetumorsandcystswhichcanariseinanypartofthebodymaybefoundinoraroundthemouth,exceptthosewhicharepeculiartocertainorgans.几乎全部肿瘤和囊肿会发生在身体的任何部位或嘴巴周围，除非某些特殊的肿瘤才会发生在特定的器官。8. Theobjectinundertakingsuchreparativeproceduresistherestorationoffunctionortheimprovementofappearanceorboth.Includedw

7、ithinthegroupwhichmayrequirereconstructiveproceduresarecongenitalmalformations,traumaticinjuries,deformationsduetooperationforneoplasms,destructionoftissueincidenttodisease,orthetreatmentofdisease.被用来使用修复程序的对象是为了恢复功能或是促进美观或是两者兼具。包含了天生畸形、创伤性的伤害、肿瘤治疗、去除病变的组织或是疾病的治疗。9. Itincludesalsothoseoralorextraora

8、loperationswhichareindicatedfortherestorationoflostbone,teethortheinsertionofretentivedevicesfordentures.用来修复失骨和失牙或是义齿的固位装置包含在口腔和口外的手术10. ThemaxillaryrightcentralandleftlateralincisorshadClass1mobility3;themaxillaryleftcentralincisorhadanoblique4fracturelinethroughthedistalportionofthecrown.上合右中切牙和左

9、侧切牙属于1分类松动3度;上合左中切牙在牙冠远中部分有一个斜行的骨折线11. Inthetreatmentofacuteosteomyelitisthegeneralruleistoinstituteantibiotictherapyandtosurgicallyestablishadequatedrainage.在治疗急性骨髓炎时，全身疗法可用滴注抗生素治疗，外科方法为建立开放引流管道。12. Thelowerendoftheshortfragmentisgenerallydisplacedupwardandforwardbycontractionoftheelevatormuscles.I

10、naddition,Slightinwarddisplacementismorecommonthanexternaldisplacement.短部分的下部通常会因为提口肌群的U缩导致向上向前移位。此外，稍微向内的移位比向外移位常见anodyne镇痛齐Udammedup阻塞的hypodermic皮卜apiciectomy根尖切除术dilation膨胀扩大hyperthyroidism甲抗analgesic止痛的deformity畸形hematoma血肿adenocarcinoma腺癌deviation偏向hematogenous血源性的anastomosis吻合diffuse弥散的hyoid舌骨

11、的alveolalgia干槽症discoloration再生hypertrophy月已大appliance矫正器dissection解剖分析hyperostosis骨月巴厚aggravate加重恶化demonstrable可论证的hemangioma血管瘤advious迂回的employ使用instillation滴注apprehensive敏捷的担心的ethylchloride氯乙烷inadvisable不妥当的ankylosis关节僵直enhance增强infraorbital眶下的appliance器具epinephrine肾上腺素idiosyncrasy特异性质ameloblastom

12、a成釉细胞瘤ecohymosis瘀斑impacted阻生的advanced晚期的extraction拔出infratemporal题卜的bur园头锂erupt萌出inward向内的contraindication禁忌症elevator牙挺isotope同位素chisel凿子excision切除jaundice黄疸cancellate松的effusion渗出lessen减少cellulites蜂窝织炎exostosis外生骨疣loop环圈condyle棵突edentulous无牙的lime后灰comminution粉碎extravasation外渗液laceration撕裂curettment舌

13、U除术enucleation摘除术ligation结扎coronoid冠状喙状eradicate根除消灭lymphangioma淋巴管瘤crepitus捻发首flap办片lipoma脂肪瘤cripple使残废fracture骨折lymphosarooma淋巴肉瘤circumferential环绕周围的fibrosarcoma纤维肉瘤lining榇里chondrosarooma软骨肉瘤fixation固定medication药疗法dermatitis皮炎fibroma纤维瘤maxilla上颌骨devitalization失活去生肌ganglion神经节myxofibroma粘液纤维瘤detrit

14、us腐质glenoid关节黄的malposition错位malposed异位的prolong延长rhabdomyosarcoma横纹肌肉瘤mallet槌pericementitis牙周膜炎sheath鞘mental须的psychically精神上地succedaneous替代的morbidity发病率periostitis骨膜炎spine刺脊柱masseter嚼肌pyemia脓毒症脓血症symphysis联合melanomaco黑瘤preanesthetic前马区麻痹sinus窦muoperiosteal粘骨膜的precipitate促使加速sequestrum死骨muoperiosteum粘

15、骨膜premadicate术前用约supernumerary多余的myxoma黏液瘤pterygomandibular翼突卜颌salt盐myeloma骨髓瘤pterygoid翼状的sepsis脓毒症败血症metastasize转移palpation触诊subcutaneous皮卜的marsupialization造袋术periosteum骨膜sialadenitis涎腺炎neurasthenic神经的periosteal骨膜的sialoductitis涎管炎neuralgia神经痛perineurium神经束膜septicemia败血症neuroma神经瘤parapharyngeal咽旁的si

16、alolithiasis涎后形成nedule小节结pathognomonic特殊病症的sialography涎管X线造影技术notch切迹pyogenic生脓的swallow吞咽nonmalignant非恶性的peripheral周围的splint夹板ointment软膏periodontoclasia牙周溃疡suprahyoid工骨上的opponent对抗肌pericoronal冠周的tuberosity结节粗隆odontoma牙瘤precox早发的trismus牙关紧闭orthodontic正牙的periosteumtraumatize受夕卜伤osseous骨的papilloma孚L头瘤t

17、raumatism创伤病osteomyelitis骨髓炎paranasal鼻旁的traumatogenic创伤性的osteoma骨瘤retard延迟thrombophlebitis血栓性静脉炎osteoradionecrosis放射性骨坏夕匕retrieval取回temporal颗的osteoid骨样的restricted受限制的tendernoss触痛osteoclastoma破骨细胞瘤retrozygomatic颤骨后的toruspalatinus腭隆凸ossify使骨硬化regeneration再生transitonal转变的paralyze使麻痹瘫痪rhabdomyoma横纹肌瘤vic

18、inity附近邻近内科1、Inevaluatingtheclinicalfeaturesofgingivitis,itisnecessarytobesystematic.Attentionshouldbefocusedonsubtletissuealteration,becausethesemaybeofdiagnosticsignificance.Asystematicclinicalapproachrequiresanorderlyexaminationofthegingivalforcolor,contour,consistency,position,easeandseverityofb

19、leeding,andpain.我们必须系统性的评估牙龈炎的临床特点。必须注意些微的组织变化，因为对诊断来说是有意义的。一个系统性的临床检查途径需照顺序对牙龈颜色、外型、质地、位置、出血情况和疼痛程度进行检查。2、当患者出现牙龈炎时，最常见的表现为牙龈的水肿和增生Whenthepatientsuffersfromgingivitis,themostcommonsignsareedemaandproliferationofthegingiva.3、龈沟内上皮发生溃疡是急性牙龈炎的典型特征之一Ulcerationofthesulcularepitheliumisoneofthetypicalsig

20、nsofacutegingivitis.外科L91、However,ifbrawnymassiveindurationwhichpitsonpressure,presentsinfivetosevendayswithanelevationoftemperatureinspiteofantibiotictreatment,andthereisnofluctuation,thenthatspaceshouldbesurgicallyexplored.然而，尽管经过五到七天的抗菌治疗，体温仍然高温并且某部位质实、坚硬呈现块状、扪诊无波动感，就需要外科手术的探查了。2、Aftertheacutesym

21、ptomshavebeensubsided,thetoothoriginallycausingthetroubleshouldbeextractedinordertoavoidrecurrenceorthepersistenceofadischargingsinus.急性症状缓解后，病灶牙必须要移除以免再度复发或是持续性的窦炎。L101、Manysalivarystonesaresymptomless.Itisonlywhenpartialorcompleteobstructionoccursthatsymptomsdevelop.许多涎石是无自觉症状的，只有当发生部分或是完全阻塞的时候症状才

22、会发展。2、Theobstructionisduetomechanicalblockagebecauseofthestones,orperiductalinfectioncausinginflammatoryedemawhichresultsintheocclusionofthelumenoftheduct.造成阻碍是由于石头的机械性阻塞或是导管周围的感染导致炎症性水肿，而造成的管腔狭窄。修复L131、Replantation:replantationmeansthereinsertionofatoothinthesocketfromwhichithasbeenremovedpurposely

23、orbyaccident.Thereplantfititssocketperfectlyandshouldenjoyahighdegreeofsuccess.再植术：再植术是指将由于某种目的或意外脱落的牙齿重新植入其脱落的牙槽窝内。这种再植完全吻合自身的牙槽窝，且具有很高的成功率。2、Transplantation:transplantationmeanstheinsertionofanaturaltoothintothesocketofarecentlyextractedtooth.移植术：移植术是指将天然牙植入最近拔除牙齿的牙槽窝。3Theautotransplant（atransplan

24、tfromoneplacetoanotherwithinthesamemouth）enjoysahighsuccessrateoftenwithindefinitesurvival,byvltueofprompttransferofthetoothtoitsnewstoothisbestperformedrootofthedonortoothisalmostcompletelyformedbutitsapicesarestillmostcommonlyuseddonortoothforautotransplantationtofirstandsecondmolarsiteisthirdallo

25、genictoothprobablywasthefirsttransplantedhumanhavebeentransplantedfortoothinsertedmaybeanoldreservedonewhichhasbeenextractedforalongtime,oritmaybeafreshlyextractedtoothfromanotherindividual.自体移植物（同一个口腔内从一处到另一处的移植物）迅速转移到新的定植部位有着较高的成功率，但常常不确定是否能存活。当供体牙的牙根基本发育完成但根尖还未封闭时作为自体移植牙效果最好。最常移植到第一二磨牙区的自体移植牙是第三磨

26、牙。外源性的牙可能是最早进行移植的人体器官。牙的移植已经有几世纪的历史。植入的牙可以使很早以前拔除后彳留下来的牙，或者是刚从另一个个体拔除的牙。4、Implantationmeanstheinsertionofanartificialtoothintoanewsocket.Acceptablematerialsmaybedividedintofourmajorcategories,suchasmetals;polymers;ceramics;andcarbon.种植术是将人工牙植入一个新的牙槽窝（生物替代品）。能植入的材料可以分为四类，比如金属（钛和钻铭合金卜聚合物、陶瓷（氧化铝卜以及碳。5、

27、 Bonegraftsarecommonlyusedtorestorethebonedefects.Bonegraftscanbecomposedofeithercompactorcancellousbone.Compactbonetransplantsmaybeusedintheformofsolidpiecesorintheformofchips.Cancellousboneiscommonlyusedintheformofchips.Thegraftsmaybetakenfromribsoriliaccrest.骨移植片常用来修复骨缺陷。骨移植片由密质骨或松质骨组成。密质骨可以整块拿来移

28、植也可以以碎片的形式来使用。松质骨通常是以碎片的形式来使用。骨移植片可以从肋骨或骼崎上获取L141、 Thethirdvisitisconcernedwithobtainingverticaldimensionandcentricrelation.Thisrelationshipisfixedandtransferredtoanarticulator.Inaddition,eccentricrelationisobtained,andthecondylarguidancepathisestablished.Duringthisvisit,itisusuallypossibletoselecta

29、nteriorteeth.第三次就诊的重点在于获得垂直距离及正中关系。这种关系固定后转移到合架上。此外，还要纪录反常的关系及牌导斜度。再这次就诊中可选择出前牙。2、Intheidealabutmentaproportionaterelationshipexistsbetweenthelengthsofthecrownandtheroot.Wheretherootisexcessivelyshort,eithercongenitallyorduetoresorption,itcannotfurnishthenecessarysupporttothecrownorresistancetothefo

30、rcesofmasticationdevelopedduringthevariousmovementsofthemandible.Theadditionalforcesinherentinabridgewillcausesuchteethtofailasabutments.理想的基牙要具备成比例的冠根比。无论是由于先天性的还是再吸收导致的根长过短的牙齿，都无法对冠提供足够的支持，也无法抵抗颔骨各种运动所产生的咀嚼力。桥体所固有的附加应力也会导致这类牙作为桥基牙时修复失败。L161、Atypicalremovable,extensionparticaldenturewillgenerallyha

31、vethesecomponents:oneormorebases;oneormoremajorconnectors;severalminorconnectors;twoormoredirectretainers;oneormoreindirectretainers;avaryingnumberofresinorporcelainteethorresinteethwithcastocclusalsurfacestoreplacethosemissing.Wherethedirectretainerisoftheclasptype,itwillusuallyincludeanocclusalres

32、t,areciprocalclasparmandaretentiveclasparm.一个典型的可摘义齿应包括以下部分：一个或多个基托；一个或多个大连接体；一些小连接体；两个或多个直接固位体；一个或多个间接固位体；数目不等的树脂牙、瓷牙或者有铸造合面的树脂牙来替代缺失牙。当采用卡环作为直接固位体时，他通常包括一个合支托，一个卡环对抗臂，一个卡环固位臂。2、 Thebaseisamostimportantunitinthepartialdenturebecausethroughittheprincipalsupportistothegainedfromtheunderlyingridgestru

33、cture.基托是局部义齿中最重要的一个部分，因为基托得到的主要的支持来自其下方牙槽崎。3、Sinceitpreventscervicalmovementoftheapplianceontheabutmenttheretentiveterminaloftheclaspiskeptinthedesiredpositiononthecervicallyinclinedinfrabulgesurface,andretentionismaintained.当卡环作为直接固位体使用时，作为它的一部分，必须有一个合支托。卡环的固位端被放置在颈部倾斜倒凹区斜面上，并保持其固位，而合支托可以阻止装置对基牙的颈

34、向运动。4、Thethirdpartwhichmakesuptheclaspunitistheveryessentialcomponentforwhichtheclaspretainerreallywasdevised.Atleastonearmofeachclaspmustcreateresistancetoverticaldisplacement.Thisisaccomplishedbylocatingtheretentiveterminalcervicallytothetoothsgteatesdiameter,commonlyreferredto“theheightofcontour.

35、组成卡环的第三个非常重要的部分是固位臂。每个卡环至少要有一个臂设计成抵抗垂直向脱位。.它是通过把固位末端安置在牙齿最大直径上实现的，通常被称为外形最高点。L171、Aphaseofdentureprosthesiswidelypracticedatthepresenttimeistheconcentrationoftheimmediatedentires.Thistypediffersfromthecompletedenturesdescribedinthepreviouschaptersprimarilyinthattheyareconstructedandreadytobeinserted

36、immediatelyaftertheremovalofallremainingnaturalteethfromeitherthemaxillaryormandibulararch.即刻义齿是现今广泛应用的一种义齿修复方式。如前几章所述在拔出上颌牙弓或下颌牙弓的所有天然余留牙后立即戴入。,这种形式与全口义齿最大的不同在于它是预先做好并2、Forproblemcaseswhichariseafterremovalofalltheteeth,attemptsaresometimesmadebymeansofimplantsofvarioustypestoprovideadenturesupport

37、whichissuperiortothatprovidedbythemucoperiosteumalone.针对拔除全部牙齿后出现的问题，可以采取各种移植物来提供义齿的支持。这优于单纯由粘骨膜来提供支持。3、 Itshouldbeappreciated,however,thattheperiodontalmembraneofthenaturaltoothisideallysuitedtogivespportagainstocclsualstresses.然而，应该认识到天然牙的牙周膜是可以抵抗咬合力的理想结构。4、 Therootofanaturaltoothisthereforesuperi

38、ortoanyformofartificialimplant.Ifsuchsupportisavailable,itshouldnotbediscardedunlessoneissurethatthepatientwillbesatisfiedwithaconventionaltypeofcompletedenture,supportedentirelybythemucoperiostem.因此，天然牙的牙根也优于任何人工的种植体。如果可以获得这种支持，就不该放弃。除非可以确定病人对于完全由粘骨膜支持的常规全口义齿是满意的。5、Apartfromprovidingthepossibilityo

39、fincreasedsupportandretentionforadenture,thepresenceofsomemodifiedteethmayalsogivetothedenturewearertheadvantagesofalveolarridgepreservationandbetterintraoraldiscriminatoryability.除了为义齿提供增加支持和固位的可能性，一些预备后的牙的存在也可给予戴义齿者保存牙槽崎的优势和更好的口内辨别能力。6、 Theappeartobelittledoubtthatifadentureisincontactwithorattach

40、edtoroots,thepatienthasasignificantlyincreasedabilitytodiscriminatebetweenthesizeofobjectsplacedbetweentheteethandtosensedirectionandtocontroltheamountofforceappliedtothedentureanditssupportingtissues.Thisabilityisreducedmarkedlywhenthelasttoothorrootisremovedfromthedentalarch.毫无疑问地，如果义齿接触或附着于牙根部，患者

41、对于辨别放置于牙齿中的物体大小和感受方向，以及控制施加于义齿及其支持组织上的力的能力会显着提高。当从牙弓中移除最后一颗牙或最后一个牙根时，这种能力会显着降低。四、Xerostomia口干症Alveolalgia干槽症Carbonhydrate碳水化合物Pellicle薄膜Supragingival龈上的Niches小生境Odontoblast成牙本质细胞Mesenchymal间质的Granulation肉芽Calculus牙石Probing探查Curettage舌U治Anodyne镇痛剂Preanesthetic前驱麻醉Elevator牙挺Cellulitis蜂窝组织炎Pericoronal牙

42、冠周matrix基质contraindication禁忌症perikymate采用柱横纹glycoprotein醺蛋白subgingival龈下的sulcus沟fibroblast成纤维细胞ischaemia缺血hyperplastic增生periodontitis牙周炎Scaling刮治术RAU复发性溃疡性口炎(Recurrentulcerativestomatitis)hematoma血肿paralyze使麻痹apicoectomy根尖切除术periodontoclasia牙周溃坏ecchymosis皮下瘀血Subcutaneous皮下的L9L10Sepsis脓毒症败血症sialadeni

43、tis涎腺炎Septicemia败血病sialoductitis涎管炎Pterygomandibular翼突卜颌的sialolithiasis涎后形成Parapharyngeal咽旁的excision切除Infratemporal颗卜的pyemia脓血症Retrozygomatic额骨后的nodule小结节Thrombophlebitis血栓性静脉炎dammed-up阻塞的Periostitis骨膜炎dilation膨胀扩张Osteomyelitis骨髓炎hematogenous血原性的Fistula痿管Osteoradionecrosis放射性骨坏死L91、However,ifbrawnym

44、assiveindurationwhichpitsonpressure,presentsinfivetosevendayswithanelevationoftemperatureinspiteofantibiotictreatment,andthereisnofluctuation,thenthatspaceshouldbesurgicallyexplored.然而，尽管经过五到七天的抗菌治疗，体温仍然高温并且某部位质实、坚硬呈现块状、扪诊无波动感，就需要外科手术的探查了。2、Aftertheacutesymptomshavebeensubsided,thetoothoriginallycau

45、singthetroubleshouldbeextractedinordertoavoidrecurrenceorthepersistenceofadischargingsinus.急性症状缓解后，牙齿的原病灶必须要移除以免再度复发或是持续性的窦炎。L101、Manysalivarystonesaresymptomless.Itisonlywhenpartialorcompleteobstructionoccurthatsymptomsdevelop.许多涎石并不是症状，只有当部分或是全部涎石变成阻塞物时候症状才会发展。2、Theobstructionisduetomechanicalbloc

46、kagebecauseofthestones,orperiductalinfectioncausinginflammatoryedemawhichresultsintheocclusionofthelumenoftheduct.阻碍物是由于石头的机械性阻塞或是导管周围的感染导致炎症性水肿使的管腔狭窄。L13L14hydrocolloid水胶体monocarious单龈的Prosthesis义齿修复术Nasalis鼻肌Reposition复位术impressionmastication咀嚼polycarious多龈的Undercut倒凹Buccinatoris颊肌Ankylotomy舌系带切除术

47、gingiva牙昔艮L15completeveneer全覆盖Mucoperiosteum黏骨膜Genioglossus须舌肌Ankyloglossia舌系带短缩alginate藻酸盐abutment基牙calcify钙化Retentive固位的Mentalis须肌Alveolectomy牙槽缘切除术articulator咬牙合架bridge桥margin边缘Hypertrophy月已大Frenum系带Exostosis外生骨疣biterim牙合堤contraindicate禁忌casting铸件Depressor降肌Frenectomy系带切除术Malignancy恶性肿瘤grind(grou

48、nd)磨Creat脊porcelain瓷料Autotransplant自体移植物rotation旋转Clasp卡环malpose错位Alar翼Resin树脂Polymer聚合物etiology病因学leverage杠杆作用malrelate错牙合Prognathia上颌前突occlusalrest牙合支托Silicon硅esthetics美学L17invest包埋Cancollous网状骨Overlay覆盖物implant移植物Raphe缝L16Hybrid混合的clench咬紧mesiodistally近中远侧地Iliac查骨的Threshold阈Contour外形connector连街体b

49、uccolingually颊舌地Torus隆凸L131、 Replantation:replantationmeansthereinsertionofatoothinthesocketfromwhichithasbeenremovedpurposelyorbyaccident.Thereplantfititssocketperfectlyandshouldenjoyahighdegreeofsuccess.再植是指牙因事故或曾经治疗故意移除重新插入牙槽。此再植体高度符合此槽以及有较高的成功率。2、Transplantation:transplantationmeanstheinsertiono

50、fanaturaltoothintothesocketofarecentlyextractedtooth.移植为使用邻近的无用牙植到所需的自然牙的位置上。自体移植(同一个体的口腔中从这处转植到另外一处)活络的生存力剧有高度的成功率，取决于牙移植的时机，自体移植牙的最佳时刻是供体牙根几乎完全形成，但根尖孔尚未闭合。最常使用自体移植牙为第三磨牙来替代第一磨牙和第二磨牙。异体牙移植大概是人类器官移植的开端，牙移植已经有数世纪的历史，被植入的可能是被以前拔出很久时间且存放的牙或是才刚从其它个体拔出的新鲜牙。3、Implantationmeanstheinsertionofanartificialtoo

51、thintoanewsocket.Acceptablematerialsmaybedividedintofourmajorcategories,suchasmetals;polymers;ceramics;andcarbon.种植为植入人工牙到新的牙槽上。可使用的材料分为四类：金属、聚合物、陶瓷和碳。L141 、Thethirdvisitisconcernedwithobtainingverticaldimensionandcentricrelation.Thisrelationshipisfixedandtransferredtoanarticulator.Inaddition,eccent

52、ricrelationisobtained,andthecondylarguidancepathisestablished.Duringthisvisit,itisusuallypossibletoselectanteriorteeth.第三次的诊疗主要是要获得正中关系和垂直关系的尺寸。这关系要修正以及转移到咬合架上。此外，非正中关系和牌导斜度也要确认。经过这次的疗程，就可以选牙排列前牙了。L151、RootLengthofAbutment:Intheidealabutmentaproportionaterelationshipexistsbetweenthelengthsofthecrown

53、andtheroot.Wheretherootisexcessivelyshort,eithercongenitallyorduetoresorption,itcannotfurnishthenecessarysupporttothecrownorresistancetotheforcesofmasticationdevelopedduringthevariousmovementsofthemandible.Theadditionalforcesinherentinabridgewillcausesuchteethtofailasabutments.理想的基牙要具备成比例的冠根比，当根的长度因

54、天生关系或是再吸收使长度过短，是无法充分提供冠或固位体抵抗下颌骨发展的不同咀嚼力道。外力对牙槽脊的影响会使基牙损坏。L162 、Atypicalremovable,extensionparticaldenturewillgenerallyhavethesecomponents:oneormorebases;oneormoremajorconnectors;severalminorconnectors;twoormoredirectretainers;oneormoreindirectretainers;avaryingnumberofresinorporcelainteethorresinte

55、ethwithcastocclusalsurfacestoreplacethosemissing.Wherethedirectretainerisoftheclasptype,itwillusuallyincludeanocclusalrest,areciprocalclasparmandaretentiveclasparm.经典的局部可摘游离端义齿大致由以下部分组成：一个或多个基托；一个或多个大连接体；一些小连接体；两个或多个直接固位体；一个或多个间接固位体；数目不同的树脂牙或瓷牙，或者有铸造合面的树脂牙来替代缺失牙。以卡环作为直接固位体者，通常包括一个合支托，一个卡环对抗臂，一个卡环固位臂

56、。2、 TheBase:Thebaseisamostimportantunitinthepartialdenturebecausethroughittheprincipalsupportistothegainedfromtheunderlyingridgestructure.基托是局部义齿中最重要的一个组成单元，因为基托得到的主要的支持来自其下方牙槽脊。3、Sinceitpreventscervicalmovementoftheapplianceontheabutmenttheretentiveterminaloftheclaspiskeptinthedesiredpositiononthecervicallyinclinedinfrabulgesurface,andretentionismaintained.卡环的固位端被放置于颈部倾斜倒凹区的需要的位置，并保持其固位，而合支托可以避免基牙上的装置的颈向移位元。4、TheRetentiveArm:Thethirdpartwhichmakesuptheclaspunit